182 lines
25 KiB
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182 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="7277327C03ED84A7587693557672EA5E" ID-CLB-Dataset="45769" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3796.1.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="29627432-0fba-4bb2-8bad-142d6fdbbde5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="251140" ID-ZooBank="66323922-2C76-4AB7-98E6-59205AF86DBA" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460420509059" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Swain, Timothy D. & Swain, Laura M." docDate="2014" docId="32546E5CA53BFFE6FF52FB75E19AFACD" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03796p107.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3796 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Parazoanthus darwini Reimer & Fujii 2010" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="93" masterDocId="CE6D1624A531FFEAFFC5FF98E243FFE5" masterDocTitle="Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy" masterLastPageNumber="107" masterPageNumber="81" pageNumber="91" updateTime="1698329685773" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="AC8741F615D01C4E5A2A5AF979900750">
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<mods:title id="48C40840F7139A315600326BA7BDEFCC">Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="171384A166F1354020B022D8D08FB328">Swain, Timothy D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="037303DE81F3548711E2BC5BBBAA601A" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="58CD3CA34BE47012F4D2F6AC417436CB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="3A474728677295E19D354312246B72E5">Swain, Laura M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="969205F310697FA6676AC722859FF36A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="E80816BFDB8D6EAC395835163B0629ED">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4A9F2CE21D028162544D8DADABE16E55">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="0E117B3E79A7846EDEB2BAE32CA0AF2E">3796</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="5FF71A811B86246C61EAA827C54E443F" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3796.1.4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="32546E5CA53BFFE6FF52FB75E19AFACD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5672464" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119426774" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5672464" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:32546E5CA53BFFE6FF52FB75E19AFACD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/32546E5CA53BFFE6FF52FB75E19AFACD" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53BFFE0FF52FB75E0F5FACF" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53BFFE0FF52FB75E0D8FAE3" blockId="10.[151,694,1261,1322]" box="[151,667,1261,1286]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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<heading id="E10A6826A53BFFE0FF52FB75E0D8FAE3" bold="true" box="[151,667,1261,1286]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FF52FB75E0D8FAE3" ID-CoL="4DJ7N" authority="Reimer & Fujii, 2010" authorityName="Reimer & Fujii" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,667,1261,1286]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="darwini">
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<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FF52FB75E0D8FAE3" bold="true" box="[151,667,1261,1286]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FF52FB75E3D4FAE3" bold="true" box="[151,407,1261,1286]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Parazoanthus darwini</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FE5BFB75E0D8FAE3" author="Reimer" box="[414,667,1261,1286]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii, 2010</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53BFFE0FF52FA89E0F5FACF" blockId="10.[151,694,1261,1322]" box="[151,694,1297,1322]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Figure 4. Morphbank species collection 830697.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53BFFE0FF52FAC1E0F5FA97" box="[151,694,1369,1394]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53BFFE0FF52FAC1E0F5FA97" blockId="10.[151,1437,1369,1937]" box="[151,694,1369,1394]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FF52FAC1E3C3FA97" bold="true" box="[151,384,1369,1394]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="DCEC478FA53BFFE0FE42FAC2E39BFA97" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[391,472,1370,1394]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">USNM</collectionCode>
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1134065,
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<typeStatus id="654661E8A53BFFE0FD8BFAC2E0F1FA97" box="[590,690,1370,1394]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53BFFE0FF02FAE5E2BCF9AF" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53BFFE0FF02FAE5E2BCF9AF" blockId="10.[151,1437,1369,1937]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FF02FAE5E302FA73" bold="true" box="[199,321,1405,1430]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Colonial
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<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FE7DFAE5E017FA73" box="[440,596,1405,1430]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FE7DFAE5E017FA73" box="[440,596,1405,1430]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with endodermal marginal musculature; marginal muscle to 529 Μm in length, composed of as many as 27 mesogleal pleats. Mesenterial arrangement macrocnemic. Columnar mesoglea adjacent siphonoglyph to 357 Μm width. Occurring at
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near the Galapagos Islands, symbiotic with Poecilosclerida and Hadromerida. Coenenchyme and polyps tan, pink, or cream. Tentacles and mesenteries 24–30, oral disk concave when expanded, capitular ridges inconspicuous. Largest expanded polyps
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<quantity id="7D0572AFA53BFFE0FB03F995E748F9C0" box="[1222,1291,1549,1574]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
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long,
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<quantity id="7D0572AFA53BFFE0FA9DF995E7DEF9C0" box="[1368,1437,1549,1574]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
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diameter.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53BFFE6FF02F9CDE65CFC00" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="description">
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53BFFE0FF02F9CDE649F939" blockId="10.[151,1437,1369,1937]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FF02F9CDE31AF98B" bold="true" box="[199,345,1621,1646]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Description.</emphasis>
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Colony. Coenenchyme light tan, light pink, or cream-colored and covering portions of the surface of sponge hosts with meandering bands and sheets; infiltrated with sediment (
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FBD1F9E1E748F977" author="Reimer" box="[1044,1291,1657,1682]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
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). Facultative symbionts of Demospongiae of orders Poecilosclerida and Hadromerida (
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FC26F905E69FF953" author="Reimer" box="[995,1244,1693,1718]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
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). Independent of sponge hosts, colonies can cover areas of 0.02 to>
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<quantity id="7D0572AFA53BFFE0FD16F95CE0B9F939" box="[723,762,1732,1756]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
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2 (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FCC8F95CE1BDF939" author="Reimer" box="[781,1022,1732,1757]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53BFFE0FF02F970E0C9F875" blockId="10.[151,1437,1369,1937]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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Polyp. Capitular ridges inconspicuous (Morphbank 830699). Tentacles yellow, orange, or cream; oral disk red or yellow; column same color as coenenchyme (
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FD00F894E1FDF8C1" author="Reimer" box="[709,958,1804,1829]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
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). Polyps of diameter
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<quantity id="7D0572AFA53BFFE0FB70F894E756F8C1" box="[1205,1301,1804,1829]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.0">3–6 mm</quantity>
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(expanded) extend
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<quantity id="7D0572AFA53BFFE0FF28F8A8E30CF8AD" box="[237,335,1840,1865]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="4.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="2.0">2–6 mm</quantity>
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from the coenenchyme and retract nearly flush with surface of the coenenchyme; body wall infiltrated with sediment (
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FE00F8CCE080F889" author="Reimer" box="[453,707,1876,1901]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
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). Tentacles 24–30, dicyclic, and expand in length greater than diameter of oral disk (
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FE4BF8E0E03CF875" author="Reimer" box="[398,639,1912,1937]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53AFFE1FF52F96EE36BF800" blockId="11.[151,1436,1782,2021]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">
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<emphasis id="88890358A53AFFE1FF52F96EE34DF8EE" bold="true" box="[151,270,1782,1804]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
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. Histology of
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<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53AFFE1FE63F96EE0C9F8E9" box="[422,650,1782,1804]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="11" pageNumber="92" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="darwini">
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<emphasis id="88890358A53AFFE1FE63F96EE0C9F8E9" box="[422,650,1782,1804]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">Parazoanthus darwini</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), column wall (CW), dorsal directives (DD), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), encircling sinus (ES), fifth mesentery (5th), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), siphonoglyph (S), tentacles (T), ventral directives (VD); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow, measurements of column tissue width made at broken arrow, measurements of siphonoglyph tissue width made at gray arrow.
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<emphasis id="88890358A53AFFE1FEE5F8EBE37BF86D" bold="true" box="[288,312,1907,1928]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">A.</emphasis>
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Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal marginal musculature.
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<emphasis id="88890358A53AFFE1FA41F8ECE7D8F86C" bold="true" box="[1412,1435,1908,1929]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">B.</emphasis>
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Longitudinal section of contracted polyp.
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<emphasis id="88890358A53AFFE1FD92F80AE02CF84D" bold="true" box="[599,623,1938,1960]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">C.</emphasis>
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Cross-section of contracted polyp at level of actinopharynx showing dorsal directives and fifth mesentery.
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<emphasis id="88890358A53AFFE1FE13F829E3ADF823" bold="true" box="[470,494,1969,1990]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">D.</emphasis>
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Cross-section of contracted polyp at level of actinopharynx showing ventral directives and siphonoglyph.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53DFFE6FF02FF0FE004FE39" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">Internal Anatomy. In longitudinal section (Morphbank collection 829710), marginal musculature endodermal with muscle fibers anchored to 14–27 (x = 20, n sections = 10) unbranched mesogleal pleats that decrease in size proximally (Fig. 4A). Fibers enclosed in lacunae in few sections as muscles transverse mesenteries. Length of marginal musculature (Fig. 4A) 403–529 Μm (x = 480, n sections= 10); width at widest point (Fig. 4A) 67–84 Μm (x = 76, n sections = 10). Length of largest pleats supporting muscle fibers (Fig. 4A) 41–57 Μm (x = 51, n sections = 10). Copious large lacunae throughout ectoderm and outer three-quarters diameter of mesoglea resulting from dissolution of encrustations (Fig. 4B). In the region of capitulum (proximal to terminus of marginal musculature; Fig. 4A) ectoderm is 42–119 Μm (x = 78, n sections = 10), mesoglea 95–258 Μm (x = 162, n sections = 10) and endoderm 13–28 Μm (x = 19, n sections = 10) width.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53DFFE6FF02FE73E3C1FC79" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">In cross section at actinopharynx (Morphbank collection 829709), mesenteries 20, fifth mesenteries macrocnemic (Fig. 4C). Dorsal directives with bulbous free border (distal to the mesenterial filament), similar to non-directive imperfect mesenteries (Fig. 4C). Ventral directives (Fig. 4D) supported by mesoglea 189–218 Μm (x = 196, n sections = 7) from column to siphonoglyph, 4–6 Μm (x = 5, n sections = 7) width, same at retractor muscles, and heteromorphic at column 10–14 Μm (x = 12, n sections = 7) width; similar to non-directive perfect mesenteries (Fig. 4D). Actinopharynx without esophageal furrows (Fig. 4C). Siphonoglyph distinct and V-shaped (Fig. 4D); ectoderm is 13–20 Μm (x = 17, n sections = 7), mesoglea 8–24 Μm (x = 12, n sections = 7), and endoderm 56–155 Μm (x = 82, n sections = 7) width. Adjacent siphonoglyph (Fig. 4D), column ectoderm is 76–165 Μm (x = 115, n sections = 8), mesoglea 222–357 Μm (x = 280, n sections = 8), and endoderm 15–28 Μm (x = 20, n sections = 8) width. Encircling sinus composed of oval and flattened lacunae just beneath the endodermal surface of the mesoglea (Fig. 4C, D). Large lacunae resulting from dissolution of encrustations throughout ectoderm and outer four-fifths width of mesoglea in column (Fig. 4C, D).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53DFFE6FF02FC3FE65CFC00" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">
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Cnidae. Tentacles and pharynx: basitrichs, mastigophores, holotrichs, spirocysts; filaments: mastigophores, holotrichs; column: holotrichs (see
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53DFFE6FDE1FC54E14DFC01" author="Reimer" box="[548,782,972,997]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
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||
for size and frequency).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53DFFE6FF02FC77E16DFBC9" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53DFFE6FF02FC77E16DFBC9" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A53DFFE6FF02FC77E323FBED" bold="true" box="[199,352,1007,1032]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Facultatively associated with Demospongiae of orders Poecilosclerida and Hadromerida at
|
||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53DFFE6FAA1FC68E2EEFBC9" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" unit="m" value="16.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="2.0">2–30 m</quantity>
|
||
near Galapagos Islands,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C2EA9FDAA53DFFE6FE00FB8CE061FBC8" box="[453,546,1044,1069]" name="Ecuador" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53DFFE6FDF4FB8CE161FBC9" author="Reimer" box="[561,802,1044,1069]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53DFFE6FF02FBAFE19AFACD" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53DFFE6FF02FBAFE19AFACD" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A53DFFE6FF02FBAFE378FBB5" bold="true" box="[199,315,1079,1104]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
With notable similarity in genetics (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53DFFE6FD27FBAFE12CFBB5" author="Swain" box="[738,879,1079,1104]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), morphology, intimacy with host sponge (
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A53DFFE6FA9BFBA1E7DFFBB5" box="[1374,1436,1081,1104]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53DFFE6FF52FBC4E3C8FB91" author="Swain" box="[151,395,1116,1141]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" refString="Swain, T. D. & Wulff, J. L. (2007) Diversity and specificity of Caribbean sponge-zoanthid symbioses: a foundation for understanding the adaptive significance of symbioses and generating hypotheses about higher-order systematics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 92, 695 - 711. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2007.00861. x" type="journal article" year="2007">Swain & Wulff 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and specificity to Poecilosclerida and Hadromerida; Pacific members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53DFFE6FB25FBC5E717FB90" box="[1248,1364,1116,1141]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="darwini">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A53DFFE6FB25FBC5E717FB90" box="[1248,1364,1116,1141]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">P. darwini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could easily be mistaken for Caribbean
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53DFFE6FDE6FBE7E14DFB7D" box="[547,782,1151,1176]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="swiftii">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A53DFFE6FDE6FBE7E14DFB7D" box="[547,782,1151,1176]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">Parazoanthus swiftii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860) if the distributions overlapped. Of named
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53DFFE6FDECFB3CE086FB58" box="[553,709,1188,1213]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A53DFFE6FDECFB3CE086FB58" box="[553,709,1188,1213]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with available nucleotide sequences, no species are more closely related (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53DFFE6FF37FB5FE33CFB05" author="Swain" box="[242,383,1223,1248]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53DFFE6FE57FB5FE0CFFB05" box="[402,652,1223,1248]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="darwini">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A53DFFE6FE57FB5FE0CFFB05" box="[402,652,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">Parazoanthus darwini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was erected (in part) to recognize differences from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53DFFE6FB13FB51E774FB05" box="[1238,1335,1224,1248]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="swiftii">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A53DFFE6FB13FB51E774FB05" box="[1238,1335,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">P. swiftii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in polyp morphology (larger polyps with greater numbers of tentacles and mesenteries), obligation to host (commonly observed without its sponge host), and distribution (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53DFFE6FD19FA97E18EFACD" author="Reimer" box="[732,973,1295,1320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |