treatments-xml/data/DA/37/1C/DA371C2B878A5F83A346E02D9EE0BF83.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.957.53908" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7a5e6961-ced4-4fe1-b2b0-baed782c80cd" ID-PMC="PMC7431445" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-957-105" ID-Pensoft-UUID="A76FD807E0E75726ACF6A08A6AE0F13F" ID-PubMed="32863714" ID-ZooBank="11D608E770FD44C487616A6EFFF82AEB" ModsDocID="1313-2970-957-105" checkinTime="1597091659314" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Nieukerken, Erik J. van &amp; Eiseman, Charles S." docDate="2020" docId="DA371C2B878A5F83A346E02D9EE0BF83" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 957: 105-161" docOrigin="ZooKeys 957" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.957.53908" docTitle="Aspilanta Nieukerken &amp; Eiseman 2020, gen. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="897EE415-F1AF-46A8-9404-49EFC6E2D80A" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="A76FD807E0E75726ACF6A08A6AE0F13F" lastPageNumber="105" masterDocId="A76FD807E0E75726ACF6A08A6AE0F13F" masterDocTitle="Splitting the leafmining shield-bearer moth genus Antispila Huebner (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae): North American species with reduced venation placed in Aspilanta new genus, with a review of heliozelid morphology" masterLastPageNumber="161" masterPageNumber="105" pageNumber="105" updateTime="1668169218751" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Splitting the leafmining shield-bearer moth genus Antispila Huebner (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae): North American species with reduced venation placed in Aspilanta new genus, with a review of heliozelid morphology</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Nieukerken, Erik J. van</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9557, NL- 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">nieukerken@naturalis.nl</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart>Eiseman, Charles S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>276 Old Wendell Rd., Northfield, MA 01360, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="166160129" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:897EE415-F1AF-46A8-9404-49EFC6E2D80A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA371C2B878A5F83A346E02D9EE0BF83" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
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Genus 
<taxonomicName LSID="DA371C2B-878A-5F83-A346-E02D9EE0BF83" authority="Nieukerken &amp; Eiseman, 2020" authorityName="Nieukerken &amp; Eiseman" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Aspilanta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilanta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. n.">Aspilanta</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="105">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Antispila</taxonomicName>
: auct. partim, nec 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
, 1825.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chambers" authorityYear="1874" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila ampelopsifoliella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ampelopsifoliella">Antispila ampelopsifoliella</taxonomicName>
group; van 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.2617" author="Nieukerken, EJ van" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" pagination="29 - 77" refId="B79" refString="Nieukerken, EJ van, Wagner, DL, Baldessari, M, Mazzon, L, Angeli, G, Girolami, V, Duso, C, Doorenweerd, C, 2012. Antispila oinophylla new species (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae), a new North American grapevine leafminer invading Italian vineyards: taxonomy, DNA barcodes and life cycle. ZooKeys 170: 29 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.2617" title="Antispila oinophylla new species (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae), a new North American grapevine leafminer invading Italian vineyards: taxonomy, DNA barcodes and life cycle." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.2617" volume="170" year="2012">Nieukerken et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
: 66.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Antispila</taxonomicName>
&quot;group II&quot;; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12383" author="Milla, L" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" pagination="128 - 143" refId="B69" refString="Milla, L, Moussalli, A, Wilcox, SA, Nieukerken, EJ van, Young, DA, Halsey, M, McConville, T, Jones, TM, Kallies, A, Hilton, DJ, 2019. Phylotranscriptomics resolves phylogeny of the Heliozelidae (Adeloidea: Lepidoptera) and suggests a Late Cretaceous origin in Australia. Systematic Entomology 45: 128 - 143, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12383" title="Phylotranscriptomics resolves phylogeny of the Heliozelidae (Adeloidea: Lepidoptera) and suggests a Late Cretaceous origin in Australia." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12383" volume="45" year="2019">Milla et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
: 133.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="105" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila oinophylla" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oinophylla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Antispila oinophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
van Nieukerken &amp; Wagner, 2012: 38, by present designation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="105" type="differential diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
Very small moths, wingspan between 4.0 and 6.2 mm, with a forewing pattern of metallic-silvery markings, comprising an oblique fascia at 
<normalizedToken originalValue="¼">1/4</normalizedToken>
, a postmedial pair of spots (one costal and one dorsal), and usually a small apical spot (only absent in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. viticordifoliella" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" rank="species" species="viticordifoliella">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">A. viticordifoliella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); fringe line more or less distinct. Males never with androconial scales or hair-pencils. Antennae with only 16-20 segments. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Antispila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in North America never have an apical spot. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nieukerken &amp; Eiseman" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Aspilanta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilanta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Aspilanta</emphasis>
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species are diagnosed by the reduced venation (Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–11" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 9 - 11. Aspilanta species, denuded wings, showing venation. 9 A. oinophylla, male, veins labelled, RMNH. INS. 24257 10 A. hydrangaeella, female, RMNH. INS. 25191 11 A. ampelopsifoliella, male, RMNH. INS. 24376. Scale bars: 500 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures9-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440913" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">9</figureCitation>
- 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–13" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 12 - 13. Aspilanta species, denuded wings, showing venation. 12 A. voraginella, male, RMNH. INS. 23917 13 A. argentifera, male, RMNH. INS. 23917. Scale bars: 500 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures12-13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440914" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">13</figureCitation>
); in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Antispila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the discoidal cell is present and more veins are retained (illustrated in van 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.2617" author="Nieukerken, EJ van" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" pagination="29 - 77" refId="B79" refString="Nieukerken, EJ van, Wagner, DL, Baldessari, M, Mazzon, L, Angeli, G, Girolami, V, Duso, C, Doorenweerd, C, 2012. Antispila oinophylla new species (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae), a new North American grapevine leafminer invading Italian vineyards: taxonomy, DNA barcodes and life cycle. ZooKeys 170: 29 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.2617" title="Antispila oinophylla new species (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae), a new North American grapevine leafminer invading Italian vineyards: taxonomy, DNA barcodes and life cycle." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.2617" volume="170" year="2012">Nieukerken et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
; van 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.41.22264" author="Nieukerken, EJ van" journalOrPublisher="Nota Lepidopterologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" pagination="39 - 86" refId="B80" refString="Nieukerken, EJ van, Lees, DC, Doorenweerd, C, Koster, JCS, Bryner, R, Schreurs, A, Timmermans, MJTN, Sattler, K, 2018. Two European Cornus feeding leafmining moths, Antispila petryi Martini, 1899, sp. rev. and A. treitschkiella (Fischer von Roeslerstamm, 1843) (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae): an unjustified synonymy and overlooked range expansion. Nota Lepidopterologica 41: 39 - 86, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.41.22264" title="Two European Cornus feeding leafmining moths, Antispila petryi Martini, 1899, sp. rev. and A. treitschkiella (Fischer von Roeslerstamm, 1843) (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae): an unjustified synonymy and overlooked range expansion." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.41.22264" volume="41" year="2018">Nieukerken et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
); most 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Antispila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are larger and have more antennal segments. Separated from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1853" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Heliozela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heliozela" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Heliozela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species by more extensive colour pattern and apical spot, and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1853" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Heliozela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heliozela" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Heliozela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have the venation with discoidal cell and a distinct epiphysis on foreleg. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Coptodisca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coptodisca" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Coptodisca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are readily recognised by their colour pattern (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485314000947" author="Bernardo, U" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Entomological Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" pagination="210 - 224" refId="B2" refString="Bernardo, U, Nieukerken, EJ van, Sasso, R, Gebiola, M, Gualtieri, L, Viggiani, G, 2015. Characterization, distribution, biology and impact on Italian walnut orchards of the invasive North-American leafminer Coptodisca lucifluella (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 105: 210 - 224, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485314000947" title="Characterization, distribution, biology and impact on Italian walnut orchards of the invasive North-American leafminer Coptodisca lucifluella (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485314000947" volume="105" year="2015">Bernardo et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Eiseman, C" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" publicationUrl="http://charleyeiseman.com/leafminers" refId="B28" refString="Eiseman, C, 2019. Leafminers of North America (1st edn). Charley Eiseman, 1806 pp. http://charleyeiseman.com/leafminers" title="Leafminers of North America (1 st edn). Charley Eiseman, 1806 pp." url="http://charleyeiseman.com/leafminers" year="2019">Eiseman 2019</bibRefCitation>
). The genera 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walsingham &amp; Durrant" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Holocacista" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holocacista" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Holocacista</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="M. Hering" authorityYear="1941" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispilina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispilina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Antispilina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, not yet known from the New World, have a very similar venation, but always lack the apical spot. Moreover, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walsingham &amp; Durrant" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Holocacista" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holocacista" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Holocacista</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have a small epiphysis on the foreleg, and the phallus bears an unusually long, often recurved appendix.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="105" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Adults</emphasis>
(Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–8" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 8. Aspilanta species, mounted adult moths. 1 A. oinophylla, male, USA, VT, RMNH. INS. 24378 2 A. hydrangaeella, female, USA, NC, RMNH. INS. 25191 3 A. ampelopsifoliella, male, USA, CT, RMNH. INS. 24377 4 A argentifera, female, USA, MA, RMNH. INS. 25019 5 A. voraginella, male, USA, AZ, RMNH. INS. 23918 6 A. argentifera, female holotype 7 Undescribed species in unnamed genus 14 (&quot; Neospila &quot;), male, Chile, Osorno, 20 km W of Entre Lagos, 17. x. 1981, leg. Nielsen &amp; Karsholt, genitalia slide EJvN 4632, ZMUC 8 A. viticordifoliella, female, Canada, Ottawa, from Parthenocissus, CNCLEP 00122404. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures1-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440912" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">1-8</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 45–50" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figures 45 - 50. Aspilanta species, live adult moths. 45 A. oinophylla, male, Italy, Suedtirol, Eisacktal, Klausen, 650 m, e. l. 1. viii. 2019, photograph Dieter Robrecht 46 A. hydrangaeella, female, dorsal view, NC, photograph EJvN 47 A. ampelopsifoliella, female, Pelham MA, photograph CSE 48 A. ampelopsifoliella, male, dorsal view, VT, photograph EJvN 49 A. argentifera, female, Stockbridge MA, photograph CSE 50 A. viticordifoliella, female, Pelham MA, photograph CSE." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures45-50" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440921" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">45-50</figureCitation>
). Very small moths, forewing length ca. 1.8-2.8 mm (wingspan ca. 4.0-6.2 mm), no sexual dimorphism.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Head</emphasis>
(Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 14–20" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 14 - 20. Aspilanta oinophylla, adult (male) morphology, RMNH. INS. 24440. 14, 15 Head, anterior and posterior views 16, 17 Detail of mouthparts, anterior and posterior views; m = mandible 18 Detail of flagellomeres, middle part of antenna, showing scale sockets of two scale rings per flagellomere 19 Forewing, underside, detail of retinaculum 20 Prothorax with forelegs. Scale bars: 100 μm, 200 μm (20)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures14-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440915" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">14-18</figureCitation>
). Almost oval in outline. Eyes in latero-ventral position, ventral margin not reaching lower margin of head. No sutures present. Anterior tentorial arms very slender, prominently curved laterally before converging towards frons. Vestiture comprising lamellar scales, closely appressed on head, in dry specimens scales on vertex sometimes raised, probably an artefact as a result of drying. Mouthparts: labrum narrow, pilifers absent. Mandibles small, as long as broad, relatively well sclerotised (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 14–20" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 14 - 20. Aspilanta oinophylla, adult (male) morphology, RMNH. INS. 24440. 14, 15 Head, anterior and posterior views 16, 17 Detail of mouthparts, anterior and posterior views; m = mandible 18 Detail of flagellomeres, middle part of antenna, showing scale sockets of two scale rings per flagellomere 19 Forewing, underside, detail of retinaculum 20 Prothorax with forelegs. Scale bars: 100 μm, 200 μm (20)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures14-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440915" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">16</figureCitation>
). Maxilla with galea well developed and almost twice as long as head; maxillary palp reduced to a single segment. Labial palp well developed, 3-segmented, drooping, slightly shorter than head capsule; distal segment almost 3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as second segment; depression for Organ von Rath not seen. Antenna (Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 14–20" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 14 - 20. Aspilanta oinophylla, adult (male) morphology, RMNH. INS. 24440. 14, 15 Head, anterior and posterior views 16, 17 Detail of mouthparts, anterior and posterior views; m = mandible 18 Detail of flagellomeres, middle part of antenna, showing scale sockets of two scale rings per flagellomere 19 Forewing, underside, detail of retinaculum 20 Prothorax with forelegs. Scale bars: 100 μm, 200 μm (20)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures14-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440915" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">14</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 14–20" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 14 - 20. Aspilanta oinophylla, adult (male) morphology, RMNH. INS. 24440. 14, 15 Head, anterior and posterior views 16, 17 Detail of mouthparts, anterior and posterior views; m = mandible 18 Detail of flagellomeres, middle part of antenna, showing scale sockets of two scale rings per flagellomere 19 Forewing, underside, detail of retinaculum 20 Prothorax with forelegs. Scale bars: 100 μm, 200 μm (20)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures14-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440915" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">18</figureCitation>
) ca. half length of forewing with 14-18 flagellomeres (16-20 segments) [best counted in denuded specimens on slides], no sexual dimorphism. Scape and pedicel of equal length, slightly shorter and wider than flagellomeres. Flagellomeres (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 14–20" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 14 - 20. Aspilanta oinophylla, adult (male) morphology, RMNH. INS. 24440. 14, 15 Head, anterior and posterior views 16, 17 Detail of mouthparts, anterior and posterior views; m = mandible 18 Detail of flagellomeres, middle part of antenna, showing scale sockets of two scale rings per flagellomere 19 Forewing, underside, detail of retinaculum 20 Prothorax with forelegs. Scale bars: 100 μm, 200 μm (20)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures14-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440915" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">18</figureCitation>
) cylindrical, ca. twice as long as wide, each with two annuli of scales, most dark, some apical flagellomeres may be white. Pecten present, but not easily visible; with ca. 4-5 hairs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Thorax</emphasis>
. Vestiture of appressed lamellar scales, either concolourous with ground colour of forewings or more metallic and similar to vestiture of head. Foreleg (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 14–20" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 14 - 20. Aspilanta oinophylla, adult (male) morphology, RMNH. INS. 24440. 14, 15 Head, anterior and posterior views 16, 17 Detail of mouthparts, anterior and posterior views; m = mandible 18 Detail of flagellomeres, middle part of antenna, showing scale sockets of two scale rings per flagellomere 19 Forewing, underside, detail of retinaculum 20 Prothorax with forelegs. Scale bars: 100 μm, 200 μm (20)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures14-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440915" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">20</figureCitation>
) without epiphysis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Wings</emphasis>
. Male retinaculum a series of 7-12 hook-shaped bristles (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 14–20" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 14 - 20. Aspilanta oinophylla, adult (male) morphology, RMNH. INS. 24440. 14, 15 Head, anterior and posterior views 16, 17 Detail of mouthparts, anterior and posterior views; m = mandible 18 Detail of flagellomeres, middle part of antenna, showing scale sockets of two scale rings per flagellomere 19 Forewing, underside, detail of retinaculum 20 Prothorax with forelegs. Scale bars: 100 μm, 200 μm (20)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures14-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440915" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">19</figureCitation>
), arising from a thickened serrate portion of Sc. Frenulum in male a strong curved bristle (Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–13" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 12 - 13. Aspilanta species, denuded wings, showing venation. 12 A. voraginella, male, RMNH. INS. 23917 13 A. argentifera, male, RMNH. INS. 23917. Scale bars: 500 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures12-13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440914" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">12</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–13" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 12 - 13. Aspilanta species, denuded wings, showing venation. 12 A. voraginella, male, RMNH. INS. 23917 13 A. argentifera, male, RMNH. INS. 23917. Scale bars: 500 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures12-13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440914" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">13</figureCitation>
), in female two bristles present (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–11" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 9 - 11. Aspilanta species, denuded wings, showing venation. 9 A. oinophylla, male, veins labelled, RMNH. INS. 24257 10 A. hydrangaeella, female, RMNH. INS. 25191 11 A. ampelopsifoliella, male, RMNH. INS. 24376. Scale bars: 500 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures9-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440913" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">10</figureCitation>
); pseudofrenular bristles in male absent. Humeral field with scattered microtrichia, otherwise microtrichia restricted on wing membrane to area just posterior to retinaculum, arranged in longitudinal rows. Scale sockets regularly spaced, not in distinct rows.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Venation</emphasis>
(Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–11" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 9 - 11. Aspilanta species, denuded wings, showing venation. 9 A. oinophylla, male, veins labelled, RMNH. INS. 24257 10 A. hydrangaeella, female, RMNH. INS. 25191 11 A. ampelopsifoliella, male, RMNH. INS. 24376. Scale bars: 500 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures9-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440913" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">9</figureCitation>
- 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–13" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 12 - 13. Aspilanta species, denuded wings, showing venation. 12 A. voraginella, male, RMNH. INS. 23917 13 A. argentifera, male, RMNH. INS. 23917. Scale bars: 500 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures12-13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440914" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">13</figureCitation>
). Forewing with Sc to middle of costa. R unbranched, a separate vein, to costa, but a persistent trachea connecting R with Rs+M+CuA. Rs+M+CuA ending in 3-4 branches, interpreted as Rs1+2 to costa, Rs3+4 to termen, M and CuA to dorsum. Hindwing with Sc+R to costa, Rs+ M with 2-3 branches, Rs to costa, 1 or 2 branches of M to termen and dorsum; CuA a separate vein to dorsum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Wing pattern</emphasis>
(Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–8" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 8. Aspilanta species, mounted adult moths. 1 A. oinophylla, male, USA, VT, RMNH. INS. 24378 2 A. hydrangaeella, female, USA, NC, RMNH. INS. 25191 3 A. ampelopsifoliella, male, USA, CT, RMNH. INS. 24377 4 A argentifera, female, USA, MA, RMNH. INS. 25019 5 A. voraginella, male, USA, AZ, RMNH. INS. 23918 6 A. argentifera, female holotype 7 Undescribed species in unnamed genus 14 (&quot; Neospila &quot;), male, Chile, Osorno, 20 km W of Entre Lagos, 17. x. 1981, leg. Nielsen &amp; Karsholt, genitalia slide EJvN 4632, ZMUC 8 A. viticordifoliella, female, Canada, Ottawa, from Parthenocissus, CNCLEP 00122404. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures1-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440912" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">1-8</figureCitation>
). On forewing typically comprising a silvery white metallic fascia at 1/3, widest at dorsum, and a similarly coloured pair of opposite spots at 2/3 on a dark background, brown to black, with a small silvery blue spot in apex, equidistant to dorsum, costa and fringe line, but the apical spot is absent in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. viticordifoliella" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" rank="species" species="viticordifoliella">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">A. viticordifoliella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A fringe line often present, with fringe scales pale. Hindwing uniform grey. Androconial scales absent in all species examined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Pregenital abdomen</emphasis>
. Abdominal sclerites weakly sclerotised. Anterior sternum II subtriangular, free.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Male genitalia</emphasis>
(Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 21–28" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 21 - 28. Aspilanta species, male genitalia. 21 A. oinophylla, phallus separate, RMNH. INS. 23920 22 A. ampelopsifoliella, phallus in situ, RMNH. INS. 24376 23 A. hydrangaeella, phallus in situ, RMNH. INS. 25192 24 A. voraginella, phallus separate, holotype, slide EJvN 3916 25 ditto, detail of transtilla 26 A. oinophylla, detail valva (flattened), RMNH. INS. 15247 27, 28 A. hydrangaeella, RMNH. INS. 25190, details of resp. tegumen and valvae. Scale bars: 100 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures21-28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440916" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">21-28</figureCitation>
). Vinculum (SIX) very long, anteriorly often reaching beyond anterior margin of segment VI, almost cylindrical; approximately 2/3 of total length of genitalia. Tegumen (TIX) narrow, often bilobed, or medially indented, or truncate; probably a composite structure with uncus. Gnathos absent. Valva approximately triangular, with stalked pectinifer halfway to inner margin, pecten comprising 10-22 blunt sensilla (comb teeth); transtilla typically with medial anterior projection, sublateral processes long. Phallocrypt (manica) with some to many strongly sclerotised conical spines, often arranged in an asymmetric fashion, or with many smaller spines. Phallus outer tube often with remarkable appendices of different sizes and shapes. Juxta present, often bilobed or arrow shaped, in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="hydrangaeella" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" rank="species" species="hydrangaeella">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">hydrangaeella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with extra spines laterally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Female genitalia</emphasis>
(Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 29–33" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 29 - 33. Aspilanta species, female genitalia. 29 A. argentifera, RMNH. INS. 25019 30 A. oinophylla, RMNH. INS. 24211. 31 - 33 Tip of oviscapt: 31 A. argentifera, RMNH. INS. 25019 32 A. oinophylla, RMNH. INS. 24211 33 A. ampelopsifoliella, RMNH. INS. 15220. Scale bars: 200 μm (29, 30); 50 μm (31 - 33)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures29-33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440917" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">29-33</figureCitation>
). SVIII truncate, TVIII deeply indented. Oviscapt with few lateral cusps. Anterior and posterior apophyses subequal in length, a short interapodemal process between anterior apophyses (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 29–33" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 29 - 33. Aspilanta species, female genitalia. 29 A. argentifera, RMNH. INS. 25019 30 A. oinophylla, RMNH. INS. 24211. 31 - 33 Tip of oviscapt: 31 A. argentifera, RMNH. INS. 25019 32 A. oinophylla, RMNH. INS. 24211 33 A. ampelopsifoliella, RMNH. INS. 15220. Scale bars: 200 μm (29, 30); 50 μm (31 - 33)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures29-33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440917" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">29</figureCitation>
). Spermathecal papilla usually with circular sclerotisation. Ductus spermathecae with several coils.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Larva</emphasis>
(Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 34–42" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 34 - 42. Aspilanta species, larval morphology, final feeding instar (4 th) and non-feeding instar (5 th, 36). 34 A. ampelopsifoliella, ventral aspect, ethanol preserved larva, RMNH. INS. 18672 P 35 A. viticordifoliella, ventral aspect, ethanol preserved larva, RMNH. INS. 18509 P 36 A. argentifera, head capsule, RMNH. INS. 18566 P 37 - 39 A. ampelopsifoliella, head and thorax, resp. focussed at mid levels (head only), dorsally and ventrally, RMNH. INS. 18672 P 40 A. oinophylla, head and thorax, RMNH. INS. 18394 P 41 A. ampelopsifoliella, last 3 abdominal segments, dorsal aspect, RMNH. INS. 18672 P 42 A. oinophylla, last 3 abdominal segments, ventral aspect, RMNH. INS. 18394 P. Scale bars: 1 mm (34, 35), 100 μm (36, 37, 41, 42), 200 μm (38 - 40)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures34-42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440918" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">34-42</figureCitation>
). Yellow or whitish, usually with brown to almost black head capsule and prothoracic sclerites and dark anal plates; no plates present on other segments, but concentration of cuticular swellings can give impression of darker plates on abdomen in some species. Head prognathous, 2 stemmata at either side. Thorax with elongate dorsal and ventral sclerites without adornment; 10th (last) abdominal segment with single dorsal and paired ventral sclerites, with several prominent setae; other thoracic and abdominal segments covered with small transverse swellings. Legs and prolegs absent but paired ambulatory calli on T2 and T3 (ventral and dorsal) and fused ventro-medial calli on A3-6. Number of instars unknown, but likely with four feeding instars and a fifth non-feeding instar that constructs the case in which it pupates, in analogy to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walsingham &amp; Durrant" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Holocacista" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holocacista" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Holocacista</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Coptodisca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coptodisca" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Coptodisca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Antispila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1853" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Heliozela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heliozela" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Heliozela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Dziurzynski, A" journalOrPublisher="Materialy do Fizjografii Kraju" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 87" refId="B25" refString="Dziurzynski, A, 1948. Materialy do morfologii i biologii motyla dereniowka Stacha (Antispila stachjanella n. sp.). On the morphology and biology of the butterfly Antispila stachjanella n. sp. Materialy do Fizjografii Kraju 12: 1 - 87" title="Materialy do morfologii i biologii motyla dereniowka Stacha (Antispila stachjanella n. sp.). On the morphology and biology of the butterfly Antispila stachjanella n. sp." volume="12" year="1948">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dziurzyński">Dziurzynski</normalizedToken>
1948
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Dziurzynski, A" journalOrPublisher="Materialy do Fizjografii Kraju" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 55" refId="B26" refString="Dziurzynski, A, 1952. Materialy do zozwoju i morfologii motyla Antispila petryi Mart. i innych gatunkow tego rodzaju wystepujacych w okolicach Krakowa, Krakow, PAU. Contribution to the knowledge of the development and morphology of Antispila petryi Mart. and other species of the genus Antispila occurring in environs of Cracow, Poland. Materialy do Fizjografii Kraju 28: 1 - 55" title="Materialy do zozwoju i morfologii motyla Antispila petryi Mart. i innych gatunkow tego rodzaju wystepujacych w okolicach Krakowa, Krakow, PAU. Contribution to the knowledge of the development and morphology of Antispila petryi Mart. and other species of the genus Antispila occurring in environs of Cracow, Poland." volume="28" year="1952">1952</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Marchi, G" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia del Reale Istituto Superiore Agrario di Bologna" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" pagination="247 - 276" publicationUrl="http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol22-1957-257-276marchi.pdf" refId="B62" refString="Marchi, G, 1956. Ricerche su un Lepidottero Eliozelide, l' &quot; Holocacista rivillei &quot; Staint., minatore delle foglie della Vite. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia del Reale Istituto Superiore Agrario di Bologna 22: 247 - 276, http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol22-1957-257-276marchi.pdf" title="Ricerche su un Lepidottero Eliozelide, l' &quot; Holocacista rivillei &quot; Staint., minatore delle foglie della Vite." url="http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol22-1957-257-276marchi.pdf" volume="22" year="1956">Marchi 1956</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Prota, R" journalOrPublisher="Michigan Botanist" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" refId="B86" refString="Prota, R, 1962. Contributi alla conoscenza dell'entomofauna della Quercia da sughero (Quercussuber L.). 1. Sul lepidottero eliozelide galligeno Heliozelastanneella F. v. R. [Contributions to the knowledge of the entomofauna of Cork Oak (Quercussuber L.). I. On the gallforming Heliozelid Heliozelastanneella F. v. R. (Lepidoptera)]. Studi Sassaresi, Sezione 3, Annali della Facolta di Agraria dell' Universita di Sassari 9: 345-425. [in Italian]" title="Contributi alla conoscenza dell'entomofauna della Quercia da sughero (Quercussuber L.). 1. Sul lepidottero eliozelide galligeno Heliozelastanneella F. v. R. [Contributions to the knowledge of the entomofauna of Cork Oak (Quercussuber L.). I. On the gallforming Heliozelid Heliozelastanneella F. v. R. (Lepidoptera)]. Studi Sassaresi, Sezione 3, Annali della Facolta di Agraria dell' Universita di Sassari 9: 345 - 425. [in Italian]" year="1962">Prota 1962</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/81.2.497" author="Maier, CT" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Economic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" pagination="497 - 500" refId="B61" refString="Maier, CT, 1988. Life cycle of Coptodisca negligens (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae) on cranberry. Journal of Economic Entomology 81: 497 - 500, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/81.2.497" title="Life cycle of Coptodisca negligens (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae) on cranberry." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/81.2.497" volume="81" year="1988">Maier 1988</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="105" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
Host plants. Most species feed on 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1853" family="Vitaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" rank="family">Vitaceae</taxonomicName>
, one each on 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1853" family="Hydrangeaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" rank="family">Hydrangeaceae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1853" family="Myricaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" rank="family">Myricaceae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="105" type="life history">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Life history.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
Eggs are inserted in leaf tissue, often near a vein or leaf margin. All species construct leafmines, either starting as a narrow linear mine and later widening into a blotch, or sometimes starting almost immediately as a blotch mine. All frass is deposited in the mine, initially filling or irregularly scattered in the linear portion, later often scattered in the blotch or pushed by the larva to one side. During the penultimate (fourth) instar an oval section is cut out from both epidermal layers, forming a portable case or 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“shield”">&quot;shield&quot;</normalizedToken>
. This shield (Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 51–58" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figures 51 - 58. Aspilanta oinophylla, leafmines, larvae and shields. 51, 52 GA, Chattahoochee NF, 14. x. 2010, type locality, Vitis aestivalis, EvN 2010266 53, 56 MA, Northfield, 13. ix. 2016, V. riparia, CSE 54, 58 TN, Great Smoky Mts NP, 2. x. 2010, V. vulpina, EvN 2010119 55, 57 VT, Button Bay SP, 16. ix. 2011, V. riparia, EvN 2011253." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures51-58" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440922" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">55</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 59–68" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 59 - 68. Aspilanta hydrangaeella, leafmines, larvae and shields, on Hydrangea arborescens. 59, 60, 64 GA, Chattahoochee NF, 14. x. 2010, EvN 2010279 61, 63, 68 OH, South Bloomingville, 13. ix. 2012, CSE, (61 = RMNH. INS. 29601) 62 OH, Crane Hollow, 5. viii. 2016, CSE 65 - 67 NC, Great Smoky Mts NP, 28. ix. 2010, EvN 2010073." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures59-68" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440923" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">68</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 69–79" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figures 69 - 79. Aspilanta ampelopsifoliella, leafmines, larvae and shields, on Parthenocissus quinquefolia. 69, 74 VT, Williston, 28. viii. 2016, CSE 3764 (same mine) 70, 76 - 78 MA, Pelham, 30. viii, 4. ix. 2013, CSE 1102, 1108 71 MA, Nantucket, Squam Swamp, 7. ix. 2011, CSE-C 4 72 MA, Northfield, 16. ix. 2016, CSE 73 MA, Nantucket, Stump Pond, 5. ix. 2019, CSE 75 VT, Button Bay SP, 16. ix. 2011, EvN 2011254 79 MA, Bridgewater, 16. viii. 2013, CSE 983." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures69-79" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440924" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">76</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 88–96" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figures 88 - 96. Aspilanta argentifera, leafmines, larvae and shields. 88 NC, Laurinburg, 27. ix. 2016, Morella cerifera, CSE 89 MA, Northfield, 26. x. 2015, Comptonia peregrina, CSE 90 VT, Chickering Bog, 6. ix. 2015, Myrica gale, EvN 2015222, showing wilted leaf tip 91, 96 MA, Erving, 27. x. 2014, Comptonia peregrina, CSE 1557 92, 93 MA, Nantucket, Radar Hill, 15. xi. 2015, Morella caroliniensis, CSE 2398, same mine at different stages 94 MA, Stockbridge, 16. vii. 2017, Myrica gale CSE 4096, showing very long linear portion directly along midrib 95 MA, Nantucket, UMass field station, 5. xi. 2017, Morella caroliniensis, CSE 4546." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures88-96" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440926" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">93</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 97–106" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figures 97 - 106. Aspilanta viticordifoliella, leafmines, larvae and shields on Parthenocissus quinquefolia and P. vitacea (104). 97, 99, 100, 105, 106 MA, Northampton, 13. ix. 2013, CSE, 105 shows the left mine of 100, 106 showing flat shield to distinguish it from Antispila species 98 VT, Williston, 28. viii. 2016, CSE 101 MA, Great Barrington, 16. ix. 2017, CSE 102, 103 VT, Button Bay SP, 16. ix. 2011, EvN 2011254 - 2 104 QC, Aylmer, 23. viii. 2015, EvN 2015160." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures97-106" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440927" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">106</figureCitation>
), later forming the cocoon, is more or less flat, without the raised central ridge that is characteristic for 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Antispila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The larva descends with its shield on a strand of silk and may wander for some distance before finally attaching the shield at one end to a substrate (leaf, trunk, leaf litter, etc.), where it moults to the fifth non-feeding instar and later pupates. The pupa protrudes from the opposite end of the shield when the adult emerges. As far as we know, most species are bivoltine, overwintering as fifth instar larva in the cocoon, but 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. voraginella" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" rank="species" species="voraginella">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">A. voraginella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and possibly 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. ampelopsifoliella" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" rank="species" species="ampelopsifoliella">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">A. ampelopsifoliella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are univoltine. Adults are usually day flying and can be swept from the hosts, but rarely come to light. Several specimens were taken in Malaise traps (DNA barcoded material) and in several cases provide the only accurate phenology data for adults.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="105" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">North America; DNA barcodes suggest a rich fauna in Central America: Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica, likely also elsewhere in the Neotropics (see under Composition).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="105" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
The name 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nieukerken &amp; Eiseman" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Aspilanta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilanta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Aspilanta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an anagram of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Antispila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where one 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“i”">&quot;i&quot;</normalizedToken>
was replaced by an 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“a”">&quot;a&quot;</normalizedToken>
. The gender of the name is to be regarded as feminine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="105" type="composition">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Composition.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
In the checklist below we provide the original genus in brackets, type locality, and the hostplant of the types. The species are listed according to the position in the recent phylogenetic analyses (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.004" author="Milla, L" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" pagination="129 - 143" refId="B68" refString="Milla, L, Nieukerken, EJ van, Vijverberg, R, Doorenweerd, C, Wilcox, SA, Halsey, M, Young, DA, Jones, T, Kallies, A, Hilton, DJ, 2017. A preliminary molecular phylogeny of shield-bearer moths (Lepidoptera: Adeloidea: Heliozelidae) highlights rich undescribed diversity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 120: 129 - 143, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.004" title="A preliminary molecular phylogeny of shield-bearer moths (Lepidoptera: Adeloidea: Heliozelidae) highlights rich undescribed diversity." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.004" volume="120" year="2017">Milla et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12383" author="Milla, L" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" pagination="128 - 143" refId="B69" refString="Milla, L, Moussalli, A, Wilcox, SA, Nieukerken, EJ van, Young, DA, Halsey, M, McConville, T, Jones, TM, Kallies, A, Hilton, DJ, 2019. Phylotranscriptomics resolves phylogeny of the Heliozelidae (Adeloidea: Lepidoptera) and suggests a Late Cretaceous origin in Australia. Systematic Entomology 45: 128 - 143, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12383" title="Phylotranscriptomics resolves phylogeny of the Heliozelidae (Adeloidea: Lepidoptera) and suggests a Late Cretaceous origin in Australia." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12383" volume="45" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
We also include the candidate species 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nieukerken &amp; Eiseman" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Aspilanta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilanta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Aspilanta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Vitis1_USA”">&quot;Vitis1_USA&quot;</normalizedToken>
(van 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.2617" author="Nieukerken, EJ van" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" pagination="29 - 77" refId="B79" refString="Nieukerken, EJ van, Wagner, DL, Baldessari, M, Mazzon, L, Angeli, G, Girolami, V, Duso, C, Doorenweerd, C, 2012. Antispila oinophylla new species (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae), a new North American grapevine leafminer invading Italian vineyards: taxonomy, DNA barcodes and life cycle. ZooKeys 170: 29 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.2617" title="Antispila oinophylla new species (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae), a new North American grapevine leafminer invading Italian vineyards: taxonomy, DNA barcodes and life cycle." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.2617" volume="170" year="2012">Nieukerken et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName genus="A." lsidName="A." pageId="0" pageNumber="105" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">A.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Vitis.arizonica_USA”">&quot;Vitis.arizonica_USA&quot;</normalizedToken>
. Some publicly available DNA barcodes (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 44" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 44. Neighbor-Joining tree of COI barcodes of Aspilanta species, including Nearest Neighbours. Several species of Coptodisca serve as outgroup. Data with country, and for Canada and United States also the abbreviation for Province or State, plus the BIN number." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figure44" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440920" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">44</figureCitation>
) closely match confirmed 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nieukerken &amp; Eiseman" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Aspilanta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilanta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Aspilanta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sequences, suggesting further candidate species and a rich fauna in Mexico, Honduras and Costa Rica, but until these taxa are examined morphologically, we omit them. The following BINs are concerned: Mexico: BOLD:ACZ5051, BOLD:ACP0240, BOLD:ACO9420, BOLD:ACU0821, BOLD:ACT4781; Costa Rica: BOLD:ADA1988, BOLD:ACL9188; Honduras: BOLD:ACF9350.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
The Neotropic species 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila trypherantis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trypherantis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Antispila trypherantis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Meyrick, 1916 (Guyana), 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. pentalitha" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" rank="species" species="pentalitha">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">A. pentalitha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Meyrick, 1916 (Guyana) and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. cyclosema" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" rank="species" species="cyclosema">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">A. cyclosema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Meyrick, 1921 (Brazil) may also belong in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nieukerken &amp; Eiseman" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Aspilanta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilanta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Aspilanta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on their original descriptions that cite the presence of an apical dot, but without examination of types, we refrain from recombination here. Also the Patagonian group of species, associated with 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Nothofagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName family="Nothofagaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" rank="family">Nothofagaceae</taxonomicName>
), for which Nielsen in his unpublished thesis proposed the name &quot; 
<taxonomicName genus="Neospila" lsidName="Neospila" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Neospila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;, could belong in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nieukerken &amp; Eiseman" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Aspilanta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilanta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Aspilanta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the basis of the very similar externals (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–8" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 8. Aspilanta species, mounted adult moths. 1 A. oinophylla, male, USA, VT, RMNH. INS. 24378 2 A. hydrangaeella, female, USA, NC, RMNH. INS. 25191 3 A. ampelopsifoliella, male, USA, CT, RMNH. INS. 24377 4 A argentifera, female, USA, MA, RMNH. INS. 25019 5 A. voraginella, male, USA, AZ, RMNH. INS. 23918 6 A. argentifera, female holotype 7 Undescribed species in unnamed genus 14 (&quot; Neospila &quot;), male, Chile, Osorno, 20 km W of Entre Lagos, 17. x. 1981, leg. Nielsen &amp; Karsholt, genitalia slide EJvN 4632, ZMUC 8 A. viticordifoliella, female, Canada, Ottawa, from Parthenocissus, CNCLEP 00122404. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figures1-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440912" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">7</figureCitation>
), although following the latest phylogeny, where it occurs as Genus14, its inclusion would make 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nieukerken &amp; Eiseman" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Aspilanta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilanta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Aspilanta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
paraphyletic (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12383" author="Milla, L" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" pagination="128 - 143" refId="B69" refString="Milla, L, Moussalli, A, Wilcox, SA, Nieukerken, EJ van, Young, DA, Halsey, M, McConville, T, Jones, TM, Kallies, A, Hilton, DJ, 2019. Phylotranscriptomics resolves phylogeny of the Heliozelidae (Adeloidea: Lepidoptera) and suggests a Late Cretaceous origin in Australia. Systematic Entomology 45: 128 - 143, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12383" title="Phylotranscriptomics resolves phylogeny of the Heliozelidae (Adeloidea: Lepidoptera) and suggests a Late Cretaceous origin in Australia." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12383" volume="45" year="2019">Milla et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
) (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 43. Phylogeny of the cosmopolitan leafmining clade of Heliozelidae, part of fig. 1 in Milla et al. (2019) (Maximum likelihood phylogeny generated using iq-tree, topology from filtered _ nt 123 analysis). ' Antispila ' Group II replaced by Aspilanta, branch supports removed and numbers of possible apomorphies added; see text." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.957.53908.figure43" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/440919" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">43</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
In the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Cambridge, MA), there is a series of externally similar moths of unknown provenance, ex coll. Dietz, allegedly reared from poison ivy, (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Toxicodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Toxicodendron radicans" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radicans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Toxicodendron radicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName family="Anacardiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
) with the manuscript name &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila rhoifoliella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhoifoliella">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Antispila rhoifoliella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; (handwritten label: 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">
on Rhus 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="radicans" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="radicans">radicans</taxonomicName>
. Coll 9.7.[18]99, many mines empty, larva pale, green frass line; head + 1 dark brown. [word crossed out] mine begins with a fine tract along edge of leaf, expands &amp; frass collects along edge of mine
</emphasis>
.). These specimens have emergence dates of 1-20 June 1900 (written as 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“19C”">&quot;19C&quot;</normalizedToken>
). As we have never seen such mines on poison ivy we cannot exclude the possibility that Virginia creeper was mistaken for poison ivy, as both often grow together; in this case the series would likely represent 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nieukerken &amp; Eiseman" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Chambers" baseAuthorityYear="1874" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Aspilanta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilanta ampelopsifoliella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ampelopsifoliella">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="105">Aspilanta ampelopsifoliella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We thus ignore this information until these specimens have been examined in more detail.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>