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<document id="073AA20BEABD35D7B9FF920A5A68412E" ID-DOI="10.3897/evolsyst.8.139468" ID-ZooBank="4D0ADC1E-13E8-404E-A10A-E28C371EBC96" ID-publisher-id="139468" URI-arpha="DC7DA357-646A-5DAF-A23F-7A75DDB76045" URI-zoobank="http://zoobank.org/4D0ADC1E-13E8-404E-A10A-E28C371EBC96" XM.bibliography_approvedBy="admin" XM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" XM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1734621711582" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Diez, Yander L. &amp; Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas" docDate="2024" docId="6BE4C93BD74B56F4BC09E39489DF1F35" docLanguage="en" docName="Evolutionary Systematics 8(2): 279-310" docOrigin="Evolutionary Systematics 8 (2)" docSource="https://evolsyst.pensoft.net/article/139468/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docTitle="Castrella alba Luther 1955" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="310" masterDocId="DC7DA357646A5DAFA23F7A75DDB76045" masterDocTitle="Little neighbours in Hamburg: free-living aquatic flatworms (Platyhelminthes)" masterLastPageNumber="310" masterPageNumber="279" pageNumber="279" updateTime="1734637365358" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:title id="C730BB570FF81178156A2E122C303E0D">Little neighbours in Hamburg: free-living aquatic flatworms (Platyhelminthes)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="77E0AA05D39ED366C520B96E43D4AAB3" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="2CCA5F49CFF5EF5911787BF9856C9F78">Diez, Yander L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="25E562AFBEBCFB0F8F16086919051E32" type="ORCID">0000-0001-8741-4799</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="9726B2FD40BEF99A2598856FDE52FFC8">Museum of Nature Hamburg Zoology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D- 20146, Hamburg, Germany &amp; Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Universitaire Campus Gebouw D, B- 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="AC88F5148977D0A438738BA6DDD39413">Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="30E329E5A2AB82D2E6E2769EE2D4D61E" type="ORCID">0000-0003-4102-9371</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="963FC47C7F17FF25FBC30FDC3106F8FB">Museum of Nature Hamburg Zoology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D- 20146, Hamburg, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:title id="DDE60C3D63DA54A6FEE509459213BA33">Evolutionary Systematics</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A6C03A6E5E70ABF73F9C9425BAB114BE">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EDB91410457DDA7620E0A9E47033137C">8</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="488560D19768ADFBB307B23A7DBC0F5D" type="DOI">10.3897/evolsyst.8.139468</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="8CA78E06129FCD8DF2F598544B042CCC" type="ZooBank">4D0ADC1E-13E8-404E-A10A-E28C371EBC96</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="6BE4C93BD74B56F4BC09E39489DF1F35" ID-arpha="6BE4C93B-D74B-56F4-BC09-E39489DF1F35" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6BE4C93BD74B56F4BC09E39489DF1F35" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6BE4C93BD74B56F4BC09E39489DF1F35" scope_family="Dalyelliidae" scope_order="Rhabdocoela" scope_phylum="Platyhelminthes">
<subSubSection id="2EBE105AF44FE1C9D5C2229C5271B24D" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="AD3D7254535252E00E73E4322AABBB5B">
<taxonomicName id="CE5159C8968A1DB850475904679F27D0" ID-CoL="RQTC" authority="Luther, 1955" authorityName="Luther" authorityYear="1955" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Castrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dalytyphloplanida" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="7A9DD3DFA0A3AC06C3FAECB9F7741D4B" italics="true">Castrella alba</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="284CC1C334BB1081094E96914C34F19F" author="Luther A" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Fennica" pagination="1-337" refId="B60" refString="Luther A (1955) Die Dalyelliiden (Turbellaria, Neorhabdocoela). Eine Monographie. Acta Zoologica Fennica 87: 1 - 337." title="Die Dalyelliiden (Turbellaria, Neorhabdocoela). Eine Monographie." volume="87" year="1955">Luther, 1955</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C309F84295C004B91AC7BB07F600FD83" type="description">
<paragraph id="54C7C9DAC3F331D431A83F8E579AEC85">
<figureCitation id="FF22478F84C81059EEBCC3796B8136C7" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Castrella alba Luther, 1955 collected in Hamburg. A, B. Habitus of a swimming specimen; C. Details of the anterior part of the body; D F. Posterior part of the body with atrial structures. e eye; ov ovary; ph pharynx; st stylet; vi vitellaria. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1203019">Figs 6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="796D4BB2A0645E41539FF290E9B5E2C5" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Castrella alba Luther, 1955 collected in Brandenburg. A. Habitus of a swimming specimen; B. Details of an egg and its stalk; C. Details of an egg and the stylet; D F. Posterior part of the body with atrial structures. e eye; eg egg; egs egg stalk; ph pharynx; st stylet; vi vitellaria. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1203020">7</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EPYBK" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="7ED243B022F41CE98DC6CF5EDAB77D2B">
<heading id="3F2705B29D89BF7C38A4A24EE960BD55" reason="title">Known distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F6897BACAA6B30FE66AFD941A392FBA">
Species recorded from
<collectingCountry id="7AEAB6D299EE7826742632030F28F0EF" name="Finland">Finland</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="6FA21CE27429736BFC55E4527E6D027F" name="Sweden">Sweden</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4768C7CE84B5A1030087011CCDF4408A" author="Luther" firstAuthor="Luther" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Fennica" pagination="1-337" refId="B60" refString="Luther A (1955) Die Dalyelliiden (Turbellaria, Neorhabdocoela). Eine Monographie. Acta Zoologica Fennica 87: 1337." title="Die Dalyelliiden (Turbellaria, Neorhabdocoela). Eine Monographie." volume="87" year="1955">Luther 1955</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EZYBK" type="material">
<paragraph id="A7379B04F906A4E6F052936DC4C84828">
<heading id="26574D4ECE0C99E1F914405C5DAC4525" reason="title">Material.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F292A12DF9555C79144FA4A4167DAF1A">
<specimenCount id="97E9BEB633D8AFAF12FA33DB0A1AA5FC" count="7" type="generic">Seven specimens</specimenCount>
studied alive, two of which were whole mounted afterwards (
<collectionCode id="63DEF118522BB11068AA7332F84476F1" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kdnf-0379" name="Zoologisches Museum Hamburg" type="Museum">ZMH</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="B68E57A292350B3FBC6E72626209A493" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V13831" type="EnaNcbi">
<collectionCode id="5184F7D9F678633CF72E341C5B960195" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
13831
</accessionNumber>
13832); collected in Kirchwerder-Fünfhausen, submerged vegetation and litter in an irrigation channel,
<quantity id="AE288D2A77001C96DA2B2BBEBC99FABA" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="m" value="0.15" valueMax="0.2" valueMin="0.1">0.10.2 m</quantity>
deep.
<specimenCount id="663145BB40D72F5981A3492A69C88DA2" count="4" type="generic">Four specimens</specimenCount>
studied alive and preserved in absolute ethanol, collected in Groß Glienicker lake; littoral, floating vegetation.
<specimenCount id="2B892A931C6AA8A917C0FF64359EA0E2" count="2" type="generic">Two specimens</specimenCount>
from Kirchwerder-Fünfhausen and one from Groß Glienicker lake used for molecular phylogenetic analyses.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E5YBK" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="FF1B94424F153CD21025BE08EBB45C89">
<heading id="EA6FEB7761F858A06DC608AE551A024F" reason="title">Remarks.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D1AAD8BB4E6D88F7098AD645D4D3E990">
Live specimens about
<quantity id="E0692DA80D588AE84AA0DFE5654C5784" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
long, anterior margin rounded and posterior pointing, translucent, pinkish-brownish colouration due to parenchymal glands (Figs
<figureCitation id="713504F956311BF08CD167F898020E8C" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Castrella alba Luther, 1955 collected in Hamburg. A, B. Habitus of a swimming specimen; C. Details of the anterior part of the body; D F. Posterior part of the body with atrial structures. e eye; ov ovary; ph pharynx; st stylet; vi vitellaria. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1203019">6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="C80864E975A1341608F81FD7B99676CC" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Castrella alba Luther, 1955 collected in Brandenburg. A. Habitus of a swimming specimen; B. Details of an egg and its stalk; C. Details of an egg and the stylet; D F. Posterior part of the body with atrial structures. e eye; eg egg; egs egg stalk; ph pharynx; st stylet; vi vitellaria. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1203020">7</figureCitation>
). A pair of eyes (Figs
<figureCitation id="D0B41A9AEA1B4F1DA0129FF8C4D28893" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Castrella alba Luther, 1955 collected in Hamburg. A, B. Habitus of a swimming specimen; C. Details of the anterior part of the body; D F. Posterior part of the body with atrial structures. e eye; ov ovary; ph pharynx; st stylet; vi vitellaria. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1203019">6 A C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="410C04523A9C3F2FBE9D8162A01D8157" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Castrella alba Luther, 1955 collected in Brandenburg. A. Habitus of a swimming specimen; B. Details of an egg and its stalk; C. Details of an egg and the stylet; D F. Posterior part of the body with atrial structures. e eye; eg egg; egs egg stalk; ph pharynx; st stylet; vi vitellaria. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1203020">7 A</figureCitation>
: e) anterior to the pharynx; the eyes are formed by two pigmented spots linked by a bridge, and sometimes look like two independent structures. Barrel-shaped pharynx (Figs
<figureCitation id="800C2169752CD1ED53CF70116880678A" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Castrella alba Luther, 1955 collected in Hamburg. A, B. Habitus of a swimming specimen; C. Details of the anterior part of the body; D F. Posterior part of the body with atrial structures. e eye; ov ovary; ph pharynx; st stylet; vi vitellaria. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1203019">6 A C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="7EF7D61311036E5BA8F058B077A4EDD1" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Castrella alba Luther, 1955 collected in Brandenburg. A. Habitus of a swimming specimen; B. Details of an egg and its stalk; C. Details of an egg and the stylet; D F. Posterior part of the body with atrial structures. e eye; eg egg; egs egg stalk; ph pharynx; st stylet; vi vitellaria. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1203020">7 A</figureCitation>
: ph) 122183 µm long (
<emphasis id="296CA20064F7C4C39684B1F6F3D8463A" italics="true">x ̄</emphasis>
= 147 µm; n = 5). Testes located postero-lateral to the pharynx. The male copulatory organ includes a seminal vesicle (Fig.
<figureCitation id="674DC742E7CD727A7C82759DC7FAB5EC" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Castrella alba Luther, 1955 collected in Brandenburg. A. Habitus of a swimming specimen; B. Details of an egg and its stalk; C. Details of an egg and the stylet; D F. Posterior part of the body with atrial structures. e eye; eg egg; egs egg stalk; ph pharynx; st stylet; vi vitellaria. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1203020">7 E, F</figureCitation>
: sv), a prostate vesicle (Fig.
<figureCitation id="FFB3EAC499C4396C4BA29E814AF1BACE" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Castrella alba Luther, 1955 collected in Brandenburg. A. Habitus of a swimming specimen; B. Details of an egg and its stalk; C. Details of an egg and the stylet; D F. Posterior part of the body with atrial structures. e eye; eg egg; egs egg stalk; ph pharynx; st stylet; vi vitellaria. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1203020">7 E, F</figureCitation>
: sv), and the stylet. The stylet (Figs
<figureCitation id="F53A15DA6B9A36976A43A248F82FD954" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Castrella alba Luther, 1955 collected in Hamburg. A, B. Habitus of a swimming specimen; C. Details of the anterior part of the body; D F. Posterior part of the body with atrial structures. e eye; ov ovary; ph pharynx; st stylet; vi vitellaria. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1203019">6 D F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="2CDD20F24775D2B810493135DC7978A2" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Castrella alba Luther, 1955 collected in Brandenburg. A. Habitus of a swimming specimen; B. Details of an egg and its stalk; C. Details of an egg and the stylet; D F. Posterior part of the body with atrial structures. e eye; eg egg; egs egg stalk; ph pharynx; st stylet; vi vitellaria. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1203020">7 C F</figureCitation>
: st) is 4374 µm long (
<emphasis id="049BF1C0A7334D22D168D836D2F76972" italics="true">x ̄</emphasis>
= 60 µm; n = 3) and displays a proximal handle and a distal spiny part; a hook-shaped, well-differentiated, largest spine is 1430 µm long (
<emphasis id="282288372C73CE6BE424CC068D97CC6A" italics="true">x ̄</emphasis>
= 22 µm; n = 3). The vitellaria (Fig.
<figureCitation id="5CF549330A56DEECF5DF61FB8904C4E3" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Castrella alba Luther, 1955 collected in Hamburg. A, B. Habitus of a swimming specimen; C. Details of the anterior part of the body; D F. Posterior part of the body with atrial structures. e eye; ov ovary; ph pharynx; st stylet; vi vitellaria. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1203019">6 B</figureCitation>
: vi) run beside the pharynx until the posterior third of the body, fusing before opening into the oviduct. The oval eggs are 64120 µm long (n = 2) and present a 95168 µm long stalk (n = 2) (Fig.
<figureCitation id="676582F7C2D0442708833FAD57AEA19B" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Castrella alba Luther, 1955 collected in Brandenburg. A. Habitus of a swimming specimen; B. Details of an egg and its stalk; C. Details of an egg and the stylet; D F. Posterior part of the body with atrial structures. e eye; eg egg; egs egg stalk; ph pharynx; st stylet; vi vitellaria. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1203020">7 A C</figureCitation>
: eg).
</paragraph>
<caption id="15FD8985D2A67105151C890DECE92B19" ID-arpha="D9ABB626-7A90-5538-921B-4C3B5AA193BF" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1203019" startId="F6">
<paragraph id="10726811483EB269BDA292E41B3B915F">
<label id="EFF3C537407CAAFAFF211B30ABC7DA32">Figure 6.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7A86D182D524FB860F394FE270B0C564">
<taxonomicName id="BC2C5BD432C094773277A873910E5716" authority="Luther, 1955" authorityName="Luther" authorityYear="1955" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Castrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="1E9768E8F5CCF90273F61405A727208B" italics="true">Castrella alba</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B4FD8F20A21525C1736B4885322781F6" author="Luther A" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Fennica" pagination="1-337" refId="B60" refString="Luther A (1955) Die Dalyelliiden (Turbellaria, Neorhabdocoela). Eine Monographie. Acta Zoologica Fennica 87: 1 - 337." title="Die Dalyelliiden (Turbellaria, Neorhabdocoela). Eine Monographie." volume="87" year="1955">Luther, 1955</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
collected in Hamburg.
<emphasis id="4C2F52E44B1386331D2A227A4A998EA1" bold="true">A, B.</emphasis>
Habitus of a swimming specimen;
<emphasis id="8BFBF46563AA5C6230BF1C0BE0024593" bold="true">C.</emphasis>
Details of the anterior part of the body;
<emphasis id="866D761BF734E912B10230D48E48B960" bold="true">D F.</emphasis>
Posterior part of the body with atrial structures.
<emphasis id="BE5418C6ED3298F28711D033F5C74012" bold="true">e</emphasis>
eye;
<emphasis id="00887F687553B19977CE390ACABA2F86" bold="true">ov</emphasis>
ovary;
<emphasis id="9E727BA02EE5DFEFEA4B81FD9417533A" bold="true">ph</emphasis>
pharynx;
<emphasis id="9A0E3A36F80BC1547FA780367695E7AA" bold="true">st</emphasis>
stylet;
<emphasis id="CEF5CDD17FD17A12DEB03A011B028F7B" bold="true">vi</emphasis>
vitellaria. Scale bars: 50 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="55C0EC484B67139157ED6420886D4026" ID-arpha="E0F9DA64-E038-5E15-96DE-1C5B1C2C6346" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1203020" startId="F7">
<paragraph id="62B5470FC3B56E70BCE584BBD98DF1AC">
<label id="B72130A12285A642B461A936F2B86BAA">Figure 7.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A1626D6FE7278EF5DD1D30AB4D65DE35">
<taxonomicName id="DEB6E0D4E238D1ED393777AC29968664" authority="Luther, 1955" authorityName="Luther" authorityYear="1955" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Castrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="043931101039A5D0851BEC6438EFA565" italics="true">Castrella alba</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05B48BD4940B0467F04E4B028CDCCF2C" author="Luther A" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Fennica" pagination="1-337" refId="B60" refString="Luther A (1955) Die Dalyelliiden (Turbellaria, Neorhabdocoela). Eine Monographie. Acta Zoologica Fennica 87: 1 - 337." title="Die Dalyelliiden (Turbellaria, Neorhabdocoela). Eine Monographie." volume="87" year="1955">Luther, 1955</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
collected in Brandenburg.
<emphasis id="2EC3DE9CF0598ACC5BF2E0DE4CFCA61F" bold="true">A.</emphasis>
Habitus of a swimming specimen;
<emphasis id="772914BD8CD85E3991599066ECE9E89E" bold="true">B.</emphasis>
Details of an egg and its stalk;
<emphasis id="FA0792048579EDC1419307B732FE72EF" bold="true">C.</emphasis>
Details of an egg and the stylet;
<emphasis id="6DE6729E5BE09989072D3E541B9CA49D" bold="true">D F.</emphasis>
Posterior part of the body with atrial structures.
<emphasis id="D40429CBF31515548E2F93B1C900F8DC" bold="true">e</emphasis>
eye;
<emphasis id="ECF60F3BE5AA27F7522CCD4A95ED97BE" bold="true">eg</emphasis>
egg;
<emphasis id="98256C47ADBA0197F7291F10BFB752AC" bold="true">egs</emphasis>
egg stalk;
<emphasis id="64DE698BCBF009652B5D9ADEA7B0CAA6" bold="true">ph</emphasis>
pharynx;
<emphasis id="0ABA9228500B982FC88D1ADCE1F6DA5A" bold="true">st</emphasis>
stylet;
<emphasis id="A4F6880183CDF78143F86496D5F60A49" bold="true">vi</emphasis>
vitellaria. Scale bars: 50 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="EFA23203DEA0DF24CCF9B1FBAD269AA6">
As noted by
<bibRefCitation id="C78509A90F4A0550FF809EF8B8FEE519" author="Luther A" firstAuthor="Luther" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Fennica" pagination="1-337" refId="B60" refString="Luther A (1955) Die Dalyelliiden (Turbellaria, Neorhabdocoela). Eine Monographie. Acta Zoologica Fennica 87: 1337." title="Die Dalyelliiden (Turbellaria, Neorhabdocoela). Eine Monographie." volume="87" year="1955">Luther (1955)</bibRefCitation>
, identifying the male sclerotised apparatus in
<taxonomicName id="05B7D341CF78FF0FF996B1E0024C4F06" authorityName="Luther" authorityYear="1955" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Castrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="CBFDE7DC9EEBB4E65C6BF74B2025CA02" italics="true">C. alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is particularly challenging. In our study, we were able to distinguish a fully developed stylet in only three out of
<specimenCount id="633F52BEA859267B376F3C84535ACAE5" count="11" type="generic">11 specimens</specimenCount>
, while this structure was indistinguishable in the whole mounted material. The stylet in this species is generally delicate and, at first glance, appears underdeveloped. Consequently,
<bibRefCitation id="EADB355041903E06289525514A2FADAC" author="Luther A" firstAuthor="Luther" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Fennica" pagination="1-337" refId="B60" refString="Luther A (1955) Die Dalyelliiden (Turbellaria, Neorhabdocoela). Eine Monographie. Acta Zoologica Fennica 87: 1337." title="Die Dalyelliiden (Turbellaria, Neorhabdocoela). Eine Monographie." volume="87" year="1955">Luther (1955)</bibRefCitation>
speculated that this species might be synonymous with
<taxonomicName id="25F5FF0BB96ABB5E38CA2A36FD7A2F02" authority="Beklemischev, 1921" authorityName="Beklemischev" authorityYear="1921" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Castrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="vernalis">
<emphasis id="84D0B19248F740BC9381863F57327B43" italics="true">C. vernalis</emphasis>
Beklemischev, 1921
</taxonomicName>
. However, the newly studied material, which includes fully developed specimens, suggests that
<taxonomicName id="4F3A29C24EF3474E1147E0872484DE04" authorityName="Luther" authorityYear="1955" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Castrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="6939EB963EA28273814A38FAFD6F0154" italics="true">C. alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bears a closer resemblance to
<taxonomicName id="EDA64EA18913CD348CBBED1253B43337" authority="(Abildgaard, 1789) Sekera, 1906" authorityName="Sekera" authorityYear="1906" baseAuthorityName="Abildgaard" baseAuthorityYear="1789" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Castrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="truncata">
<emphasis id="17BE57958EAD6F873A0E7DBB4424DC90" italics="true">C. truncata</emphasis>
(Abildgaard, 1789) Sekera, 1906
</taxonomicName>
, as indicated by the stylet, which has a proximal handle and a distal spiny section with one spine more developed than the others. Nevertheless, our phylogenetic analysis confirms that
<taxonomicName id="9DB847C4EEA32680391003AA9EEEB462" authorityName="Luther" authorityYear="1955" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Castrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="2A8E76A2EB9D2041ED4DC586C0965FC6" italics="true">C. alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represents a distinct lineage from
<taxonomicName id="841032CF8C00DAEA63606180681E75FD" authorityName="Sekera" authorityYear="1906" baseAuthorityName="Abildgaard" baseAuthorityYear="1789" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Castrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="truncata">
<emphasis id="DB32AFD54086B31210795844BBF1B4AB" italics="true">C. truncata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see section Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses; Fig.
<figureCitation id="3A702544FDA1556C21C0B4DFCD593924" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Majority-rule consensus tree from the Bayesian analysis of the concatenated 18 S + 28 S rDNA dataset of Rhabdocoela. Branches with support values below the thresholds in the legend of the three analyses were collapsed. Support values are represented in the order of posterior probabilities / SH-aLRT / ultrafast bootstrap. Branches without symbols have pp = 1, SH-aLRT = 100, and UFboot = 100. Taxa from which new sequences were obtained for this study are highlighted in bold." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1203029">16</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>