157 lines
16 KiB
XML
157 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.454.8558" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f5af9f55-0247-431c-8785-3560798260c8" ID-PMC="PMC4258739" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-454-41" ID-PubMed="25493066" ID-ZBK="59DD67E9ABBE4EE2A5DF3AF8D02A34E8" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-454-41" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 454" ModsDocTitle="The first sexual associations in the genus Darditilla Casal, 1965 (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae)" checkinTime="1451245121117" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Luz, David R. & Williams, Kevin A." docDate="2014" docId="9547B2693BE474290C6BA42FF512AF76" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 454: 41-68" docOrigin="ZooKeys 454" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.454.8558" docTitle="Darditilla Casal 1965" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="44" masterDocId="19471237FF917736FFEB680C4740E262" masterDocTitle="The first sexual associations in the genus Darditilla Casal, 1965 (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae)" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="41" pageNumber="43" updateTime="1668159604872" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The first sexual associations in the genus Darditilla Casal, 1965 (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Luz, David R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Williams, Kevin A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>454</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>41</mods:start>
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<mods:end>68</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.454.8558</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.454.8558</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-454-41</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">59DD67E9ABBE4EE2A5DF3AF8D02A34E8</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">59DD67E9ABBE4EE2A5DF3AF8D02A34E8</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152056344" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9547B2693BE474290C6BA42FF512AF76" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9547B2693BE474290C6BA42FF512AF76" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Mutillidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName authority="Casal, 1965" authorityName="Casal" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Darditilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Darditilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Darditilla Casal, 1965</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Darditilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Darditilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Darditilla</taxonomicName>
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Casal, 1965. Eos, Madrid 41: 9-18.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Darditilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Darditilla botija" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botija">Darditilla botija</taxonomicName>
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Casal, 1965, by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
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Male. Males of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Darditilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Darditilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Darditilla</taxonomicName>
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can be separated from other South American mutillid genera by the apical row of parallel bristles on T2-4 or T2-5 (e.g. Fig. 1E) and by the ventral margin of the clypeus that is preceded by a transverse furrow (e.g. Figs 3D, 7D) and is sometimes expanded into a broad fig-like structure over the mandibles (Fig. 1D). Additionally,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Darditilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Darditilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Darditilla</taxonomicName>
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males have the scape bicarinate with a relatively flat or concave anterior surface between the carinae (although the dorsal carina is often obscure or obliterated); the axillae unarmed posteriorly; T1 broadly rounded into T2; the paramere downcurved apically; and the cuspis short and pad-like (e.g. Fig. 12).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
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Figure 1.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Darditilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Darditilla amabilis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amabilis">Darditilla amabilis</taxonomicName>
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(Gerstaecker), male: A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, lateral view C head, dorsal view D head, anterior view E metasoma, dorsal view F T5, T6 and pydigium, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
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Female. Females of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Darditilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Darditilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Darditilla</taxonomicName>
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are most readily recognized by their granulate pygidium (e.g. Fig. 6E) and also have a unique combination of characters, wherein the clypeus is bidentate with the teeth slightly farther apart than the antennal tubercles (e.g. Fig. 8C); the mandible is acuminate apically and has its largest tooth situated in the basal half of the internal margin; the mesosoma is constricted anterior to the propodeal spiracles, lacks a scutellar scale, lacks a sharp dorsal tubercle directly anterior to the propodeal spiracle, and has the lateral mesonotal teeth small (e.g. Fig. 6A); T1 is broadly rounded into T2; and the metasomal setae are simple.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="species included">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Species included.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
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There are 36 species in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Darditilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Darditilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Darditilla</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Nonveiller, G" journalOrPublisher="SPB Academic Publishing, Den Haag" pageId="19" pageNumber="60" title="Catalogue of the Mutillidae, Myrmosidae and Bradynobaenidae of the Neotropical Region including Mexico (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Hymenopterorum Catalogus" year="1990">Nonveiller 1990</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Quintero, D" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="19" pageNumber="60" pagination="291 - 304" title="On the identity of Scaptopoda F. Lynch Arribalzaga, new taxonomic changes and new distribution records for Neotropical Mutillidae (Hymenoptera), with notes on their biology." volume="127" year="2001">Quintero and Cambra 2001</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Darditilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Darditilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Darditilla</taxonomicName>
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species are known from throughout South America, putative members of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Darditilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Darditilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Darditilla</taxonomicName>
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are known throughout Central America as well.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="44" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="44" start="start">Remarks</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
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<bibRefCitation author="Casal, OH" journalOrPublisher="Eos, Revista Espanola de Entomologia, Madrid" pageId="18" pageNumber="59" pagination="9 - 18" title="Darditilla nuevo genero neotropical de Sphaerothalminae [sic!] (Hym. Mutillidae)." volume="41" year="1965">Casal (1965)</bibRefCitation>
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described the genus from a single male specimen and used some synapomorphies of that species and its relatives in his generic description. The newly associated males described here match the diagnostic features listed by Casal and other authors in keys (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation author="Brothers, DJ" editor="Fernandez, F" journalOrPublisher="Sociedad Colombiana de Entomologia & Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota DC" pageId="18" pageNumber="59" pagination="577 - 594" title="Familia Mutillidae." volumeTitle="Introduccion a los Hymenoptera de la Region Neotropical" year="2006">Brothers 2006</bibRefCitation>
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), but in two of the species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Darditilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Darditilla bejaranoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bejaranoi">Darditilla bejaranoi</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Darditilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Darditilla debilis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">Darditilla debilis</taxonomicName>
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, the clypeus is less strongly modified. Rather than expanding forward to cover the mandibles, the ventral clypeal margin of these species is short, yet still has the ventral margin angled anteriorly.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Darditilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Darditilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Darditilla</taxonomicName>
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is apparently closely related to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Pseudomethoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomethoca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudomethoca</taxonomicName>
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and could be nested within that genus. Males of some Nearctic and Central American
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Pseudomethoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomethoca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudomethoca</taxonomicName>
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species have thickened setae on T2-4 that resemble the bristles of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Darditilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Darditilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Darditilla</taxonomicName>
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and some females currently placed in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Pseudomethoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomethoca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudomethoca</taxonomicName>
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have a granulate pygidium. Further complicating this situation,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Casal’s">Casal's</normalizedToken>
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treatments of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Darditilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Darditilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Darditilla</taxonomicName>
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focused on southern South America and the types of northern Neotropical
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Pseudomethoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomethoca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudomethoca</taxonomicName>
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species consistent with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Darditilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Darditilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Darditilla</taxonomicName>
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were not available to him (
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<bibRefCitation author="Casal, OH" journalOrPublisher="Eos, Revista Espanola de Entomologia, Madrid" pageId="18" pageNumber="59" pagination="9 - 18" title="Darditilla nuevo genero neotropical de Sphaerothalminae [sic!] (Hym. Mutillidae)." volume="41" year="1965">Casal 1965</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Casal, OH" journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina" pageId="18" pageNumber="59" pagination="83 - 96" title="Aportaciones para el conocimiento de las Mutillidae de la Republica Argentina. I. - Las hembras del genero Darditilla (Hymenoptera)." volume="30" year="1968 a">1968a</bibRefCitation>
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). Without phylogenetic analysis or careful study of both sexes of these species, we cannot determine which of these northern Neotropical
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Pseudomethoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomethoca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudomethoca</taxonomicName>
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should be transferred to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Darditilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Darditilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Darditilla</taxonomicName>
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, or whether
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Darditilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Darditilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Darditilla</taxonomicName>
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is even a valid genus. We, therefore, maintain
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Darditilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Darditilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Darditilla</taxonomicName>
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using the aforementioned diagnoses and hope that this paper will facilitate the future studies needed to clarify the validity and limits of this genus.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |