336 lines
55 KiB
XML
336 lines
55 KiB
XML
<document id="502A34551A3E0342B58C3911C1A5609A" ID-CLB-Dataset="45769" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3796.1.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="29627432-0fba-4bb2-8bad-142d6fdbbde5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="251140" ID-ZooBank="66323922-2C76-4AB7-98E6-59205AF86DBA" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460420509059" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Swain, Timothy D. & Swain, Laura M." docDate="2014" docId="32546E5CA535FFEDFF52F93BE66CFC09" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03796p107.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3796 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Corallizoanthus tsukaharai Reimer" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="88" masterDocId="CE6D1624A531FFEAFFC5FF98E243FFE5" masterDocTitle="Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy" masterLastPageNumber="107" masterPageNumber="81" pageNumber="85" updateTime="1698329685773" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="D7CC3AA593DE2BFF9F42C432344382D0">Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B6DB66613236ACA8ECF856A0C39D27FE">Swain, Timothy D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0B364E1F0B0D64CB5A99BB3CC11FFFAB">Swain, Laura M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="989243A6B6D51D3D67347C38A39FCF8A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="EE23C54BD7616F4CAEA6DDEB4ED50681">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8E069F6A13FB7EB69B225C8DDF75E544">3796</mods:number>
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<treatment id="32546E5CA535FFEDFF52F93BE66CFC09" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5672456" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119426778" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5672456" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:32546E5CA535FFEDFF52F93BE66CFC09" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/32546E5CA535FFEDFF52F93BE66CFC09" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
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<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A535FFEEFF52F93BE0B2F93A" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA535FFEEFF52F93BE62BF95B" blockId="4.[151,1128,1699,1759]" box="[151,1128,1699,1726]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
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<heading id="E10A6826A535FFEEFF52F93BE62BF95B" bold="true" box="[151,1128,1699,1726]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFF52F93BE62BF95B" bold="true" box="[151,1128,1699,1726]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
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<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFF52F93BE005F95B" ID-CoL="5ZZLC" authority="Reimer" authorityName="Reimer" box="[151,582,1699,1726]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
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<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFF52F93BE3A1F958" bold="true" box="[151,482,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Corallizoanthus tsukaharai</emphasis>
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Reimer
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA535FFEEFDA8F93CE62BF95B" author="Reimer" box="[621,1128,1700,1726]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008">Reimer, Nonaka, Sinniger & Iwase, 2008</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA535FFEEFF52F95EE0B2F93A" blockId="4.[151,1128,1699,1759]" box="[151,753,1734,1759]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
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<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA535FFEEFF52F95EE343F93A" box="[151,256,1734,1759]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Figures 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA535FFEEFECBF95FE35EF93A" box="[270,285,1735,1759]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[195,1419,187,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1427,183,1461]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Number, position, and type of marginal muscle attachment sites as they appear within serial longitudinal sections. Each bar represents a 10 Μm longitudinal section with the number and type of muscle attachment points; open bars indicate mesogleal lacunae, black bars indicate mesogleal pleats. Empty positions indicate missing data due to sectioning artifact. Arrows at transitions from endodermal (dominated by pleats) to mesogleal (dominated by lacunae) and the reverse. Inlay diagram demonstrates plane of microtome blade (dotted lines) against the diameter of the polyp (outer ring) and marginal muscle (broken ring). A. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai. B. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Savalia savaglia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251142/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">2</figureCitation>
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A. Morphbank species collection 829704.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A535FFEEFF52F896E0F6F8C2" box="[151,693,1806,1831]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA535FFEEFF52F896E0F6F8C2" blockId="4.[151,1436,1806,2011]" box="[151,693,1806,1831]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
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<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFF52F896E3C3F8C2" bold="true" box="[151,384,1806,1831]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="DCEC478FA535FFEEFE42F897E39BF8C2" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[391,472,1807,1831]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">USNM</collectionCode>
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1110399,
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<typeStatus id="654661E8A535FFEEFD88F897E0F2F8C2" box="[589,689,1807,1831]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A535FFEEFF02F8AAE1D5F83E" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA535FFEEFF02F8AAE1D5F83E" blockId="4.[151,1436,1806,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
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<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFF02F8AAE302F8AE" bold="true" box="[199,321,1842,1867]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFE8FF8AAE3BCF8AE" box="[330,511,1842,1867]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFE8FF8AAE3BCF8AE" box="[330,511,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Corallizoanthus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with cyclically transitional marginal musculature; marginal muscle to 547 Μm in length, composed of as many as 27 attachment points. Mesenterial arrangement macrocnemic. Occurring at
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<quantity id="7D0572AFA535FFEEFF52F8E2E35AF877" box="[151,281,1914,1939]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2199999999999998" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.94" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" unit="m" value="222.0" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="194.0">194–250 m</quantity>
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in the western Pacific, symbiotic with
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<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFD25F8E2E6ADF876" authority="Kishinouye, 1903" authorityName="Kishinouye" authorityYear="1903" box="[736,1262,1914,1939]" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Paracorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="japonicum">
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<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFD25F8E2E646F876" box="[736,1029,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Paracorallium japonicum</emphasis>
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(Kishinouye, 1903)
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</taxonomicName>
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. Coenenchyme and polyps yellow. Tentacles and mesenteries to 22, oral disk slightly concave when expanded, capitular ridges to 11. Largest expanded polyp
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<quantity id="7D0572AFA535FFEEFE16F85BE060F83F" box="[467,547,1987,2011]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
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long,
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<quantity id="7D0572AFA535FFEEFDACF85BE0FCF83F" box="[617,703,1987,2010]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="7.7">7.7 mm</quantity>
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oral disk diameter.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A534FFEFFF02FF0FE030F813" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" type="description">
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA534FFEFFF02FF0FE2AFFF1D" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">
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<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFF02FF0FE31BFF55" bold="true" box="[199,344,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Description.</emphasis>
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Colony. Coenenchyme bright yellow and connects polyps in expanding colonies as stolons across the surface of
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<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A534FFEFFEF9FF25E38CFF31" box="[316,463,189,212]" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Paracorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="japonicum">
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<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFEF9FF25E38CFF31" box="[316,463,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">P. japonicum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; 75–100% of polyps observed as singletons in colonizations of 16–95 (
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA534FFEFFAC0FF24E2A3FF1D" author="Reimer" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
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Reimer
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<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFAA7FF25E7D6FF30" box="[1378,1429,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
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. 2008a
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA534FFEFFF02FE9CE6B7FE6D" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">
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Polyp. Capitular ridges conspicuous, 9–11 (Morphbank 830696). Tentacles, oral disk, and column of expanded polyps bright yellow (
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA534FFEFFE4BFEBFE031FEA5" author="Reimer" box="[398,626,295,320]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
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Reimer
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<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFE2CFEB1E058FEA5" box="[489,539,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
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. 2008a
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Polyps of diameter
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<quantity id="7D0572AFA534FFEFFCA5FEB0E1ABFEDA" box="[864,1000,296,320]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="2.8" valueMax="3.9" valueMin="1.7">1.7–3.9 mm</quantity>
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(contracted) extend up to
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||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA534FFEFFAD5FEB0E71CFEDA" box="[1296,1375,296,320]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
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||
from coenenchyme; body wall infiltrated with foraminifer tests, sclerites, sediment, and spicules (
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA534FFEFFB6FFED4E7D3FE81" author="Reimer" box="[1194,1424,332,357]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
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Reimer
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||
<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFAC3FED5E77BFE80" box="[1286,1336,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008a
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Tentacles 18–22, dicyclic around oral disk
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||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA534FFEFFDBDFEF7E0BCFE62" box="[632,767,367,392]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.7" metricValueMin="5.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="7.7" valueMin="5.3">5.3–7.7 mm</quantity>
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||
in expanded diameter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA534FFEFFBC0FEF7E6ABFE6D" author="Reimer" box="[1029,1256,367,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Reimer
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFBA5FEE9E6D2FE6D" box="[1120,1169,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2008a
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
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<caption id="EE828FC2A534FFEFFF52FB66E102FA48" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" targetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA534FFEFFF52FB66E102FA48" blockId="5.[151,1436,1278,1453]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">
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||
<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFF52FB66E356FAF6" bold="true" box="[151,277,1278,1300]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
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||
. Histology of
|
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<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A534FFEFFE7AFB66E09EFAF1" box="[447,733,1278,1300]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
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<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFE7AFB66E09EFAF1" box="[447,733,1278,1300]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Corallizoanthus tsukaharai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow.
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<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFF52FAC2E2ECFA8A" bold="true" box="[151,175,1370,1391]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">A.</emphasis>
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Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature.
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<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFEE7FAE1E37AFA6B" bold="true" box="[290,313,1401,1422]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">B.</emphasis>
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Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature.
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<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFEBAFA0FE3DBFA48" bold="true" box="[383,408,1431,1453]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">C.</emphasis>
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Longitudinal section of contracted polyp.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA534FFEFFF02FA4CE32BF862" blockId="5.[151,1436,1492,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">
|
||
Internal Anatomy. In longitudinal section (Morphbank collection 829703), marginal musculature cyclically transitional from endodermal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFE35FA60E073F9F4" box="[496,560,1528,1553]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A) to mesogleal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFD3FFA60E178F9F4" box="[762,827,1528,1553]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B), with period of 50–60 Μm per transition (
|
||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFAF1FA60E73AF9F4" box="[1332,1401,1528,1553]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[195,1419,187,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1427,183,1461]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Number, position, and type of marginal muscle attachment sites as they appear within serial longitudinal sections. Each bar represents a 10 Μm longitudinal section with the number and type of muscle attachment points; open bars indicate mesogleal lacunae, black bars indicate mesogleal pleats. Empty positions indicate missing data due to sectioning artifact. Arrows at transitions from endodermal (dominated by pleats) to mesogleal (dominated by lacunae) and the reverse. Inlay diagram demonstrates plane of microtome blade (dotted lines) against the diameter of the polyp (outer ring) and marginal muscle (broken ring). A. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai. B. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Savalia savaglia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251142/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Muscle fibers contained within 0–19 (x = 12, n sections = 10) subtly angular lacunae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFBA4F984E6E7F9D0" box="[1121,1188,1564,1589]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B) that occupy entire mesoglea distally; lacunae confined toward endoderm proximally, with proximal-most lacunae opening to endoderm and forming 0–15 (x = 7, n sections = 10) mesogleal pleats (
|
||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFC4CF9FFE18AF965" box="[905,969,1639,1664]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Length of marginal musculature (
|
||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFAAAF9FFE2E2F942" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B) 399–547 Μm (x = 474, n sections= 10); width at widest point (
|
||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFC4AF916E18CF942" box="[911,975,1678,1703]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B) 57–111 Μm (x = 88, n sections = 10). Diameter of largest lacuna enveloping muscle fibers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFCC4F92DE100F92B" box="[769,835,1717,1742]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B) 51–71 Μm (x = 62, n sections = 10). Second row of lacunae (near endoderm) in sections where muscle appears to be mesogleal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFBE2F944E62FF911" box="[1063,1132,1756,1781]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B) are result of dissolved encrustations (often foraminifera). Large lacunae throughout ectoderm and mesoglea resulting from dissolution of encrustations (
|
||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFEFFF8BCE339F8D9" box="[314,378,1828,1853]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C). In region of capitulum (proximal to terminus of marginal musculature;
|
||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFB02F8BCE747F8D9" box="[1223,1284,1828,1853]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A), ectoderm is 59–96 Μm (x = 73, n sections = 10), mesoglea 22–46 Μm (x = 32, n sections = 10) and endoderm 7–14 Μm (x = 10, n sections = 10) width.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA534FFEFFF02F80EE030F813" blockId="5.[151,1436,1492,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">
|
||
In cross section at actinopharynx, mesenteries 18–22, fifth mesenteries macrocnemic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA534FFEFFB49F80DE733F84B" author="Reimer" box="[1164,1392,1941,1966]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Reimer
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFB22F80EE763F84B" box="[1255,1312,1941,1966]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Cnidae. Mesenterial filaments contain holotrichs and basitrichs (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA534FFEFFBC0F821E6B9F837" author="Reimer" box="[1029,1274,1977,2002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Reimer
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFBA3F823E6E5F837" box="[1126,1190,1977,2002]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for size and frequency; other structures not examined).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="EE828FC2A537FFECFF52FA22E007F96D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251142/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" targetBox="[195,1419,187,1453]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA537FFECFF52FA22E007F96D" blockId="6.[151,1437,1466,1672]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFF52FA22E34EFA2A" bold="true" box="[151,269,1466,1488]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
|
||
. Number, position, and type of marginal muscle attachment sites as they appear within serial longitudinal sections. Each bar represents a 10 Μm longitudinal section with the number and type of muscle attachment points; open bars indicate mesogleal lacunae, black bars indicate mesogleal pleats. Empty positions indicate missing data due to sectioning artifact. Arrows at transitions from endodermal (dominated by pleats) to mesogleal (dominated by lacunae) and the reverse. Inlay diagram demonstrates plane of microtome blade (dotted lines) against the diameter of the polyp (outer ring) and marginal muscle (broken ring).
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFEBDF9CCE3D2F98C" bold="true" box="[376,401,1620,1641]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A537FFECFCBEF9CCE6D2F98F" box="[891,1169,1620,1642]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFCBEF9CCE6D2F98F" box="[891,1169,1620,1642]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Corallizoanthus tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFB5BF9CCE6F6F98C" bold="true" box="[1182,1205,1620,1641]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A537FFECFE51F9EAE07CF96D" box="[404,575,1650,1672]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="savaglia">Savalia savaglia</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A537FFECFF02F928E3CDF909" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA537FFECFF02F928E3CDF909" blockId="6.[151,1436,1712,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFF02F928E323F92C" bold="true" box="[199,352,1712,1737]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Associated with 14% of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A537FFECFD51F929E169F92D" box="[660,810,1713,1736]" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Paracorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="japonicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFD51F929E169F92D" box="[660,810,1713,1736]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">P. japonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at
|
||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA537FFECFC92F928E198F92D" box="[855,987,1712,1737]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2199999999999998" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.94" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" unit="m" value="222.0" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="194.0">194–250 m</quantity>
|
||
near Okinawa and Kagoshima,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C2EA9FDAA537FFECFA99F929E7DFF92D" box="[1372,1436,1713,1736]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA537FFECFF5BF94CE3C1F909" author="Reimer" box="[158,386,1748,1773]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Reimer
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFF3FF94DE371F908" box="[250,306,1748,1773]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A537FFEDFF02F960E66CFC09" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA537FFECFF02F960E31FF8BC" blockId="6.[151,1436,1712,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFF02F960E378F8F4" bold="true" box="[199,315,1784,1809]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Cross sections not obtained from limited material of USNM
|
||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A537FFECFC27F961E600F8F4" box="[994,1091,1785,1809]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(allotment of polyps needed to achieve reasonable longitudinal sections); therefore features of mesenteries, siphonoglyph, column, and directives remain unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA537FFECFF02F8FCE603F80D" blockId="6.[151,1436,1712,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">
|
||
The original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A537FFECFE3FF8FDE0D0F898" box="[506,659,1892,1917]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFE3FF8FDE0D0F898" box="[506,659,1892,1917]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">C. tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA537FFECFD64F8FCE1C2F899" author="Reimer" box="[673,897,1892,1917]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Reimer
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFD39F8FDE177F898" box="[764,820,1892,1917]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) reported equal numbers of capitular ridges and tentacles;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A537FFECFECCF810E3C4F844" box="[265,391,1928,1953]" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Zoanthidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually have capitular ridges numbering half the mesenteries and tentacles. Examination of
|
||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A537FFECFF52F835E2B4F820" box="[151,247,1965,1989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
polyps indicate half the number previously reported (Morphbank 830696). Tentacle count (usually equal mesenteries) verifiable from photo of live specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA537FFECFD2FF848E16FF80D" box="[746,812,2000,2025]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[195,1419,187,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1427,183,1461]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Number, position, and type of marginal muscle attachment sites as they appear within serial longitudinal sections. Each bar represents a 10 Μm longitudinal section with the number and type of muscle attachment points; open bars indicate mesogleal lacunae, black bars indicate mesogleal pleats. Empty positions indicate missing data due to sectioning artifact. Arrows at transitions from endodermal (dominated by pleats) to mesogleal (dominated by lacunae) and the reverse. Inlay diagram demonstrates plane of microtome blade (dotted lines) against the diameter of the polyp (outer ring) and marginal muscle (broken ring). A. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai. B. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Savalia savaglia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251142/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA537FFECFC97F848E677F80D" author="Reimer" box="[850,1076,2000,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Reimer
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFC6EF849E1A7F80C" box="[939,996,2000,2025]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA536FFEDFF02FF0FE6C1FEA5" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Marginal musculature of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFE24FF00E03AFF55" box="[481,633,151,176]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFE24FF00E03AFF55" box="[481,633,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">C. tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
defies simple classification and is apparently novel. Observation of any single longitudinal section through the muscle would be interpreted in 80% of the sections as a transitional marginal musculature (
|
||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA536FFEDFE5BFF47E3A7FF1D" box="[414,484,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[195,1419,187,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1427,183,1461]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Number, position, and type of marginal muscle attachment sites as they appear within serial longitudinal sections. Each bar represents a 10 Μm longitudinal section with the number and type of muscle attachment points; open bars indicate mesogleal lacunae, black bars indicate mesogleal pleats. Empty positions indicate missing data due to sectioning artifact. Arrows at transitions from endodermal (dominated by pleats) to mesogleal (dominated by lacunae) and the reverse. Inlay diagram demonstrates plane of microtome blade (dotted lines) against the diameter of the polyp (outer ring) and marginal muscle (broken ring). A. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai. B. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Savalia savaglia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251142/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A), such as is reported for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFCDEFF47E619FF1D" authority="Ocana et al. 1995" authorityName="Ocana et al." authorityYear="1995" box="[795,1114,223,248]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFCDEFF47E12CFF1D" box="[795,879,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Savalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA536FFEDFC45FF78E611FF1D" author="Ocana" box="[896,1106,223,248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" refString="Ocana, O., Brito, A., Nunez, J. & Bacallado, J. J. (1995) Redescription de Gerardia savaglia (Bertoloni, 1819) (Anthozoa: Zoantharia: Gerardiidae). Vieraea, 24, 153 - 164." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Ocaña
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFC17FF79E646FF1D" box="[978,1029,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. When examining all of the longitudinal serial sections through the marginal muscle, attachment points appear to be a cyclic continuum of mesogleal, transitional (lacunae and pleats), and endodermal forms (
|
||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA536FFEDFC50FEBFE19DFEA5" box="[917,990,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A, 1B, & 2A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA536FFEDFF02FED4E075FCDD" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">
|
||
The usual justification for similar observations (that an endodermal muscle will occasionally appear mesogleal when muscle must traverse the mesentery where the mesentery abuts the margin;
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFBA7FEE9E6C9FE6D" box="[1122,1162,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA536FFEDFB58FEF7E700FE6D" author="Carlgren" box="[1181,1347,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" refString="Carlgren, O. H. (1913) Zoantharia. The Danish Ingolf-Expedition, 5, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1913">Carlgren 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) seems improbable because the muscle is mesogleal at three regular intervals (as an observer proceeds through the serial sections) for 5–15 times the width of the mesenteries of similar species. Although the mesenteries of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFAC1FE20E7DFFE35" box="[1284,1436,439,464]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFAC1FE20E7DFFE35" box="[1284,1436,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">C. tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could not be measured here, width of mesenteries in two closely related unnamed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFB80FE44E7DFFE11" authority="Swain 2010" authorityName="Swain" authorityYear="2010" box="[1093,1436,476,501]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFB80FE44E6B9FE10" box="[1093,1274,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Corallizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA536FFEDFACFFE44E7D6FE11" author="Swain" box="[1290,1429,476,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are insufficient (4–10 Μm) to explain mesogleal portions of the marginal muscle (50–60 Μm;
|
||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA536FFEDFB73FE67E6B9FDFD" box="[1206,1274,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[195,1419,187,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1427,183,1461]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Number, position, and type of marginal muscle attachment sites as they appear within serial longitudinal sections. Each bar represents a 10 Μm longitudinal section with the number and type of muscle attachment points; open bars indicate mesogleal lacunae, black bars indicate mesogleal pleats. Empty positions indicate missing data due to sectioning artifact. Arrows at transitions from endodermal (dominated by pleats) to mesogleal (dominated by lacunae) and the reverse. Inlay diagram demonstrates plane of microtome blade (dotted lines) against the diameter of the polyp (outer ring) and marginal muscle (broken ring). A. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai. B. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Savalia savaglia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251142/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A). If this was an endodermal muscle that appeared mesogleal where the muscle traversed the mesentery (essentially an artifact of the serial sectioning), the mesogleal portions would: (1) be randomly located along the length of the muscle (as the microtome blade imperfectly sectioned the diminutive diameter of the mesenteries), (2) rarely occur as all or most of the attachment points within a single section (only when a mesentery was perfectly parallel to the plane of the microtome blade), (3) approximate the diameter of the mesentery (because the mesoglea of the mesentery, and not the margin, is being observed), and (4) occur at irregular intervals (only visible when the section happened to capture the mesentery). These artifacts of serial sectioning of endodermal marginal musculature are not observed in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFF05FCB8E31AFCDD" box="[192,345,799,824]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFF05FCB8E31AFCDD" box="[192,345,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">C. tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A536FFEDFE9AFCB8E3FCFCDD" box="[351,447,800,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA536FFEDFE0AFC87E051FCDD" box="[463,530,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[195,1419,187,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1427,183,1461]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Number, position, and type of marginal muscle attachment sites as they appear within serial longitudinal sections. Each bar represents a 10 Μm longitudinal section with the number and type of muscle attachment points; open bars indicate mesogleal lacunae, black bars indicate mesogleal pleats. Empty positions indicate missing data due to sectioning artifact. Arrows at transitions from endodermal (dominated by pleats) to mesogleal (dominated by lacunae) and the reverse. Inlay diagram demonstrates plane of microtome blade (dotted lines) against the diameter of the polyp (outer ring) and marginal muscle (broken ring). A. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai. B. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Savalia savaglia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251142/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA536FFEDFF02FCDCE66CFC09" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Although previously unrecognized in other taxa, the cyclically transitional marginal musculature in not unique to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFF71FCF0E30FFC65" box="[180,332,871,896]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFF71FCF0E30FFC65" box="[180,332,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">C. tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The other two undescribed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFD48FCFFE101FC65" box="[653,834,871,896]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFD48FCFFE101FC65" box="[653,834,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Corallizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA536FFEDFC76FCFFE679FC65" author="Swain" box="[947,1082,871,896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) have nearly identical marginal musculatures and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFEA2FC14E066FC40" box="[359,549,908,933]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="savaglia">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFEA2FC14E066FC40" box="[359,549,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Savalia savaglia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a similar form. Examination of the marginal musculature of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFADBFC15E7DFFC40" box="[1310,1436,908,933]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="savaglia">
|
||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFADBFC15E7DFFC40" box="[1310,1436,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">S. savaglia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen USNM 1086480 revealed a cyclically transitional form, with period of 40–90 Μm per transition and muscle fibers contained within 0–34 lacunae and 0–27 mesogleal pleats (
|
||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA536FFEDFC0FFC4CE64DFC09" box="[970,1038,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[195,1419,187,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1427,183,1461]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Number, position, and type of marginal muscle attachment sites as they appear within serial longitudinal sections. Each bar represents a 10 Μm longitudinal section with the number and type of muscle attachment points; open bars indicate mesogleal lacunae, black bars indicate mesogleal pleats. Empty positions indicate missing data due to sectioning artifact. Arrows at transitions from endodermal (dominated by pleats) to mesogleal (dominated by lacunae) and the reverse. Inlay diagram demonstrates plane of microtome blade (dotted lines) against the diameter of the polyp (outer ring) and marginal muscle (broken ring). A. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai. B. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Savalia savaglia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251142/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |