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<document id="733517DA948276EF731CCA2289904C0E" ID-CLB-Dataset="5708" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.1369.1.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2956d27c-7521-4396-ba38-b3dacf6d45ce" ID-ISSN="1175­5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5071341" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1625511967381" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Salani, Sula, Lotufo, Tito Monteiro Da Cruz &amp; Hajdu, Eduardo" docDate="2006" docId="03AEA5606E330B7EFE88F9FCFDD0F92C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01369p053.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1369 (1)" docSource="https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1369.1.4" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Sigmaxinella cearense Salani &amp; Lotufo &amp; Hajdu 2006, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="FF97DD186E310B76FF80FF8AFFF0FFFA" masterDocTitle="Sigmaxinella cearense sp. nov. from sandstone reefs off Fortaleza (Ceará State, Brazil) (Desmacellidae, Mycalina, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae)" masterLastPageNumber="53" masterPageNumber="43" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1699024928898" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="982A2BCC81A31FBBB9450C98F57AE8CB" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="1110625510E0692007C50B555D494894">Sigmaxinella cearense sp. nov. from sandstone reefs off Fortaleza (Ceará State, Brazil) (Desmacellidae, Mycalina, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="C29375117E428A209BA11B60801FC36D" type="personal">
<mods:role id="7C65BBC11AD8F60932BCDB2D156078A0">
<mods:roleTerm id="C204C151C6CB3249EA33388BC4BB1706">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="5564529C08BC0D575A37353418176AE1">Salani, Sula</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="3CB98D9B2C9319E4BC4DE9D37DF70E77">Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455 - 760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil &amp; Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista s / n, 20940 - 040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EEAD0C02B84087A4FF350B34F8F853FD">Lotufo, Tito Monteiro Da Cruz</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="01C7B9E23D219BF8B4D9855FE4D1082C">Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455 - 760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil &amp; Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista s / n, 20940 - 040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="71F60299414FE6A3A88614C04C7036A6">Hajdu, Eduardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B9A4BE81B102E77B21B376652C752EC7">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="CF4D4DFCB4123EE8AB1EAFD7AA957309">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="348CFDF6A366B1957832BEE51057F1B4">
<mods:date id="D2498B3EE255FDF0BE98C4B530FC39B1">2006</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="27CB6CE17277CE642F4173AF7257B000" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="163616A21D79CCAFA48376BFAD530D8A">2006-11-30</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="2779F99E3719AEEE27F614F5F112CA8E" type="volume">
<mods:number id="F0D8E91902639BA9518C50BA9DC13BBD">1369</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="5AE2194710EDC4B704DF9F165467ECFC">1</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="EA6F98BF52C9B30CF2340BD2E845D881">https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1369.1.4</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="33699C2A1246E1A603CD6269C03C60D1">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="03AEA5606E330B7EFE88F9FCFDD0F92C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5073289" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183325910" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5073289" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AEA5606E330B7EFE88F9FCFDD0F92C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AEA5606E330B7EFE88F9FCFDD0F92C" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
<subSubSection id="C31D47FD6E330B74FE88F9FCFD8DF96A" box="[264,637,1654,1680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB814766E330B74FE88F9FCFD8DF96A" blockId="2.[264,637,1654,1715]" box="[264,637,1654,1680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
<heading id="D0F0A31A6E330B74FE88F9FCFD8DF96A" bold="true" box="[264,637,1654,1680]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E330B74FE88F9FCFD8DF96A" bold="true" box="[264,637,1654,1680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E330B74FE88F9FCFDE9F96A" authority="Salani &amp; Lotufo &amp; Hajdu, 2006" authorityName="Salani &amp; Lotufo &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2006" box="[264,537,1654,1680]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cearense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E330B74FE88F9FCFDE9F96A" bold="true" box="[264,537,1654,1680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Sigmaxinella cearense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A240751F6E330B74FDA0F9FCFD8DF96A" box="[544,637,1654,1680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31D47FD6E330B74FE88F913FE62F949" box="[264,402,1689,1715]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB814766E330B74FE88F913FE62F949" blockId="2.[264,637,1654,1715]" box="[264,402,1689,1715]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
<figureCitation id="133C08F36E330B74FE88F913FEAAF949" box="[264,346,1689,1715]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1417,1441]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,486,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-233@3.[264,1323,486,1393]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Sigmaxinella cearense sp. nov. Holotype (MNRJ 8687). A. With live colour registered on the laboratory bench 2h after collection. B. With its colour after preservation in ethanol. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071345" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071345/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133C08F36E330B74FEE6F913FE86F949" box="[358,374,1689,1715]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1208,1232]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,406,1184]" captionTargetId="figure-248@4.[264,1323,406,1184]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Sigmaxinella cearense sp. nov. Holotype (MNRJ 8687), skeletal architecture. A. Choanosomal architecture giving rise to unspecialized ectosomal arrangement in a spatuliferous projection. B. Longitudinal section of condensed choanosomal architecture in the peduncle area showing abundant spongin. Scale bars, 500µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071347/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133C08F36E330B74FE03F913FE62F949" box="[387,402,1689,1715]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[340,1248,406,1729]" captionTargetId="figure-70@5.[340,1248,406,1729]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sigmaxinella cearense sp. nov. Holotype (MNRJ 8687). A. Overview of the styles and sigmas. B. Detail of the apical terminations of two styles. C. Sigmas. Scale bars, A=100µm, B=10µm, C=5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071351" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071351/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">4</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31D47FD6E330B74FE88F963FD72F8A9" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB814766E330B74FE88F963FD72F8A9" blockId="2.[264,1322,1769,1875]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
<materialsCitation id="3B6F1E2B6E330B74FE88F963FD72F8A9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3314010301" collectingDate="2004-07-15" collectionCode="MNRJ" collectorName="E. Hajdu" country="Brazil" county="State" elevation="23" location="Parque Estadual Marinho da Pedra da Risca do Meio" municipality="Fortaleza" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" specimenCode="MNRJ 8687" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Ceara" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E330B74FE88F963FE71F8F9" bold="true" box="[264,385,1769,1795]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
<typeStatus id="54BCAAD46E330B74FE88F963FE8CF8F9" box="[264,380,1769,1795]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="DBA1BC0D6E330B74FE11F963FDDCF8F9" box="[401,556,1769,1795]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">MNRJ 8687</specimenCode>
,
<location id="8ED842AD6E330B74FDC1F963FB00F8F9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AEA5606E330B7EFE88F9FCFDD0F92C:8ED842AD6E330B74FDC1F963FB00F8F9" box="[577,1264,1769,1795]" country="Brazil" county="State" municipality="Fortaleza" name="Parque Estadual Marinho da Pedra da Risca do Meio" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" stateProvince="Ceara">Parque Estadual Marinho da Pedra da Risca do Meio</location>
(ca. 03°34'399 S-38°22'840 W, off
<collectingMunicipality id="6BDC8E0C6E330B74FDF2F89BFD12F8D1" box="[626,738,1809,1835]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fortaleza</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCounty id="62D96CFA6E330B74FD6EF89BFCD8F8D1" box="[750,808,1809,1835]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">State</collectingCounty>
of
<collectingRegion id="49C3DA946E330B74FCD0F89BFC64F8D1" box="[848,916,1809,1835]" country="Brazil" name="Ceara" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Ceará</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F31054E66E330B74FC23F89BFC1CF8D1" box="[931,1004,1809,1835]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Brazil</collectingCountry>
)
<elevation id="002AF3456E330B74FC7CF89BFB8CF8D1" box="[1020,1148,1809,1835]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="23.0">
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depth
</elevation>
, flat sandstone reef, coll.
<collectorName id="26F271A06E330B74FEFFF8B3FE1AF8A9" box="[383,490,1849,1875]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">E. Hajdu</collectorName>
,
<date id="FFB932B66E330B74FE76F8B3FD8FF8A9" box="[502,639,1849,1875]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" value="2004-07-15">
<collectingDate id="EFFDCB5E6E330B74FE76F8B3FD8FF8A9" box="[502,639,1849,1875]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" value="2004-07-15">15.vii.2004</collectingDate>
</date>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31D47FD6E320B75FEB8FE91FC2AFE54" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" type="diagnosis">
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<emphasis id="B973C8646E320B75FEB8FE91FE47FECF" bold="true" box="[312,439,283,309]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E320B75FE44FE96FD22FECF" authority="Salani &amp; Lotufo &amp; Hajdu, 2006" authorityName="Salani &amp; Lotufo &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2006" box="[452,722,284,309]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cearense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E320B75FE44FE96FD22FECF" box="[452,722,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Sigmaxinella cearense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A240751F6E320B75FD5FFE96FCC2FECC" box="[735,818,284,310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is the only
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E320B75FC51FE96FB9AFECF" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1897" box="[977,1130,284,309]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E320B75FC51FE96FB9AFECF" box="[977,1130,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Sigmaxinella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Atlantic Ocean, and the only species in the genus with absence of raphides/microxea. Further, it still is the only species with a single category of styles as megascleres (mean length
<quantity id="4CFFB9936E320B75FE88FE1EFEAEFE54" box="[264,350,404,430]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.35" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="435.0">435µm</quantity>
, mean width
<quantity id="4CFFB9936E320B75FE7BFE1EFDB4FE54" box="[507,580,404,430]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="12.0">12µm</quantity>
), and sigmas (mean length
<quantity id="4CFFB9936E320B75FC04FE1EFC3DFE54" box="[900,973,404,430]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="21.0">21µm</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF7844FE6E320B75FE88FA03FE9CFA1C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071345" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5071345" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071345/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" startId="3.[264,367,1417,1441]" targetBox="[264,1323,486,1393]" targetPageId="3">
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<emphasis id="B973C8646E320B75FE88FA03FE7AFA5B" bold="true" box="[264,394,1417,1441]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E320B75FE11FA00FD71FA5B" authority="Salani &amp; Lotufo &amp; Hajdu, 2006" authorityName="Salani &amp; Lotufo &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2006" box="[401,641,1418,1441]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cearense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E320B75FE11FA00FD71FA5B" box="[401,641,1418,1441]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Sigmaxinella cearense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A240751F6E320B75FD08FA03FD2AFA5A" box="[648,730,1417,1440]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Holotype (MNRJ 8687). A. With live colour registered on the laboratory bench 2h after collection. B. With its colour after preservation in ethanol. Scale bar 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C31D47FD6E320B70FEB8F99EFCA0FDB4" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" type="description">
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<emphasis id="B973C8646E320B75FEB8F99EFE20F9D4" bold="true" box="[312,464,1556,1582]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Description.</emphasis>
The single specimen collected is
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high and
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in maximum diameter. Its live colour was yellow, which turned into beige after preservation in 70% ethanol. It has the form of a short bush on top of a narrow peduncle,
<quantity id="4CFFB9936E320B75FBB6F9EEFB70F984" box="[1078,1152,1636,1662]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="20.0">20mm</quantity>
across, with a wider base,
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in diameter (
<figureCitation id="133C08F36E320B75FD03F906FD3CF95C" box="[643,716,1676,1702]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1417,1441]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,486,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-233@3.[264,1323,486,1393]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Sigmaxinella cearense sp. nov. Holotype (MNRJ 8687). A. With live colour registered on the laboratory bench 2h after collection. B. With its colour after preservation in ethanol. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071345" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071345/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). The bushy part is composed of six main, slightly fusiform branches which run parallel to the main axis of the sponge. The tallest of these branches is
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long, the smallest,
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long. Each branch is composed by a collection of smaller, coalescent, secondary branchlets. The overall aspect of the bush is rather spiny, due to the erect-oblique, conulose or spatuliferous projections which abound at the surface of the branchlets. Similar but shorter projections are also found on the peduncle and base. Consistency is hard but compressible and elastic. Oscules were not clearly seen, but small (
<quantity id="4CFFB9936E350B72FE93FECEFE9CFEA4" box="[275,364,324,350]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2mm</quantity>
diameter) apertures occur here and there, some of which might be oscules.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7844FE6E350B72FE88FB32FCF1FACD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071347" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5071347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071347/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" startId="4.[264,367,1208,1232]" targetBox="[264,1323,406,1184]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BB814766E350B72FE88FB32FCF1FACD" blockId="4.[264,1323,1208,1335]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E350B72FE88FB32FE60FB2A" bold="true" box="[264,400,1208,1232]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E350B72FE1DFB32FD63FB35" authority="Salani &amp; Lotufo &amp; Hajdu, 2006" authorityName="Salani &amp; Lotufo &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2006" box="[413,659,1208,1231]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cearense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E350B72FE1DFB32FD63FB35" box="[413,659,1208,1231]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Sigmaxinella cearense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A240751F6E350B72FD1FFB32FD08FB35" box="[671,760,1208,1231]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Holotype (MNRJ 8687), skeletal architecture. A. Choanosomal architecture giving rise to unspecialized ectosomal arrangement in a spatuliferous projection. B. Longitudinal section of condensed choanosomal architecture in the peduncle area showing abundant spongin. Scale bars, 500µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB814766E350B73FEB8FAECFCADFEA4" blockId="4.[264,1322,1382,1888]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1322,284,350]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
Skeleton. Ectosomal architecture unspecialized, made by the slightly divergent terminations of ascending choanosomal spiculo fibres. Isolated spicules are frequent, spread in a criss-crossed fashion, some of which may pierce the surface up to
<quantity id="4CFFB9936E350B72FB17FA3CFB1BFA2A" box="[1175,1259,1462,1488]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="300.0">300µm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="133C08F36E350B72FB7AFA3CFEDFFA02" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1208,1232]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,406,1184]" captionTargetId="figure-248@4.[264,1323,406,1184]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Sigmaxinella cearense sp. nov. Holotype (MNRJ 8687), skeletal architecture. A. Choanosomal architecture giving rise to unspecialized ectosomal arrangement in a spatuliferous projection. B. Longitudinal section of condensed choanosomal architecture in the peduncle area showing abundant spongin. Scale bars, 500µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071347/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
). Sigmas are abundant in the choanosome, in between the spiculo fibres. Choanosomal skeleton axially compressed. Axial skeleton only slightly visible in longitudinal sections of the spatuliferous projections, ca.
<quantity id="4CFFB9936E350B72FD34F9A4FCF8F9B2" box="[692,776,1582,1608]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="350.0">350µm</quantity>
across, composed of ramifying, multispicular tracts of styles coated by abundant spongin. The overall pattern is plumo-reticulate. From this central axis, multispicular, slightly plumose, slightly echinated tracts of styles run towards the surface. The axial skeleton in the peduncle bears in transverse section, a much denser, reticulate arrangement of ascending spiculo-fibres (mostly around
<quantity id="4CFFB9936E350B72FB0AF944FB2DF912" box="[1162,1245,1742,1768]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="200.0">200µm</quantity>
thick, but up to
<quantity id="4CFFB9936E350B72FE0BF97CFE2EF8EA" box="[395,478,1782,1808]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="625.0">625µm</quantity>
in diameter), coated by a much stouter layer of spongin (
<figureCitation id="133C08F36E350B72FB43F97CFAD5F8EA" box="[1219,1317,1782,1808]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1208,1232]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,406,1184]" captionTargetId="figure-248@4.[264,1323,406,1184]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Sigmaxinella cearense sp. nov. Holotype (MNRJ 8687), skeletal architecture. A. Choanosomal architecture giving rise to unspecialized ectosomal arrangement in a spatuliferous projection. B. Longitudinal section of condensed choanosomal architecture in the peduncle area showing abundant spongin. Scale bars, 500µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071347/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
, longitudinal section), when compared to the spatuliferous projections. In spite of the abundant spaces spread in between these thick spongin coated spiculo fibres, the arrangement is quite firm and rather hard and friable when sectioned. Sigmas are common, but not so much as in the spatuliferous projections.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7844FE6E340B73FE88F953FE3EF8CC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071351" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5071351" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071351/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" startId="5.[264,367,1753,1777]" targetBox="[340,1248,406,1729]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BB814766E340B73FE88F953FE3EF8CC" blockId="5.[264,1323,1753,1846]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E340B73FE88F953FE7AF90B" bold="true" box="[264,394,1753,1777]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E340B73FE11F950FD71F90B" authority="Salani &amp; Lotufo &amp; Hajdu, 2006" authorityName="Salani &amp; Lotufo &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2006" box="[401,641,1754,1777]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cearense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E340B73FE11F950FD71F90B" box="[401,641,1754,1777]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Sigmaxinella cearense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A240751F6E340B73FD07F953FD2AF90A" box="[647,730,1753,1776]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Holotype (MNRJ 8687). A. Overview of the styles and sigmas. B. Detail of the apical terminations of two styles. C. Sigmas. Scale bars, A=100µm, B=10µm, C=5µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB814766E370B70FEB8FE96FEA9FE2C" blockId="6.[264,1323,284,590]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
Spicules (
<tableCitation id="C68521CD6E370B70FE2BFE96FDF3FECC" box="[427,515,284,310]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,352,638,662]" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparative data on the spicular content and micrometries, and occurrence of all presently recognized species of Sigmaxinella Dendy, 1897, including the new species described here. Data compiled from the litereature. Sizes are expressed in micrometers as smaller length — larger length x smaller width — larger width." pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Table 1</tableCitation>
): Megascleres — Styles (
<figureCitation id="133C08F36E370B70FCB5FE96FC64FECC" box="[821,916,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[340,1248,406,1729]" captionTargetId="figure-70@5.[340,1248,406,1729]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sigmaxinella cearense sp. nov. Holotype (MNRJ 8687). A. Overview of the styles and sigmas. B. Detail of the apical terminations of two styles. C. Sigmas. Scale bars, A=100µm, B=10µm, C=5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071351" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071351/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
), smooth, mostly slightly bent just below the middle portion, equally thick on most of its length, but tapering very gradually to a sharp point (
<figureCitation id="133C08F36E370B70FE4AFEE6FDD6FE7C" box="[458,550,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[340,1248,406,1729]" captionTargetId="figure-70@5.[340,1248,406,1729]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sigmaxinella cearense sp. nov. Holotype (MNRJ 8687). A. Overview of the styles and sigmas. B. Detail of the apical terminations of two styles. C. Sigmas. Scale bars, A=100µm, B=10µm, C=5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071351" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071351/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
), 320-
<emphasis id="B973C8646E370B70FDF0FEE6FD42FE7F" box="[624,690,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">434.9</emphasis>
-
<quantity id="4CFFB9936E370B70FD3AFEE6FCFFFE7C" box="[698,783,364,390]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.64" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="764.0">764µm</quantity>
long (S.D. 78.4µm) and 2.6-
<emphasis id="B973C8646E370B70FBE0FEE6FB63FE7F" box="[1120,1171,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">12.1</emphasis>
-
<quantity id="4CFFB9936E370B70FB1CFEE6FB12FE7C" box="[1180,1250,364,390]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="15.0">15µm</quantity>
thick. They are mostly around
<quantity id="4CFFB9936E370B70FDB2FE1EFD75FE54" box="[562,645,404,430]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="400.0">400µm</quantity>
long, with a very few spicules reaching over
<quantity id="4CFFB9936E370B70FB35FE1EFAF9FE54" box="[1205,1289,404,430]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="500.0">500µm</quantity>
in length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB814766E370B70FEB8FE6EFCA0FDB4" blockId="6.[264,1323,284,590]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
Microscleres. Sigmas (
<figureCitation id="133C08F36E370B70FDC6FE6EFD54FE04" box="[582,676,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[340,1248,406,1729]" captionTargetId="figure-70@5.[340,1248,406,1729]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sigmaxinella cearense sp. nov. Holotype (MNRJ 8687). A. Overview of the styles and sigmas. B. Detail of the apical terminations of two styles. C. Sigmas. Scale bars, A=100µm, B=10µm, C=5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071351" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071351/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
), variably slender, smooth along the wider curve in its shaft, abruptly bent, with sharp apices, 15-
<emphasis id="B973C8646E370B70FD7EFD86FCC1FDDF" box="[766,817,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">21.2</emphasis>
-
<quantity id="4CFFB9936E370B70FCB9FD86FC73FDDC" box="[825,899,524,550]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="25.0">25µm</quantity>
. Both terminations bear a few barblike,
<emphasis id="B973C8646E370B70FEC3FDBEFE28FDB7" box="[323,472,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Paresperella</emphasis>
-
<typeStatus id="54BCAAD46E370B70FE60FDBEFDE4FDB4" box="[480,532,564,590]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">type</typeStatus>
spines on their outer edge.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF7844FE6E370B70FE88FDF4FD1CFD07" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" startId="6.[264,352,638,662]">
<paragraph id="8BB814766E370B70FE88FDF4FD1CFD07" blockId="6.[264,1322,638,765]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E370B70FE88FDF4FE70FD6C" bold="true" box="[264,384,638,662]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Comparative data on the spicular content and micrometries, and occurrence of all presently recognized species of
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E370B70FDEBFD28FC7FFD42" authority="Dendy, 1897" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1897" box="[619,911,673,697]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E370B70FDEBFD28FD06FD43" box="[619,758,674,697]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Sigmaxinella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9669876E370B70FC80FD2BFC7FFD42" author="Dendy, A." box="[768,911,673,696]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" pagination="230 - 259" refId="ref3535" refString="Dendy, A. (1897) Catalogue of non-calcareous sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M. A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part III. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, new serie, 9, 230 - 259." type="journal article" year="1897">Dendy, 1897</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, including the new species described here. Data compiled from the litereature. Sizes are expressed in micrometers as smaller length — larger length x smaller width — larger width.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB814766E370B70FE90FC94FBCEF911" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<table id="F907E6D66E37F489FE90FC94FAE2F911" box="[272,1298,798,1771]" colsContinueIn="7.[272,1316,334,1272]" gridcols="6" gridrows="27" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FC94FAE2FCCF" box="[272,1298,798,821]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FE90FC94FE68FCCF" box="[272,408,798,821]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Species</th>
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FE33FC94FD8CFCCF" box="[435,636,798,821]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Styles</th>
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FD2AFC94FCD6FCCF" box="[682,806,798,821]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Sigmas</th>
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FCBBFC94FC15FCCF" box="[827,997,798,821]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Microxeas/</th>
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FC7AFC94FB59FCCF" box="[1018,1193,798,821]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Distribution</th>
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FB3FFC94FAE2FCCF" box="[1215,1298,798,821]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Depth</th>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FCCBFAE2FCA2" box="[272,1298,833,856]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FCBBFCCBFC15FCA2" box="[827,997,833,856]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Raphides</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FCE6FAE2FC79" box="[272,1298,876,899]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FE90FCE6FE68FC79" box="[272,408,876,899]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E370B70FE90FCE6FE95FC79" authorityName="Kirkpatrick" authorityYear="1903" box="[272,357,876,899]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="arborea">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E370B70FE90FCE6FE95FC79" box="[272,357,876,899]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">arborea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33FCE6FD8CFC79" box="[435,636,876,899]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">styles</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FD2AFCE6FCD6FC79" box="[682,806,876,899]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">15 x 1</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FCBBFCE6FC15FC79" box="[827,997,876,899]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">70 x? (single or</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FC7AFCE6FB59FC79" box="[1018,1193,876,899]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">E &amp; S South</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FB3FFCE6FAE2FC79" box="[1215,1298,876,899]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">110-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FC04FAE2FC5F" box="[272,1298,910,933]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FE90FC04FE68FC5F" box="[272,408,910,933]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Kirkpatrick,</th>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33FC04FD8CFC5F" box="[435,636,910,933]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">800–1150 x 25–37</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FCBBFC04FC15FC5F" box="[827,997,910,933]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">in</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FC7AFC04FB59FC5F" box="[1018,1193,910,933]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Africa — W</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FB3FFC04FAE2FC5F" box="[1215,1298,910,933]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">200m</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FC3BFAE2FC32" box="[272,1298,945,968]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FE90FC3BFE68FC32" box="[272,408,945,968]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">1903</th>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33FC3BFD8CFC32" box="[435,636,945,968]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">strongyles</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FCBBFC3BFC15FC32" box="[827,997,945,968]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">trichodragmata)</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FC7AFC3BFB59FC32" box="[1018,1193,945,968]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Indian Ocean</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FC5EFAE2FC11" box="[272,1298,980,1003]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33FC5EFD8CFC11" box="[435,636,980,1003]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">700–870 x 25–30</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FC7CFAE2FBF7" box="[272,1298,1014,1037]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33FC7CFD8CFBF7" box="[435,636,1014,1037]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">oxeas (rare)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FB93FAE2FBCA" box="[272,1298,1049,1072]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33FB93FD8CFBCA" box="[435,636,1049,1072]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">825 x 12.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FBCEFAE2FBA1" box="[272,1298,1092,1115]" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FE90FBCEFE68FBA1" box="[272,408,1092,1115]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E370B70FE90FBCEFE7BFBA1" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1897" box="[272,395,1092,1115]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="australiana">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E370B70FE90FBCEFE7BFBA1" box="[272,395,1092,1115]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">australiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33FBCEFD8CFBA1" box="[435,636,1092,1115]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">styles</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FD2AFBCEFCD6FBA1" box="[682,806,1092,1115]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">I) 9–16 x 1</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FCBBFBCEFC15FBA1" box="[827,997,1092,1115]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">20–45 x?</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FC7AFBCEFB59FBA1" box="[1018,1193,1092,1115]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">S &amp; SE</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FB3FFBCEFAE2FBA1" box="[1215,1298,1092,1115]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">?</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FBECFAE2FB87" box="[272,1298,1126,1149]" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FE90FBECFE68FB87" box="[272,408,1126,1149]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9669876E370B70FE90FBECFE68FB87" author="Dendy, A." box="[272,408,1126,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" pagination="230 - 259" refId="ref3535" refString="Dendy, A. (1897) Catalogue of non-calcareous sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M. A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part III. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, new serie, 9, 230 - 259." type="journal article" year="1897">Dendy, 1897</bibRefCitation>
</th>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33FBECFD8CFB87" box="[435,636,1126,1149]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">120–450 x 2–17</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FD2AFBECFCD6FB87" box="[682,806,1126,1149]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">II) 25–45 x</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FCBBFBECFC15FB87" box="[827,997,1126,1149]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">(single or in</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FC7AFBECFB59FB87" box="[1018,1193,1126,1149]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Australia</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FB03FAE2FB5A" box="[272,1298,1161,1184]" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33FB03FD8CFB5A" box="[435,636,1161,1184]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">(some transformed</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FD2AFB03FCD6FB5A" box="[682,806,1161,1184]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">1</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FCBBFB03FC15FB5A" box="[827,997,1161,1184]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">trichodragmata)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FB26FAE2FB39" box="[272,1298,1196,1219]" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33FB26FD8CFB39" box="[435,636,1196,1219]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">into oxeas and</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FB44FAE2FB1F" box="[272,1298,1230,1253]" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33FB44FD8CFB1F" box="[435,636,1230,1253]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">strongyles)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FB73FAE2FAEA" box="[272,1298,1273,1296]" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FE90FB73FE68FAEA" box="[272,408,1273,1296]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">dendroides</th>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33FB73FD8CFAEA" box="[435,636,1273,1296]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">styles</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FD2AFB73FCD6FAEA" box="[682,806,1273,1296]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">I) 12–20 x 2</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FCBBFB73FC15FAEA" box="[827,997,1273,1296]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">25–35 x 1,5</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FC7AFB73FB59FAEA" box="[1018,1193,1273,1296]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">SE Australia</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FB3FFB73FAE2FAEA" box="[1215,1298,1273,1296]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">?</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FA96FAE2FAC9" box="[272,1298,1308,1331]" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FE90FA96FE68FAC9" box="[272,408,1308,1331]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Whitelegge,</th>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33FA96FD8CFAC9" box="[435,636,1308,1331]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">300–640 x 10–26</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FD2AFA96FCD6FAC9" box="[682,806,1308,1331]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">(max.)</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FCBBFA96FC15FAC9" box="[827,997,1308,1331]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">(rare, single)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FAB4FAE2FAAF" box="[272,1298,1342,1365]" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FE90FAB4FE68FAAF" box="[272,408,1342,1365]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">1907</th>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33FAB4FD8CFAAF" box="[435,636,1342,1365]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">(rare anisoxeostes)</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FD2AFAB4FCD6FAAF" box="[682,806,1342,1365]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">II) 25–40 x</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FAEBFAE2FA82" box="[272,1298,1377,1400]" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FD2AFAEBFCD6FA82" box="[682,806,1377,1400]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">2 (max.)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FA06FAE2FA59" box="[272,1298,1420,1443]" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FE90FA06FE68FA59" box="[272,408,1420,1443]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E370B70FE90FA06FE86FA59" baseAuthorityName="Carter" baseAuthorityYear="1885" box="[272,374,1420,1443]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="flabellata">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E370B70FE90FA06FE86FA59" box="[272,374,1420,1443]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">flabellata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33FA06FD8CFA59" box="[435,636,1420,1443]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">styles</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FD2AFA06FCD6FA59" box="[682,806,1420,1443]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">17</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FCBBFA06FC15FA59" box="[827,997,1420,1443]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">51</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FC7AFA06FB59FA59" box="[1018,1193,1420,1443]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">S Australia</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FB3FFA06FAE2FA59" box="[1215,1298,1420,1443]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">33m</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FA24FAE2FA3F" box="[272,1298,1454,1477]" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FE90FA24FE68FA3F" box="[272,408,1454,1477]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">(Carter,</th>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33FA24FD8CFA3F" box="[435,636,1454,1477]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">296 x 2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FA5BFAE2FA12" box="[272,1298,1489,1512]" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FE90FA5BFE68FA12" box="[272,408,1489,1512]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">1885)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90FA76FAE2F9E9" box="[272,1298,1532,1555]" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FE90FA76FE68F9E9" box="[272,408,1532,1555]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E370B70FE90FA76FEA8F9E9" authorityName="Brondsted" authorityYear="1924" box="[272,344,1532,1555]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="florida">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E370B70FE90FA76FEA8F9E9" box="[272,344,1532,1555]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">florida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33FA76FD8CF9E9" box="[435,636,1532,1555]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">styles</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FD2AFA76FCD6F9E9" box="[682,806,1532,1555]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">50–70</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FCBBFA76FC15F9E9" box="[827,997,1532,1555]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">I) 200–270</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FC7AFA76FB59F9E9" box="[1018,1193,1532,1555]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Auckland and</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FB3FFA76FAE2F9E9" box="[1215,1298,1532,1555]" gridcol="5" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">“rather</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90F994FAE2F9CF" box="[272,1298,1566,1589]" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FE90F994FE68F9CF" box="[272,408,1566,1589]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Brøndsted,</th>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33F994FD8CF9CF" box="[435,636,1566,1589]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">416–858 x 20</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FCBBF994FC15F9CF" box="[827,997,1566,1589]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">II) 70</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FC7AF994FB59F9CF" box="[1018,1193,1566,1589]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Campbell Island</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FB3FF994FAE2F9CF" box="[1215,1298,1566,1589]" gridcol="5" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">shallow</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90F9CBFAE2F9A2" box="[272,1298,1601,1624]" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FE90F9CBFE68F9A2" box="[272,408,1601,1624]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">1924</th>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33F9CBFD8CF9A2" box="[435,636,1601,1624]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">(sometimes</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FCBBF9CBFC15F9A2" box="[827,997,1601,1624]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">III) 35–50</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FC7AF9CBFB59F9A2" box="[1018,1193,1601,1624]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">— off S New</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FB3FF9CBFAE2F9A2" box="[1215,1298,1601,1624]" gridcol="5" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">water”</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90F9EEFAE2F981" box="[272,1298,1636,1659]" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33F9EEFD8CF981" box="[435,636,1636,1659]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">subtylostyli)</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FC7AF9EEFB59F981" box="[1018,1193,1636,1659]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Zealand</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90F904FAE2F95C" box="[272,1298,1678,1702]" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FE90F904FE68F95C" box="[272,408,1678,1702]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E370B70FE90F905FE8FF95C" authorityName="Kirkpatrick" authorityYear="1903" box="[272,383,1679,1702]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="incrustans">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E370B70FE90F905FE8FF95C" box="[272,383,1679,1702]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">incrustans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33F904FD8CF95C" box="[435,636,1678,1702]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">styles</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FD2AF904FCD6F95C" box="[682,806,1678,1702]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">27,5 x 2,7</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FCBBF904FC15F95C" box="[827,997,1678,1702]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">60 (single or in</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FC7AF904FB59F95C" box="[1018,1193,1678,1702]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">S South Africa</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FB3FF904FAE2F95C" box="[1215,1298,1678,1702]" gridcol="5" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">156m</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90F93BFAE2F932" box="[272,1298,1713,1736]" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FE90F93BFE68F932" box="[272,408,1713,1736]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Kirkpatrick,</th>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FE33F93BFD8CF932" box="[435,636,1713,1736]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">1085 x 33</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FCBBF93BFC15F932" box="[827,997,1713,1736]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">trichodragmata)</td>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FC7AF93BFB59F932" box="[1018,1193,1713,1736]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">— W Indian</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E37F489FE90F95EFAE2F911" box="[272,1298,1748,1771]" gridrow="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76E67F486E37F489FE90F95EFE68F911" box="[272,408,1748,1771]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">1903</th>
<td id="76E67F486E37F489FC7AF95EFB59F911" box="[1018,1193,1748,1771]" gridcol="4" gridrow="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Ocean</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB814766E370B70FBFAF974FAD6F8EF" blockId="6.[1146,1318,1790,1813]" box="[1146,1318,1790,1813]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<tableNote id="76E115F86E370B70FBFAF974FAD6F8EF" box="[1146,1318,1790,1813]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" targetBox="[272,1298,798,1771]" targetPageId="6">to be continued.</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7844FE6E360B71FE90FEA9FDF6FEC1" box="[272,518,291,315]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" startId="7.[272,360,291,315]">
<paragraph id="8BB814766E360B71FE90FEA9FDF6FEC1" blockId="7.[272,518,291,315]" box="[272,518,291,315]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E360B71FE90FEA9FE8CFEC1" bold="true" box="[272,380,291,315]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">TABLE 1</emphasis>
(continued).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB814766E360B71FE90FEC4FD84FB02" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<table id="F907E6D66E36F489FE90FEC4FAD4FB02" box="[272,1316,334,1272]" colsContinueFrom="6.[272,1298,798,1771]" gridcols="6" gridrows="26" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FEC4FAD4FE9F" box="[272,1316,334,357]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FE90FEC4FE51FE9F" box="[272,417,334,357]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Species</th>
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FE33FEC4FD6AFE9F" box="[435,666,334,357]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Styles</th>
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FD2AFEC4FCDBFE9F" box="[682,811,334,357]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Sigmas</th>
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFEC4FC14FE9F" box="[827,996,334,357]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Microxeas/</th>
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FC7AFEC4FB50FE9F" box="[1018,1184,334,357]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Distribution</th>
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FB3FFEC4FAD4FE9F" box="[1215,1316,334,357]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Depth</th>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FEFBFAD4FE72" box="[272,1316,369,392]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFEFBFC14FE72" box="[827,996,369,392]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Raphides</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FE16FAD4FE49" box="[272,1316,412,435]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FE90FE16FE51FE49" box="[272,417,412,435]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E360B71FE90FE16FE8CFE49" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1959" box="[272,380,412,435]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="megastyla">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E360B71FE90FE16FE8CFE49" box="[272,380,412,435]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">megastyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FE33FE16FD6AFE49" box="[435,666,412,435]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">styles</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FD2AFE16FCDBFE49" box="[682,811,412,435]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">60–80 x?</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFE16FC14FE49" box="[827,996,412,435]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">I) 100 x?</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FC7AFE16FB50FE49" box="[1018,1184,412,435]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">S Gulf of Aden</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FB3FFE16FAD4FE49" box="[1215,1316,412,435]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">73–220m</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FE34FAD4FE2F" box="[272,1316,446,469]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FE90FE34FE51FE2F" box="[272,417,446,469]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9669876E360B71FE90FE34FE6CFE2F" author="Burton, M" box="[272,412,446,469]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="151 - 281" refId="ref3427" refString="Burton, M (1959) Sponges. Scientific Reports John Murray Expedition, 1933 - 34, 10 (5), 151 - 281." type="journal article" year="1959">Burton, 1959</bibRefCitation>
</th>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FE33FE34FD6AFE2F" box="[435,666,446,469]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">1000 x 70</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFE34FC14FE2F" box="[827,996,446,469]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">(single?)</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FC7AFE34FB50FE2F" box="[1018,1184,446,469]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">— W Indian</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FE6BFAD4FE02" box="[272,1316,481,504]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFE6BFC14FE02" box="[827,996,481,504]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">II) 400 x?</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FC7AFE6BFB50FE02" box="[1018,1184,481,504]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Ocean</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FD8EFAD4FDE1" box="[272,1316,516,539]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFD8EFC14FDE1" box="[827,996,516,539]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">(single?)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FDA4FAD4FDBC" box="[272,1316,558,582]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FE90FDA4FE51FDBC" box="[272,417,558,582]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E360B71FE90FDA5FE90FDBC" baseAuthorityName="Carter" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[272,352,559,582]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ramosa">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E360B71FE90FDA5FE90FDBC" box="[272,352,559,582]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">ramosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FE33FDA4FD6AFDBC" box="[435,666,558,582]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">styles</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FD2AFDA4FCDBFDBC" box="[682,811,558,582]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">12 x?</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFDA4FC14FDBC" box="[827,996,558,582]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">20,5 x?</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FC7AFDA4FB50FDBC" box="[1018,1184,558,582]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">SE Australia</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FB3FFDA4FAD4FDBC" box="[1215,1316,558,582]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">?</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FDDBFAD4FD92" box="[272,1316,593,616]" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FE90FDDBFE51FD92" box="[272,417,593,616]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">(Carter,</th>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FE33FDDBFD6AFD92" box="[435,666,593,616]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">681 x 27,2</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFDDBFC14FD92" box="[827,996,593,616]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">(&quot;variable in</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FDFEFAD4FD71" box="[272,1316,628,651]" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FE90FDFEFE51FD71" box="[272,417,628,651]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">1883)</th>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFDFEFC14FD71" box="[827,996,628,651]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">size&quot; single or</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FD1CFAD4FD57" box="[272,1316,662,685]" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFD1CFC14FD57" box="[827,996,662,685]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">in</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FD33FAD4FD2A" box="[272,1316,697,720]" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFD33FC14FD2A" box="[827,996,697,720]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">trichodragmas)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FD6EFAD4FD01" box="[272,1316,740,763]" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FE90FD6EFE51FD01" box="[272,417,740,763]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E360B71FE90FD6EFEA4FD01" authorityName="Hooper" authorityYear="1984" box="[272,340,740,763]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="soelae">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E360B71FE90FD6EFEA4FD01" box="[272,340,740,763]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">soelae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FE33FD6EFD6AFD01" box="[435,666,740,763]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">styles</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FD2AFD6EFCDBFD01" box="[682,811,740,763]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">8–15 x</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFD6EFC14FD01" box="[827,996,740,763]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">I) 59–86 (single</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FC7AFD6EFB50FD01" box="[1018,1184,740,763]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">NW Australia</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FB3FFD6EFAD4FD01" box="[1215,1316,740,763]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">83m</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FC8CFAD4FCE7" box="[272,1316,774,797]" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FE90FC8CFE51FCE7" box="[272,417,774,797]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9669876E360B71FE90FC8CFE51FCE7" author="Hooper, J. N. A." box="[272,417,774,797]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" refId="ref3837" refString="Hooper, J. N. A. (1984) Sigmaxinella soelae and Desmacella ithystela, two new desmacellid sponges (Porifera, Axinellida, Desmacellidae) from the northwest shelf of western Australia, with a revision of the family Desmacellidae. Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences Monograph series, 2, 58 pp." type="book" year="1984">Hooper, 1984</bibRefCitation>
</th>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FE33FC8CFD6AFCE7" box="[435,666,774,797]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">I) 311–519 x 17–28</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FD2AFC8CFCDBFCE7" box="[682,811,774,797]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">1–1.5</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFC8CFC14FCE7" box="[827,996,774,797]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">or</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FCA3FAD4FCBA" box="[272,1316,809,832]" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FE33FCA3FD6AFCBA" box="[435,666,809,832]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">II) 210–389 x 5–12</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFCA3FC14FCBA" box="[827,996,809,832]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">trichodragmas)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FCC6FAD4FC99" box="[272,1316,844,867]" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FE33FCC6FD6AFC99" box="[435,666,844,867]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">(rare anisostrongyles)</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFCC6FC14FC99" box="[827,996,844,867]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">II) 12–26x 1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FCE4FAD4FC7F" box="[272,1316,878,901]" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFCE4FC14FC7F" box="[827,996,878,901]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">(single)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FC13FAD4FC4B" box="[272,1316,921,945]" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FE90FC13FE51FC4B" box="[272,417,921,945]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E360B71FE90FC10FE9CFC4B" authorityName="Brondsted" authorityYear="1924" box="[272,364,922,945]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stylotata">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E360B71FE90FC10FE9CFC4B" box="[272,364,922,945]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">stylotata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FE33FC13FD6AFC4B" box="[435,666,921,945]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">styles</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FD2AFC13FCDBFC4B" box="[682,811,921,945]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">40</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFC13FC14FC4B" box="[827,996,921,945]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">50</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FC7AFC13FB50FC4B" box="[1018,1184,921,945]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Auckland and</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FB3FFC13FAD4FC4B" box="[1215,1316,921,945]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">“rather</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FC36FAD4FC29" box="[272,1316,956,979]" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FE90FC36FE51FC29" box="[272,417,956,979]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Brøndsted,</th>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FE33FC36FD6AFC29" box="[435,666,956,979]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">I) 455–676 x 20–33</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FC7AFC36FB50FC29" box="[1018,1184,956,979]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Campbell</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FB3FFC36FAD4FC29" box="[1215,1316,956,979]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">shallow</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FC54FAD4FC0F" box="[272,1316,990,1013]" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FE90FC54FE51FC0F" box="[272,417,990,1013]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">1924</th>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FE33FC54FD6AFC0F" box="[435,666,990,1013]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">II) 190–403 x 8–17</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FC7AFC54FB50FC0F" box="[1018,1184,990,1013]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">islands — off S</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FB3FFC54FAD4FC0F" box="[1215,1316,990,1013]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">water”</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FB8BFAD4FBE2" box="[272,1316,1025,1048]" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FC7AFB8BFB50FBE2" box="[1018,1184,1025,1048]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">New Zealand</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FBA6FAD4FBB9" box="[272,1316,1068,1091]" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FE90FBA6FE51FBB9" box="[272,417,1068,1091]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E360B71FE90FBA6FE82FBB9" authorityName="Hallmann" authorityYear="1916" box="[272,370,1068,1091]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="viminalis">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E360B71FE90FBA6FE82FBB9" box="[272,370,1068,1091]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">viminalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FE33FBA6FD6AFBB9" box="[435,666,1068,1091]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">styles</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FD2AFBA6FCDBFBB9" box="[682,811,1068,1091]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">I) 12–18 x 1</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFBA6FC14FBB9" box="[827,996,1068,1091]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">22–48 x</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FC7AFBA6FB50FBB9" box="[1018,1184,1068,1091]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">S Australia</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FB3FFBA6FAD4FBB9" box="[1215,1316,1068,1091]" gridcol="5" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">?</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FBC4FAD4FB9F" box="[272,1316,1102,1125]" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FE90FBC4FE51FB9F" box="[272,417,1102,1125]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Hallmann,</th>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FE33FBC4FD6AFB9F" box="[435,666,1102,1125]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">I) 700–1525 x 18</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FD2AFBC4FCDBFB9F" box="[682,811,1102,1125]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">II) 27–50 x</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFBC4FC14FB9F" box="[827,996,1102,1125]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">0,5–0,75</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FBFBFAD4FB72" box="[272,1316,1137,1160]" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FE90FBFBFE51FB72" box="[272,417,1137,1160]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">1916–7</th>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FE33FBFBFD6AFB72" box="[435,666,1137,1160]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">II) 320–700 x? (rare)</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FD2AFBFBFCDBFB72" box="[682,811,1137,1160]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">1.5</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFBFBFC14FB72" box="[827,996,1137,1160]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">(single or in</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FB1EFAD4FB51" box="[272,1316,1172,1195]" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFB1EFC14FB51" box="[827,996,1172,1195]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">trichodragmas)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FB34FAD4FB2C" box="[272,1316,1214,1238]" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FE90FB34FE51FB2C" box="[272,417,1214,1238]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E360B71FE90FB35FE9DFB2C" authorityName="Salani &amp; Lotufo &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2006" box="[272,365,1215,1238]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cearense">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E360B71FE90FB35FE9DFB2C" box="[272,365,1215,1238]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">cearense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FE33FB34FD6AFB2C" box="[435,666,1214,1238]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">styles</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FD2AFB34FCDBFB2C" box="[682,811,1214,1238]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">15–25</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FCBBFB34FC14FB2C" box="[827,996,1214,1238]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">-</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FC7AFB34FB50FB2C" box="[1018,1184,1214,1238]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">NE Brazil</td>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FB3FFB34FAD4FB2C" box="[1215,1316,1214,1238]" gridcol="5" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">21m</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353716346E36F489FE90FB6BFAD4FB02" box="[272,1316,1249,1272]" gridrow="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76E67F486E36F489FE90FB6BFE51FB02" box="[272,417,1249,1272]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">sp.nov.</th>
<td id="76E67F486E36F489FE33FB6BFD6AFB02" box="[435,666,1249,1272]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">320–764 x 2,6–15</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C31D47FD6E360B71FEB8FAC6FD35F984" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BB814766E360B71FEB8FAC6FD35F984" blockId="7.[264,1323,1356,1902]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E360B71FEB8FAC6FD84FA9C" bold="true" box="[312,628,1356,1382]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
The single specimen was collected from a small horizontal crevice, with its upper part fully exposed to light. Five ophiuroids are still in place within the bushy part of the sponge. The species is probably rare, as only a single specimen was found in four dives. The area is characterized by warm waters year round, but strong swell may occur when winds blow stronger (August – January,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9669876E360B71FC3CFA66FB7EF9FC" author="Silva, B. B. da &amp; Alves, J. J. A. &amp; Cavalcanti, E. P. &amp; Dantas, R. T." box="[956,1166,1516,1542]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="431 - 439" refId="ref4185" refString="Silva, B. B. da, Alves, J. J. A., Cavalcanti, E. P. &amp; Dantas, R. T. (2002) Wind energy potential for the prevailing direction in Northeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental, 6, 431 - 439." type="journal article" year="2002">
Silva
<emphasis id="B973C8646E360B71FB82FA66FBC7F9FF" box="[1026,1079,1516,1541]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
., 2002
</bibRefCitation>
). During this time the abundant sand deposited on top and around the sandstone reefs may be suspended in the water column and increase stress for sponges, which are common occurrences on beach worn debris, at nearby beaches.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31D47FD6E360B71FEB8F906FD12F934" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BB814766E360B71FEB8F906FD12F934" blockId="7.[264,1323,1356,1902]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E360B71FEB8F906FE34F95C" bold="true" box="[312,452,1676,1702]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Etymology.</emphasis>
“Cearense” is the name of those born in the state of
<collectingRegion id="49C3DA946E360B71FBC1F906FB79F95C" box="[1089,1161,1676,1702]" country="Brazil" name="Ceara" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Ceará</collectingRegion>
. The species’ name,
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E360B71FED6F93EFE4DF937" authorityName="Salani &amp; Lotufo &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2006" box="[342,445,1716,1741]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cearense">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E360B71FED6F93EFE4DF937" box="[342,445,1716,1741]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">cearense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is a name in apposition.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31D47FD6E360B7EFEB8F956FDD0F92C" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB814766E360B7EFEB8F956FE65FD14" blockId="7.[264,1323,1356,1902]" lastBlockId="8.[264,1323,284,1750]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E360B71FEB8F956FE41F90C" bold="true" box="[312,433,1756,1782]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Remarks.</emphasis>
<tableCitation id="C68521CD6E360B71FE3AF956FDE3F90C" box="[442,531,1756,1782]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,352,638,662]" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparative data on the spicular content and micrometries, and occurrence of all presently recognized species of Sigmaxinella Dendy, 1897, including the new species described here. Data compiled from the litereature. Sizes are expressed in micrometers as smaller length — larger length x smaller width — larger width." pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Table 1</tableCitation>
compares the spicule measurements, collecting locality and depth of occurrence of all 12 known species of
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E360B71FD7DF88EFC66F8E7" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1897" box="[765,918,1796,1821]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E360B71FD7DF88EFC66F8E7" box="[765,918,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Sigmaxinella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
including the new species. It is a compilation of data presented by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9669876E360B71FD1EF8A6FCA1F8BC" author="Hooper, J. N. A." box="[670,849,1836,1862]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" refId="ref3837" refString="Hooper, J. N. A. (1984) Sigmaxinella soelae and Desmacella ithystela, two new desmacellid sponges (Porifera, Axinellida, Desmacellidae) from the northwest shelf of western Australia, with a revision of the family Desmacellidae. Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences Monograph series, 2, 58 pp." type="book" year="1984">Hooper (1984)</bibRefCitation>
, in addition to data from
<bibRefCitation id="EF9669876E360B71FB0BF8A6FAD6F8BC" author="Carter, H. J." box="[1163,1318,1836,1862]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="308 - 329" refId="ref3454" refString="Carter, H. J. (1883) Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural Histor, 12 (71), 308 - 329, pls. XI - XIV." type="journal article" year="1883">Carter (1883</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9669876E360B71FE88F8DEFEB6F894" author="Carter, H." box="[264,326,1876,1902]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="347 - 368" refId="ref3493" refString="Carter, H. J (1885) Descriptions of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 16 (94), 277 - 294, 347 - 368." type="journal article" year="1885">1885</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="EF9669876E360B71FEDAF8DEFDC6F894" author="Kirkpatrick, R." box="[346,566,1876,1902]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="233 - 264" refId="ref4018" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1903) Descriptions of South Africa sponges. Part III. Marine Investigations South Africa, 2, 233 - 264, pls V - VI." type="journal article" year="1903">Kirkpatrick (1903)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9669876E360B71FDEEF8DEFCCFF894" author="Brondsted, H. V." box="[622,831,1876,1902]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="117 - 167" refId="ref3379" refString="Brondsted, H. V. (1924) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16. XV. Sponges from the Auckland and Campbell Islands. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhav,. 75, 117 - 167." type="journal article" year="1924">Brøndsted (1924)</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E360B71FCCAF8DEFBB1F897" baseAuthorityName="Carter" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[842,1089,1876,1901]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ramosa">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E360B71FCCAF8DEFBB1F897" box="[842,1089,1876,1901]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Sigmaxinella ramosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from
<collectingRegion id="49C3DA946E360B71FB0EF8DEFAD6F894" box="[1166,1318,1876,1902]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">SE Australia</collectingRegion>
, is most similar to the new species in its spicule set. Both possessing a single category of style and sigmas of comparable dimensions. Important points of distinction are the much stouter megascleres, and much smaller sigmas in the Australian species, as well as its possession of raphides.
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E390B7EFDA9FE1EFCBEFE57" authorityName="Whitelegge" authorityYear="1907" box="[553,846,404,429]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dendroides">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E390B7EFDA9FE1EFCBEFE57" box="[553,846,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Sigmaxinella dendroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, another SE Australian species, is also close to the Brazilian species as far as spicule dimensions are concerned. That species, nevertheless, has two categories of sigmas, and possesses microxeas. The overall external morphology also sets all these species apart.
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E390B7EFC91FD86FBF9FDDF" baseAuthorityName="Carter" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[785,1033,524,549]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ramosa">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E390B7EFC91FD86FBF9FDDF" box="[785,1033,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Sigmaxinella ramosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a digitiform, ramose shape with compressed, tapering branches;
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E390B7EFCB3FDBEFBAEFDB7" authorityName="Whitelegge" authorityYear="1907" box="[819,1118,564,589]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dendroides">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E390B7EFCB3FDBEFBAEFDB7" box="[819,1118,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Sigmaxinella dendroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has cylindrical, dichotomous branches, disposed mostly in a single plane; and the new species has a pedunculate bushy form, with slightly fusiform branches which frequently anastomose. Other species in the genus have markedly distinct external morphologies as well as spicule dimensions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB814766E390B7EFEB8FD76FB57FB84" blockId="8.[264,1323,284,1750]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
From a biogeographic perspective, the most diverse areas for
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E390B7EFBB2FD76FB3BFCEF" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1897" box="[1074,1227,764,789]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E390B7EFBB2FD76FB3BFCEF" box="[1074,1227,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Sigmaxinella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the waters surrounding
<collectingCountry id="F31054E66E390B7EFD86FCAEFD81FCC4" box="[518,625,804,830]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Australia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F31054E66E390B7EFD40FCAEFC97FCC4" box="[704,871,804,830]" name="New Zealand" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9669876E390B7EFC01FCAEFB2FFCC4" author="Soest, R. W. M. van &amp; Hajdu, E." box="[897,1247,804,830]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="677 - 699" refId="ref4278" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van &amp; Hajdu, E. (2002) Family Mycalidae. Lundbeck, 1905. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van (Eds.). Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Press, New York, pp. 677 - 699." type="book chapter" year="2002">Hajdu &amp; Van Soest, 2002</bibRefCitation>
). The occurrences of species in the Gulf of Aden and
<collectingCountry id="F31054E66E390B7EFCBFFCC6FC27FC9C" box="[831,983,844,870]" name="South Africa" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">South Africa</collectingCountry>
are nearly as unlikely as the new finding reported here from the south western Atlantic, representing a widely disjunct distribution of the genus across the entire Indian Ocean. There are no records for any Southeast Asian locality, the Indian subcontinent or any of the many archipelagoes in the Indian Ocean. Curiously, the species which appears morphologically the closest to the new Atlantic species described here occurs in SE Australia, which supports a transpacific track (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9669876E390B7EFE91FBB6FE6EFBAC" author="Sluys, R." box="[273,414,1084,1110]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="42 - 58" refId="ref4243" refString="Sluys, R. (1994) Explanations for biogeographic tracks across the Pacific Ocean: a challenge for paleogeography and historical biogeography. Progress in Physical Geography, 18, 42 - 58." type="journal article" year="1994">Sluys, 1994</bibRefCitation>
) for the colonization of the South Atlantic Ocean (around
<collectingRegion id="49C3DA946E390B7EFBCDFBB6FB79FBAC" box="[1101,1161,1084,1110]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Cape</collectingRegion>
Horn), rather than a colonization via the shorter Agulhas track (around
<collectingRegion id="49C3DA946E390B7EFC2AFBEEFC16FB84" box="[938,998,1124,1150]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Cape</collectingRegion>
of Good Hope).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB814766E390B7EFEB8FB06FDD0F92C" blockId="8.[264,1323,284,1750]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
Alternatively, as already pointed out by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9669876E390B7EFC90FB06FBBCFB5C" author="Soest, R. W. M. van &amp; Hajdu, E." box="[784,1100,1164,1190]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="677 - 699" refId="ref4278" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van &amp; Hajdu, E. (2002) Family Mycalidae. Lundbeck, 1905. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van (Eds.). Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Press, New York, pp. 677 - 699." type="book chapter" year="2002">Hajdu &amp; Van Soest (2002)</bibRefCitation>
, the recognition of
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E390B7EFE88FB3EFE51FB37" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1897" box="[264,417,1204,1229]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E390B7EFE88FB3EFE51FB37" box="[264,417,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Sigmaxinella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
depends on the value attached to the axial condensation of its skeleton as a synapomorphic trait. It is quite conceivable that the genus may be polyphyletic, with axial condensations arising independently several times in its history. In this scenario,
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E390B7EFA94FA8EFE9FFABF" authority="Salani &amp; Lotufo &amp; Hajdu, 2006" authorityName="Salani &amp; Lotufo &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2006" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cearense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E390B7EFA94FA8EFE9FFABF" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">S. cearense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A240751F6E390B7EFEFCFAA6FE2BFABC" box="[380,475,1324,1350]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
would most likely be closer to Tropical western Atlantic species of
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E390B7EFE88FADEFE91FA97" authorityName="J E Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[264,353,1364,1389]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Biemna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E390B7EFE88FADEFE91FA97" box="[264,353,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Biemna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, than to species currently assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E390B7EFCC2FADEFC2BFA97" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1897" box="[834,987,1364,1389]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E390B7EFCC2FADEFC2BFA97" box="[834,987,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Sigmaxinella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all of which occurring on widely distant areas of the globe.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9669876E390B7EFC84FAF6FBDCFA6C" author="Mothes, B. &amp; Hajdu, E. &amp; Lerner, C. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[772,1068,1404,1430]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="477 - 482" refId="ref4088" refString="Mothes, B., Hajdu, E., Lerner, C. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van, (2004) New species of Ulosa and Biemna (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) from the N-NE Brazilian continental shelf. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universita di Genova, 68, 477 - 482." type="journal article" year="2004">
Mothes
<emphasis id="B973C8646E390B7EFCF6FAF6FC34FA6F" box="[886,964,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
(2004)
</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E390B7EFB51FAF6FE1FFA47" authorityName="Mothes, Hajdu, Lerner &amp; van Soest" authorityYear="2004" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Biemna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="microacanthosigma">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E390B7EFB51FAF6FE1FFA47" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Biemna microacanthosigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from northern
<collectingCountry id="F31054E66E390B7EFD2AFA2EFD05FA44" box="[682,757,1444,1470]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, which at first glance would appear as a likely sister-species. Nevertheless, the terminations of the sigmas in this species are more rugose than properly acanthose. The species bears also microxea and raphides, as well as styles in a much narrower size range (
<quantity id="4CFFB9936E390B7EFDEAF996FD0AF9CC" box="[618,762,1564,1590]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.56" metricValueMax="4.9399999999999995" metricValueMin="4.18" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="456.0" valueMax="494.0" valueMin="418.0">418–494µm</quantity>
length), which render it quite distinct from
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E390B7EFA94F996FE9FF9A7" authority="Salani &amp; Lotufo &amp; Hajdu, 2006" authorityName="Salani &amp; Lotufo &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2006" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Sigmaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cearense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E390B7EFA94F996FE9FF9A7" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">S. cearense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A240751F6E390B7EFEFAF9CEFE28F9A4" box="[378,472,1604,1630]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
The barb-like spines on the outer margin of the new species reported here are similar to those seen on
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E390B7EFD0BF9E6FBDFF97C" authority="Dendy, 1905" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1905" box="[651,1071,1644,1670]" class="Demospongiae" family="Mycalidae" genus="Mycale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Paresperella">
<emphasis id="B973C8646E390B7EFD0BF9E6FC62F97F" box="[651,914,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Mycale (Paresperella)</emphasis>
Dendy, 1905
</taxonomicName>
(Van Soest &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9669876E390B7EFB5BF9E6FEB7F954" author="Hajdu, E. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="655 - 663" refId="ref3624" refString="Hajdu, E. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van (2002) Family Desmacellidae Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Press, New York, pp. 655 - 663." type="book chapter" year="2002">Hajdu, 2002</bibRefCitation>
), which could be suggestive of the need for a necessarily much broader review of the
<taxonomicName id="4C076FF56E390B7EFE88F936FE87F92C" authorityName="Hajdu, van Soest &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="1994" box="[264,375,1724,1750]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Mycalina">Mycalina</taxonomicName>
classification.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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