356 lines
47 KiB
XML
356 lines
47 KiB
XML
<document id="0758B52D7A4FF230268453B5116A7878" ID-DOI="10.2307/3889334" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6f85aa0a-0368-41a5-83d3-21c33f40845e" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3739929" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,jeremy" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="jeremy" approvalRequired="19" approvalRequired_for_bibRefs="2" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="7" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="2" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="8" checkinTime="1585838636713" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Christopher A. Brochu" docDate="2003" docId="9A3A87D00B5F0D67FF2CAD343973FD82" docLanguage="en" docName="socVertebratePaleoMemoir_Brochu2003ABBYY_2.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="3" masterDocId="6603FFA80B5D0D64FFF6AB533D39FF9A" masterDocTitle="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" masterLastPageNumber="138" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1689591936236" updateUser="jeremy">
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<mods:titleInfo id="5C0B07E847E365C497FEF1BF8411E906">
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<mods:title id="5812469F767BE58B047420DF6D6D7559">Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="F746816A8663788BEFB204B41D10A21C" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F74C8D0EAFDF52B316E444DC7B435D1B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F879397BA7D849A213FC2980E16F9D3E">Christopher A. Brochu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1AF8EFDE94C0D290F1F955467EA76F81">Department of Geology, Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="F143978473266650DEC4E47E069C3CA4">Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="1003345D2DF52A0DE79A7D3539F1DF0D">
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<mods:date id="61D93CAE35400C8CD0CB835C208878B6">2003</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1D0F8C38F4BD1C4E21A2CCDCEDFBC9FD">2003-12-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="9D2ACB14C64D6902A60E1EBD7935EFBB">22</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="B3292B5F078A1710492D8527ABE95A8F" type="DOI">10.2307/3889334</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="9A3A87D00B5F0D67FF2CAD343973FD82" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3810819" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190303352" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3810819" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A3A87D00B5F0D67FF2CAD343973FD82" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A3A87D00B5F0D67FF2CAD343973FD82" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection id="5A89654D0B5F0D66FF2CAD343E08F913" box="[218,817,1638,1674]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="122C36C60B5F0D66FF2CAD343E08F913" blockId="2.[173,1230,1634,3154]" box="[218,817,1638,1674]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FF2CAD343E08F913" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[218,817,1638,1674]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FF2CAD343F1DF910" box="[218,548,1639,1674]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="76024B370B5F0D66FDCDAD353E08F913" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[571,817,1638,1673]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="259 - 265" part="21" refId="ref76275" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1905. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 21: 259 - 265." title="Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1905">
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<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FDCDAD353E08F913" bold="true" box="[571,817,1638,1673]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Osborn, 1905</emphasis>
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</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="5A89654D0B5F0D66FCC6AD363C22F79C" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="122C36C60B5F0D66FCC6AD363C22F79C" blockId="2.[173,1230,1634,3154]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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-
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<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FCAAAD3039A5F91C" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[860,1180,1634,1671]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FCAAAD3039A5F91C" box="[860,1180,1634,1671]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is unquestionably a valid taxon. Osborn’s original work has been supplemented by more thorough descriptions (Osborn, 1906, 1912, 1917; Molnar, 1990), and the taxon is currently known from several partial skeletons. This appears to be the only tyrannosaurid known from the Late Maastrichtian Lance, Hell Creek, and Scollard Formations, and occurrences in the Late Maastrichtian elsewhere in western North America (e.g., the San Juan Basin and western Texas) probably also pertain to
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<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FF44ACB03C22F79C" box="[178,283,2018,2055]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FF44ACB03C2FF79C" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[178,278,2018,2055]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5A89654D0B5F0D67FF2FA35C3973FD82" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="122C36C60B5F0D66FF2FA35C3902F61B" blockId="2.[173,1230,1634,3154]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<bibRefCitation id="76024B370B5F0D66FF2FA35C3CF7F7A9" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[217,462,2063,2099]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="259 - 265" part="21" refId="ref76275" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1905. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 21: 259 - 265." title="Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1905">Osborn (1905)</bibRefCitation>
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actually named two large Hell Creek tyrannosaurids,
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<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FE93A36A3CFCF7C7" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[357,453,2105,2141]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FE93A36A3CFCF7C7" box="[357,453,2105,2141]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">T. rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FDEEA36B3EE0F7C1" box="[536,985,2103,2140]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FDEEA36B3EEAF7C1" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[536,979,2103,2140]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dynamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imperiosus">Dynamosaurus imperiosus</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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both based on partial skeletons and skulls.
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<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FD76A3323E41F71F" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[640,888,2145,2181]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dynamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FD76A3323E41F71F" box="[640,888,2145,2181]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dynamosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was thought to have osteoderms, a feature that distinguished it from
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<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FC38A3D939F0F734" box="[974,1225,2186,2222]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FC38A3D939FDF734" box="[974,1220,2186,2222]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Doubts about association of the reported osteoderms with the type of
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<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FEC6A3B23F1EF69F" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[304,551,2273,2309]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dynamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FEC6A3B23F1EF69F" box="[304,551,2273,2309]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dynamosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<materialsCitation id="A2FB3C9B0B5F0D66FDB4A3B33E26F699" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396382453" box="[578,799,2271,2308]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="AMNH 5866">AMNH 5866</materialsCitation>
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) were expressed, and Osborn later regarded
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<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FE03A2593E93F6B7" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[501,938,2313,2350]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dynamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imperiosus">
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<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FE03A2593E93F6B7" box="[501,938,2313,2350]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dynamosaurus imperiosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FC08A25B3C1CF6C0" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FC08A25B3C1CF6C0" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as synonymous (Osborn, 1906).
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<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FCB8A260397AF6CD" box="[846,1091,2355,2391]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FCB8A260397AF6CD" box="[846,1091,2355,2391]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has priority, as it preceded
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<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FDFDA20C3E3AF619" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[523,771,2399,2435]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dynamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FDFDA20C3E3AF619" box="[523,771,2399,2435]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dynamosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the description.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="122C36C60B5F0D66FF21A2DF3ABBFDA2" blockId="2.[173,1230,1634,3154]" lastBlockId="2.[1276,2331,278,3156]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FF21A2DF3E1AF634" authority="Cope, 1892" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1892" box="[215,803,2442,2480]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Manospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
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<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FF21A2DF3F71F635" box="[215,584,2443,2480]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Manospondylus gigas</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="76024B370B5F0D66FDA9A2D83E1AF634" author="Cope, E. D." box="[607,803,2442,2479]" journalOrPublisher="American Naturalist" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="756 - 758" part="26" refId="ref72823" refString="Cope, E. D. 1892. Fourth note on the Dinosauria of the Laramie. American Naturalist 26: 756 - 758." title="Fourth note on the Dinosauria of the Laramie" type="journal article" year="1892">Cope, 1892</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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probably represents the same species as
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<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FE15A2E73E15F64D" box="[483,812,2483,2520]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FE15A2E73E1EF64D" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[483,807,2483,2520]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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The holotype (
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<materialsCitation id="A2FB3C9B0B5F0D66FBB8A2E13C38F59E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396382498" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=46603" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="AMNH 3982">AMNH 3982</materialsCitation>
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) is from a large theropod and comes from the Hell Creek Formation (see figures in Hatcher, 1907 and Osborn, 1917), where only a single large theropod (
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<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FCFCA1613E4DF5CC" box="[778,884,2610,2646]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FCFCA1613E51F5CC" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[778,872,2610,2646]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
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)
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</emphasis>
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is otherwise known. However,
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<materialsCitation id="A2FB3C9B0B5F0D66FEADA10C3F0CF518" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396382438" box="[347,565,2654,2691]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=46603" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="AMNH 3982">AMNH 3982</materialsCitation>
