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<mods:title id="36878A756AED1CADC7B2663DBA5255D9">Is Copytus Skogsberg, 1939 (Crustacea: Ostracoda) a neocytherideid? With description of a new family and two new species</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="041D36993921577A49CCFC5CFE0DFC49" blockId="2.[151,1437,980,1799]" box="[151,493,980,1007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">
<heading id="5F5581F53921577A49CCFC5CFE0DFC49" bold="true" box="[151,493,980,1007]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" reason="1">
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A49CCFC5CFE0DFC49" bold="true" box="[151,493,980,1007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">
Is
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A49EFFC5CFEF1FC49" authorityName="Skogsberg" authorityYear="1939" box="[180,273,981,1007]" class="Ostracoda" family="Neocytherideidae" genus="Copytus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A49EFFC5CFEF1FC49" bold="true" box="[180,273,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Copytus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a neocytherideid?
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="041D36993921577A49CCFC70FD21FA95" blockId="2.[151,1437,980,1799]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">
<bibRefCitation id="60334B683921577A49CCFC70FEF6FBB5" author="Puri, H. S." box="[151,278,1016,1043]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="902 - 914" refId="ref14892" refString="Puri, H. S. (1952) Ostracode genus Cytherideis and its allies. Journal of Paleontology, 26, 902 - 914." type="journal article" year="1952">Puri (1952)</bibRefCitation>
erected Cytherideisinae as new subfamily of
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4A57FC70FC4CFBB5" authorityName="G.O.Sars" authorityYear="1925" box="[780,940,1017,1043]" class="Ostracoda" family="Cytherideidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cytherideidae</taxonomicName>
, based on the genus
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4DD7FC70FA78FBB5" authority="Jones, 1856" authorityName=", Jones" authorityYear="1856" box="[1164,1432,1016,1043]" class="Ostracoda" family="Cushmanideidae" genus="Cytherideis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A4DD7FC70FAEDFBB5" box="[1164,1293,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Cytherideis</emphasis>
Jones, 1856
</taxonomicName>
, and joining also
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4800FB94FD9CFB91" authority="Skogsberg 1939" authorityName="Skogsberg" authorityYear="1939" box="[347,636,1053,1079]" class="Ostracoda" family="Neocytherideidae" genus="Copytus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A4800FB94FE57FB91" box="[347,439,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Copytus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="60334B683921577A489AFB94FD9CFB91" author="Skogsberg, T." box="[449,636,1053,1079]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="415 - 425" refId="ref15084" refString="Skogsberg, T. (1939) A new genus and species of marine ostracods from South Georgia. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 23, 415 - 425." type="journal article" year="1939">Skogsberg 1939</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4BD0FB94FC02FB91" authority="Dubovsky 1939" authorityName="Dubovsky" authorityYear="1939" box="[651,994,1053,1079]" class="Ostracoda" family="Cushmanideidae" genus="Pontocythere" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A4BD0FB94FCFFFB91" box="[651,799,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Pontocythere</emphasis>
Dubovsky 1939
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4AABFB94FF32FBFD" authority="Brady, Crosskey &amp; Robertson 1874" authorityName="Brady, Crosskey &amp; Robertson" authorityYear="1874" class="Ostracoda" family="Krithidae" genus="Krithe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A4AABFB94FBD8FB91" box="[1008,1080,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Krithe</emphasis>
Brady, Crosskey &amp; Robertson 1874
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4984FBC8FDE8FBFD" authority="Blake 1933" authorityName="Blake" authorityYear="1933" box="[223,520,1089,1115]" class="Ostracoda" family="Cushmanideidae" genus="Cushmanidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A4984FBC8FE99FBFD" box="[223,377,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Cushmanidea</emphasis>
Blake 1933
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4B4EFBC8FD3FFBFD" authority="Puri 1952" authorityName="Puri" authorityYear="1952" box="[533,735,1088,1115]" class="Ostracoda" family="Neocytherideididae" genus="Sahnia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A4B4EFBC8FD83FBFD" box="[533,611,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Sahnia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="60334B683921577A4B37FBC8FD3FFBFD" author="Puri, H. S." box="[620,735,1088,1115]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="902 - 914" refId="ref14892" refString="Puri, H. S. (1952) Ostracode genus Cytherideis and its allies. Journal of Paleontology, 26, 902 - 914." type="journal article" year="1952">Puri 1952</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4A45FBC8FBA2FBFD" authority="Puri 1952" authorityName="Puri" authorityYear="1952" box="[798,1090,1088,1115]" class="Ostracoda" family="Neocytherideidae" genus="Neocytherideis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A4A45FBC8FC26FBFD" box="[798,966,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Neocytherideis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="60334B683921577A4A94FBC8FBA2FBFD" author="Puri, H. S." box="[975,1090,1088,1115]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="902 - 914" refId="ref14892" refString="Puri, H. S. (1952) Ostracode genus Cytherideis and its allies. Journal of Paleontology, 26, 902 - 914." type="journal article" year="1952">Puri 1952</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="60334B683921577A4D14FBC8FF04FBD9" author="Sylvester-Bradley, P. C. &amp; Harding, J. P." pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="753 - 755" refId="ref15242" refString="Sylvester-Bradley, P. C. &amp; Harding, J. P. (1953) The nomenclature of the ostracode genus Cytherideis. Journal of Paleontology, 27, 753 - 755." type="journal article" year="1953">Sylvester-Bradley &amp; Harding (1953)</bibRefCitation>
, based on a recommendation of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, changed the name of this subfamily to Cytherideidinae. However, in the same publication, they considered
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4DE6FB00FADEFB05" authorityName=", Jones" authorityYear="1856" box="[1213,1342,1161,1187]" class="Ostracoda" family="Cushmanideidae" genus="Cytherideis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A4DE6FB00FADEFB05" box="[1213,1342,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Cytherideis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4872FB24FDA2FB61" authority="Bosquet, 1852" authorityName="Bosquet" authorityYear="1852" box="[297,578,1196,1223]" class="Ostracoda" family="Cyprididae" genus="Cypridea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A4872FB24FE71FB61" box="[297,401,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Cypridea</emphasis>
Bosquet, 1852
</taxonomicName>
, a genus of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4A2CFB24FB42FB61" authority="Martin, 1940" authorityName="Martin" authorityYear="1940" box="[887,1186,1197,1223]" class="Ostracoda" family="Cyprididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cyprideinae">Cyprideinae Martin, 1940</taxonomicName>
. For that reason,
<bibRefCitation id="60334B683921577A4C35FB24FF02FB4D" author="Puri, H. S." pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="305 - 306" refId="ref14918" refString="Puri, H. S. (1957) Notes on the ostracod subfamily Cytherideidinae Puri, 1952. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 47, 305 - 306." type="journal article" year="1957">Puri (1957)</bibRefCitation>
changed the name of the subfamily proposed by himself in 1952, to Neocytherideinae with
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4DAFFB58FEECFAA9" authority="Puri, 1952" authorityName="Puri" authorityYear="1952" class="Ostracoda" family="Neocytherideidae" genus="Neocytherideis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A4DAFFB58FA7CFB4D" box="[1268,1436,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Neocytherideis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="60334B683921577A49CCFB7CFEECFAA9" author="Puri, H. S." box="[151,268,1268,1295]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="902 - 914" refId="ref14892" refString="Puri, H. S. (1952) Ostracode genus Cytherideis and its allies. Journal of Paleontology, 26, 902 - 914." type="journal article" year="1952">Puri, 1952</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
being the nominate genus.
<bibRefCitation id="60334B683921577A4B18FB7CFCB9FAA9" author="Hartmann, G. &amp; Puri, H. S." box="[579,857,1269,1295]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="7 - 73" refId="ref13886" refString="Hartmann, G. &amp; Puri, H. S. (1974) Summary of Neontological and Paleontological Classification of Ostracoda. Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut, 70, 7 - 73." type="journal article" year="1974">Hartmann &amp; Puri (1974)</bibRefCitation>
raised this subfamily to full family status, which is considered appropriate for most ostracodologists.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="041D36993921577A499CFAB4FED6F9F5" blockId="2.[151,1437,980,1799]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">
<bibRefCitation id="60334B683921577A499CFAB4FE2EFAF1" author="Athersuch, J. &amp; Horne, D. J. &amp; Whittaker, J. E." box="[199,462,1341,1367]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" refId="ref11787" refString="Athersuch, J., Horne, D. J. &amp; Whittaker, J. E. (1989) Marine and brackish water ostracods (superfamilies Cypridacea and Cytheracea). Keys and notes for the identification of the species. Synopsis of the British Fauna. New Series. 43. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 361 pp." type="book" year="1989">
Athersuch
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A4819FAB7FE9CFAF1" box="[322,380,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
(1989)
</bibRefCitation>
presented a diagnosis for
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4BA3FAB4FC20FAF1" authorityName="Puri" authorityYear="1957" box="[760,960,1341,1367]" class="Ostracoda" family="Neocytherideidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Neocytherideidae</taxonomicName>
, where the hinge is lophodont and the adductor scars composed of a somewhat oblique or curved row of four imprints. In fact, genera indisputably attributed to
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A49EFFA0CFE9CFA39" authorityName="Puri" authorityYear="1957" box="[180,380,1413,1439]" class="Ostracoda" family="Neocytherideidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Neocytherideidae</taxonomicName>
, i.e.,
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A48E3FA0CFD3FFA39" authority="Puri, 1952" authorityName="Puri" authorityYear="1952" box="[440,735,1412,1439]" class="Ostracoda" family="Neocytherideidae" genus="Neocytherideis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A48E3FA0CFD80FA39" box="[440,608,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Neocytherideis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="60334B683921577A4B3CFA0CFD3FFA39" author="Puri, H. S." box="[615,735,1412,1439]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="902 - 914" refId="ref14892" refString="Puri, H. S. (1952) Ostracode genus Cytherideis and its allies. Journal of Paleontology, 26, 902 - 914." type="journal article" year="1952">Puri, 1952</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4BB0FA0CFBA1FA39" authority="Ruggieri, 1978" authorityName="Ruggieri" authorityYear="1978" box="[747,1089,1413,1439]" class="Ostracoda" family="Neocytherideididae" genus="Procytherideis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A4BB0FA0CFC6FFA39" box="[747,911,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Procytherideis</emphasis>
Ruggieri, 1978
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4D17FA0CFA7CFA39" authority="Athersuch, 1982" authorityName="Athersuch" authorityYear="1982" box="[1100,1436,1413,1439]" class="Ostracoda" family="Neocytherideididae" genus="Sahnicythere" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A4D17FA0CFB3DFA39" box="[1100,1245,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Sahnicythere</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="60334B683921577A4DB8FA0CFA7CFA39" author="Athersuch, J." box="[1251,1436,1413,1439]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="231 - 275" refId="ref11729" refString="Athersuch, J. (1982) Some ostracod genera formerly of the family Cytherideidae Sars. In: Bate, R. H., Robinson, E. &amp; Sheppard, L. M. (Eds.), Fossil and Recent Ostracods. Ellis Horwood, Hertfordshire, pp. 231 - 275." type="book chapter" year="1982">Athersuch, 1982</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(for
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4991FA20FE79FA65" authority="Puri, 1952" authorityName="Puri" authorityYear="1952" box="[202,409,1448,1475]" class="Ostracoda" family="Neocytherideididae" genus="Sahnia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A4991FA20FEF8FA65" box="[202,280,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Sahnia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="60334B683921577A487AFA20FE79FA65" author="Puri, H. S." box="[289,409,1448,1475]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="902 - 914" refId="ref14892" refString="Puri, H. S. (1952) Ostracode genus Cytherideis and its allies. Journal of Paleontology, 26, 902 - 914." type="journal article" year="1952">Puri, 1952</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4880FA20FB91FA65" authority="Whatley, Chadwick, Coxill &amp; Toy, 1987" authorityName="Whatley, Chadwick, Coxill &amp; Toy" authorityYear="1987" box="[475,1137,1449,1475]" class="Ostracoda" family="Neocytherideididae" genus="Papillosacythere" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A4880FA20FD78FA65" box="[475,664,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Papillosacythere</emphasis>
Whatley, Chadwick, Coxill &amp; Toy, 1987
</taxonomicName>
, show hinge and adductor scars in accordance to
<bibRefCitation id="60334B683921577A48C0FA44FD48FA41" author="Athersuch, J. &amp; Horne, D. J. &amp; Whittaker, J. E." box="[411,680,1485,1511]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" refId="ref11787" refString="Athersuch, J., Horne, D. J. &amp; Whittaker, J. E. (1989) Marine and brackish water ostracods (superfamilies Cypridacea and Cytheracea). Keys and notes for the identification of the species. Synopsis of the British Fauna. New Series. 43. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 361 pp." type="book" year="1989">
Athersuch
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A4B4CFA47FDB2FA41" box="[535,594,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
(1989)
</bibRefCitation>
. The appendages of this family, as also described by
<bibRefCitation id="60334B683921577A4C57FA44FEE9F9AD" author="Athersuch, J. &amp; Horne, D. J. &amp; Whittaker, J. E." pageId="2" pageNumber="179" refId="ref11787" refString="Athersuch, J., Horne, D. J. &amp; Whittaker, J. E. (1989) Marine and brackish water ostracods (superfamilies Cypridacea and Cytheracea). Keys and notes for the identification of the species. Synopsis of the British Fauna. New Series. 43. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 361 pp." type="book" year="1989">
Athersuch
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A4CD3FA47FF54F9AD" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
(1989)
</bibRefCitation>
, are similar in all genera. The hemipenis morphology, especially the distal process shape, varies among species of the same genus. This is the reason why they did not consider soft parts in the generic taxonomy of
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4C3FF99CFED2F9F5" authorityName="Puri" authorityYear="1957" class="Ostracoda" family="Neocytherideidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Neocytherideidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="041D36993921577A499CF9D4FB91F8A1" blockId="2.[151,1437,980,1799]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A499CF9D4FEC3F9D1" authorityName="Skogsberg" authorityYear="1939" box="[199,291,1629,1655]" class="Ostracoda" family="Neocytherideidae" genus="Copytus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A499CF9D4FEC3F9D1" box="[199,291,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Copytus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, besides other minor differences, has (i) a proportionally longer hinge line, not confined to the posterior half of the length, as typical of most species of
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4BF5F908FC96F93D" authorityName="Puri" authorityYear="1957" box="[686,886,1665,1691]" class="Ostracoda" family="Neocytherideidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Neocytherideidae</taxonomicName>
, and (ii) bears a small rounded group of four adductor scars, which differ from the somewhat oblique or curved vertical row of the neocytherideids. We understand that the hinge and central muscle scars of this genus distinguish it from all other
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4D7BF940FB08F945" authorityName="Puri" authorityYear="1957" box="[1056,1256,1737,1763]" class="Ostracoda" family="Neocytherideidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Neocytherideidae</taxonomicName>
, and therefore a new family is herein proposed to hold the species of
<taxonomicName id="C3A24D1A3921577A4BBDF964FCA2F8A1" authorityName="Skogsberg" authorityYear="1939" box="[742,834,1773,1799]" class="Ostracoda" family="Neocytherideidae" genus="Copytus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36D6EA8B3921577A4BBDF964FCA2F8A1" box="[742,834,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Copytus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see chapter Taxonomy).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>