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is a pair of badly-weathered vertebrae, and the taxon is considered to be a
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<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FCCDA1D43910F530" box="[827,1065,2694,2731]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">nomen vanum</emphasis>
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(Osborn, 1917). Recent press reports hold that more of this specimen was found at the type locality in South Dakota, and that because it can be positively identified as
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<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FD29A0563E71F4B3" box="[735,840,2821,2857]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FD29A0563E7BF4B3" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[735,834,2821,2857]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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this endangers the validity of
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<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FEB9A07C3EB5F4C8" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[335,908,2862,2899]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FEB9A07C3FB7F4C9" box="[335,654,2863,2899]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="76024B370B5F0D66FD54A07D3EB5F4C8" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[674,908,2862,2898]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="259 - 265" part="21" refId="ref76275" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1905. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 21: 259 - 265." title="Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1905">Osborn, 1905</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. These claims are dubious on two grounds: first, one would have to demonstrate that the new material pertains to the same individual animal as the holotype of
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<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FE4FA0FD3E12F44B" box="[441,811,2989,3026]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FE4FA0FD3E1CF44B" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1892" box="[441,805,2989,3026]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Manospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">Manospondylus gigas</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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and given the poor state of preservation of
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<materialsCitation id="A2FB3C9B0B5F0D66FE1AA08A3FF5F467" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396382433" box="[492,716,3033,3069]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=46603" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="AMNH 3982">AMNH 3982</materialsCitation>
|
||
, this is unlikely. The articular surfaces of the type vertebrae are poorly preserved, and it will be very difficult (if not impossible) to articulate a newly-collected fossil with them. Second, according to current taxonomic practice, a name is considered invalid if it has not been used in formal literature for fifty years and a junior synonym has gained widespread use (ICZN, 2000).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F875AAC535BCFE20" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1892" box="[1923,2181,406,442]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Manospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F875AAC535BCFE20" box="[1923,2181,406,442]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Manospondylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not, to my knowledge, been applied since its initial publication in 1892, and no one would seriously argue that the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F75CAAB938EFFDA0" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F75CAAB938EFFDA0" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not in widespread use.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="122C36C60B5F0D66FAD0A9123A72FBAD" blockId="2.[1276,2331,278,3156]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Nearly all informative remains of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F896A96C3AF9FDF9" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1888,1984,575,611]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F896A96C3AF9FDF9" box="[1888,1984,575,611]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have come from the Late Maastrichtian units of the Dakotas, Montana, Wyoming, Alberta, and Saskatchewan (Osborn, 1906, 1917; Molnar, 1990;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="76024B370B5F0D66FB0BA9903BA2FD7F" author="Ryan, M. J. & A. P. Russell" box="[1277,1691,705,743]" editor="D. H. Tanke & K. Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="279 - 297" refId="ref77510" refString="Ryan, M. J., and A. P. Russell. 2001. Dinosaurs of Alberta (exclusive of Aves); pp. 279 - 297 in D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." title="Dinosaurs of Alberta (exclusive of Aves)" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Mesozoic Vertebrate Life" year="2001">Ryan and Russell, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="76024B370B5F0D66F943A9923AA7FD7E" author="McIver, E. E." box="[1717,1950,704,741]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="207 - 221" part="39" refId="ref75792" refString="McIver, E. E. 2002. The paleoenvironment of Tyrannosaurus rex from southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39: 207 - 221." title="The paleoenvironment of Tyrannosaurus rex from southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada" type="journal article" year="2002">McIver, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Much less complete material possibly referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F90DA9B83A64FC94" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1787,1885,746,783]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F90DA9B83A64FC94" box="[1787,1885,746,783]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from the Maastrichtian of Texas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="76024B370B5F0D66F9CEA8463A1DFCA3" author="Lawson, D. A." box="[1592,1828,789,825]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="158 - 164" part="50" refId="ref75087" refString="Lawson, D. A. 1976. Tyrannosaurus and Torvosaurus, Maestrichtian dinosaurs from trans-Pecos Texas. Journal of Paleontology 50: 158 - 164." title="Tyrannosaurus and Torvosaurus, Maestrichtian dinosaurs from trans-Pecos Texas" type="journal article" year="1976">Lawson, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and New Mexico (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="76024B370B5F0D66F784A84038A9FCFF" author="Gillette, D. D. & D. L. Wolberg & A. P. Hunt" journalOrPublisher="New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="235 - 238" part="37" refId="ref73789" refString="Gillette, D. D., D. L. Wolberg, and A. P. Hunt. 1986. Tyrannosaurus rex from the McRae Formation (Lancian, Upper Cretaceous), Elephant Butte Reservoir, Sierra County, New Mexico. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook 37: 235 - 238." title="Tyrannosaurus rex from the McRae Formation (Lancian, Upper Cretaceous), Elephant Butte Reservoir, Sierra County, New Mexico" type="journal article" year="1986">Gillette et al., 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Carr and Williamson, 2000).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="76024B370B5F0D66F870A86C35A5FCF8" author="Carpenter, K." box="[1926,2204,830,867]" editor="K. Carpenter & P. J. Currie" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, New York" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="141 - 145" refId="ref71853" refString="Carpenter, K. 1990. Variation in Tyrannosaurus rex; pp. 141 - 145 in K. Carpenter and P. J. Currie (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics. Cambridge University Press, New York." title="Variation in Tyrannosaurus rex" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur Systematics" year="1990">Carpenter (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
argued that the Texas specimen (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="A2FB3C9B0B5F0D66F95AA8393A91FC17" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396382518" box="[1708,1960,873,910]" collectionCode="TMM" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="TMM 41436-1">TMM 41436-1</materialsCitation>
|
||
, an isolated left maxilla) lies outside the range of shape variation for
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F7C6A8C035A1FC2D" box="[2096,2200,915,951]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F7C6A8C035ABFC2D" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[2096,2194,915,951]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but the morphology of the promaxillary foramen and the number of teeth are both consistent with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F8F6A8BA3A5BFB96" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1792,1890,1000,1037]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F8F6A8BA3A5BFB96" box="[1792,1890,1000,1037]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(pers. obs.). If it is a different species, it is a close relative.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="122C36C60B5F0D66FAD1AF6C3A9AF91D" blockId="2.[1276,2331,278,3156]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Gilmore (1946) described a small skull from the Hell Creek Formation (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="A2FB3C9B0B5F0D66FA3FAF3A3B93FB16" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396382563" box="[1481,1706,1128,1165]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
) as
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F8F4AF3435B3FB10" box="[1794,2186,1126,1163]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F8F4AF343AEEFB11" box="[1794,2007,1127,1163]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
lancensis.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="76024B370B5F0D66F756AF353850FB22" author="Russell, D. A." journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Palaeontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 34" part="1" refId="ref77430" refString="Russell, D. A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Palaeontology 1: 1 - 34." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
regarded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F9EEAFC23BD4FB2F" box="[1560,1773,1169,1205]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F9EEAFC23BD4FB2F" box="[1560,1773,1169,1205]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior synonym of
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F778AFDC384DFB79" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F778AFDC3857FB79" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" baseAuthorityName="Witmer" baseAuthorityYear="1997" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and he thus referred
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F904AFEF3557FB45" box="[1778,2158,1211,1248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F904AFEF3AFEFB7A" box="[1778,1991,1212,1248]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
lancensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
to
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F759AFE838AAFA94" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F759AFE838B7FA94" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" baseAuthorityName="Witmer" baseAuthorityYear="1997" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Bakker et al. (1988) later erected the generic name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FB08AE4038DCFAAD" box="[1278,1509,1299,1335]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FB08AE4038DCFAAD" box="[1278,1509,1299,1335]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for this fossil, arguing that it represented the adult of a small basal tyrannosaurid taxon.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="76024B370B5F0D66F82FAE6F35A3FAC5" author="Carr, T. D." box="[2009,2202,1339,1376]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref71985" refString="Carr, T. D. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
has argued persuasively that the features distinguishing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F7C6AE36342FFA13" box="[2096,2326,1381,1417]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F7C6AE36342FFA13" box="[2096,2326,1381,1417]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FAACAEC03880FA2D" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1370,1465,1427,1463]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FAACAEC03880FA2D" box="[1370,1465,1427,1463]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represent ontogenetic variation, as the surficial bone texture within
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FA0FAEEF3BD2FA7A" box="[1529,1771,1468,1504]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nanotyrannus'</emphasis>
|
||
antorbital fossa is characteristic of immature dinosaur bone. Moreover, most features diagnosing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FB09AD4138DFF9AC" box="[1279,1510,1554,1590]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FB09AD4138DFF9AC" box="[1279,1510,1554,1590]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are also typical of immature
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F7F5AD5C35CDF9A9" box="[2051,2292,1551,1587]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F7F5AD5C35D6F9A9" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" baseAuthorityName="Witmer" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[2051,2287,1551,1587]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F6FDAD5D3BB4F9C5" authority="Carr (1999)" authorityName="Carr" authorityYear="1999" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Itemirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="thus" subSpecies="follow">
|
||
I thus follow
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="76024B370B5F0D66FA3CAD6F3BB4F9C5" author="Carr, T. D." box="[1482,1677,1595,1632]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref71985" refString="Carr, T. D. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and regard
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F8ACAD6A35D1F9C6" box="[1882,2280,1592,1629]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F8ACAD6A3578F9C7" box="[1882,2113,1593,1629]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
lancensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
as a junior synonym of
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F992AD373A9AF91D" box="[1636,1955,1635,1672]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F992AD373AA7F91D" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1636,1950,1635,1672]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="122C36C60B5F0D66FADEADC2386CF69E" blockId="2.[1276,2331,278,3156]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
One of the features allegedly separating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F822ADDE3582F92B" box="[2004,2235,1677,1713]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F822ADDE3582F92B" box="[2004,2235,1677,1713]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FAF6ADE938CDF944" box="[1280,1524,1722,1758]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FAF6ADE938CDF944" box="[1280,1524,1722,1758]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was maxillary tooth morphology. The maxillary and dentary teeth of adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F922ADB73A01F89D" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1748,1848,1763,1800]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F922ADB73A01F89D" box="[1748,1848,1763,1800]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and other mature tyrannosaurids) are stout in cross-section and not the slender blades found in most other theropods and, according to some authors,
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FB0BAC3538D4F810" box="[1277,1517,1894,1930]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FB0BAC3538D1F810" box="[1277,1512,1894,1930]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="76024B370B5F0D66FA0BAC353B87F813" author="Carr, T. D." box="[1533,1726,1893,1930]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref71985" refString="Carr, T. D. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reports ontogenetic variation in this feature in growth series of
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F932ACDD3A8CF828" box="[1732,1973,1934,1970]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F932ACDD3A96F828" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" baseAuthorityName="Witmer" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[1732,1967,1934,1970]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
with immature specimens having flattened teeth much like those of
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F7D1ACE4342FF841" box="[2087,2326,1975,2011]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F7D1ACE43428F841" box="[2087,2321,1975,2011]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
One can reasonably hypothesize that tooth shape varies ontogenetically in tyrannosaurids. This has been recently challenged by the description of isolated teeth within the size range of
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FB09A33738D7F712" box="[1279,1518,2148,2184]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FB09A33738D1F712" box="[1279,1512,2148,2184]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but with a morphology more like that of an adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FAF7A3DD3B52F72A" authority="(Larson, 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Larson" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[1281,1643,2188,2226]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FAF7A3DD385AF728" box="[1281,1379,2190,2226]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
(Larson, 1999)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but we cannot assume a linear relationship between tooth shape and size for tyrannosaurid populations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="122C36C60B5F0D66FADEA25E35CFF51B" blockId="2.[1276,2331,278,3156]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
In any case, the claim that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F929A2593AFFF6B4" box="[1759,1990,2314,2350]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F929A2593AFFF6B4" box="[1759,1990,2314,2350]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has flatter maxillary teeth than an adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F9B8A2663B88F6C3" baseAuthorityName="Larson" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[1614,1713,2357,2393]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F9B8A2663B88F6C3" box="[1614,1713,2357,2393]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not solid. Some of the maxillary teeth in the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F9AAA2323A7AF61F" box="[1628,1859,2401,2437]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F9AAA2323A7AF61F" box="[1628,1859,2401,2437]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are restored in plaster, and most of the flattened maxillary teeth are toward the back of the toothrow (where they are generally flatter in all tyrannosaurids). Comparison of CT images through the skulls of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="A2FB3C9B0B5F0D66F7E0A28D342DF598" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396382351" box="[2070,2324,2526,2562]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
and the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F9EFA1583A39F5B5" box="[1561,1792,2571,2607]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F9EFA1583A39F5B5" box="[1561,1792,2571,2607]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reveal very little difference in cross-section shape in more anterior maxillary teeth, and the maxillary alveoli of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F9AEA10C3A06F519" box="[1624,1855,2655,2691]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F9AEA10C3A06F519" box="[1624,1855,2655,2691]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are circular, not elliptical.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="122C36C60B5F0D67FADEA1DF3973FD82" blockId="2.[1276,2331,278,3156]" lastBlockId="3.[172,1232,285,3161]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The validity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66F9C4A1D93AF4F537" authority="Leidy, 1868" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" box="[1586,1997,2697,2734]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66F9C4A1D93BCDF534" box="[1586,1780,2698,2734]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Aublysodon</emphasis>
|
||
Leidy, 1868
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is highly questionable (Carr and Williamson, 2000). As currently applied, the name refers to small tyrannosaurids in which the premaxillary teeth lack serrations on the lingual carinae (Carpenter, 1982;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="76024B370B5F0D66FB08A0603B0DF4CC" author="Currie, P. J. & J. K. Rigby & R. E. Sloan" box="[1278,1588,2866,2903]" editor="K. Carpenter & P. J. Currie" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref72848" refString="Currie, P. J., J. K. Rigby, and R. E. Sloan. 1990. Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation; pp. 107 - 125 in K. Carpenter and P. J. Currie (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." title="Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur Systematics" year="1990">Currie et al., 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Absence of serrations may be the result of wear in many specimens, including the lectotype (personal observation). Moreover, some immature tyrannosaurid maxillae (e.g., FMNH PR2211) bear serrated and unserrated teeth, and so the absence of serrations might also be an ontogenetic factor. A partial skeleton from the Hell Creek Formation has been referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5F0D66FA40A77C3B4EF3C9" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" box="[1462,1655,3119,3155]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5F0D66FA40A77C3B4EF3C9" box="[1462,1655,3119,3155]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Aublysodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<materialsCitation id="A2FB3C9B0B5F0D66F964A77D3A44F3CB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396382536" box="[1682,1917,3117,3154]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="LACM 28471">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="76024B370B5F0D66F864A77E357CF3CA" author="Paul, G. S." bookContentInfo="464 pp." box="[1938,2117,3116,3153]" journalOrPublisher="Simon and Schuster, New York" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref76596" refString="Paul, G. S. 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. Simon and Schuster, New York, 464 pp." title="Predatory Dinosaurs of the World" type="book" year="1988">Paul, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Molnar and Carpenter, 1989), but the features distinguishing it from the larger Hell Creek tyrannosaurid are the same as those for
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5E0D67FB8EAA1A3C60FE04" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5E0D67FB8EAA1A3C6AFE04" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and I regard it as an immature specimen of
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5E0D67FBA9AA2539FEFE03" box="[1119,1223,373,410]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5E0D67FBA9AA2539FBFE03" baseAuthorityName="Larson" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[1119,1218,373,410]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Similar suspicions have been voiced about nondental remains referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5934D450B5E0D67FE90AA9E3F11FE6B" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" box="[358,552,461,497]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="20E7EAD40B5E0D67FE90AA9E3F11FE6B" box="[358,552,461,497]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Aublysodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from elsewhere in North America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="76024B370B5E0D67FB88AA9A3F61FD81" author="Lehman, T. M. & K. Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1026 - 1032" part="64" refId="ref75173" refString="Lehman, T. M., and K. Carpenter. 1990. A partial skeleton of the tyrannosaurid dinosaur Aublysodon from the Upper Cretaceous of New Mexico. Journal of Paleontology 64: 1026 - 1032." title="A partial skeleton of the tyrannosaurid dinosaur Aublysodon from the Upper Cretaceous of New Mexico" type="journal article" year="1990">Lehman and Carpenter, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Carr and Williamson, 2000).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |