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<document id="458353864D8E077E6E9071A8323DD1B9" ID-CLB-Dataset="22581" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4767.2.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cab7562c-80d6-4c50-be4c-1818403c0c4b" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3770819" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6A6A15AA-9B6D-4168-8857-29E183D965B9" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1588014284861" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Vacelet, Jean" docDate="2020" docId="0390B8069831FB42FF10FBCDFBD0FA96" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4767.2.3.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4767 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Cercicladia australis Rios, Kelly &amp; Vacelet 2011" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="275" masterDocId="FFA9C07E9821FB50FF87FB54FFFAFFA5" masterDocTitle="Carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Cladorhizidae) from the deep South Pacific (New Caledonia) with the description of three new species of the genus Abyssocladia and remarks on genus Cercicladia" masterLastPageNumber="276" masterPageNumber="257" pageNumber="273" updateTime="1698837364441" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="974B16B8389C720149563D8D95C10CDE" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="21D208D083B3DF332D03CDF46250E296">Carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Cladorhizidae) from the deep South Pacific (New Caledonia) with the description of three new species of the genus Abyssocladia and remarks on genus Cercicladia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0F7BC2688D4563FB27626D0DF487629F">Vacelet, Jean</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="9077FA693161420D1434A1C22635C020">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3BB7306120FA8FBF2B4CD9E3F0F8118C">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="98E4F9A221E060B12C41A2A7CC86C482">2020-04-24</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F5662242D87C06FC84991CA255D8494D">4767</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="BBE1E58F8CF5CC83C787842BBA389426">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="B8E4C2E96BACD83A53B75DA6475664F0" type="CLB-Dataset">22581</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2941FE7546BDD6D13D4D0735B4C5FECA" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4767.2.3</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0390B8069831FB42FF10FBCDFBD0FA96" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3798818" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163812689" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3798818" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0390B8069831FB42FF10FBCDFBD0FA96" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390B8069831FB42FF10FBCDFBD0FA96" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="275" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
<subSubSection id="C3235A9B9831FB40FF10FBCDFD10FF16" box="[151,746,153,180]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8609109831FB40FF10FBCDFD10FF16" blockId="16.[151,746,153,180]" box="[151,746,153,180]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
<heading id="D0CEBE7C9831FB40FF10FBCDFD10FF16" bold="true" box="[151,746,153,180]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939831FB40FF10FBCDFD10FF16" ID-CoL="SSJT" authority="Rios, Kelly &amp; Vacelet, 2011" authorityName="Rios, Kelly &amp; Vacelet" authorityYear="2011" box="[151,746,153,180]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Cercicladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029831FB40FF10FBCDFD10FF16" bold="true" box="[151,746,153,180]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029831FB40FF10FBCDFE6BFF11" bold="true" box="[151,401,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Cercicladia australis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA874E19831FB40FE1EFBCDFD10FF16" author="Rios, P. &amp; Kelly, M. &amp; Vacelet, J." box="[409,746,153,180]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" pagination="52 - 62" refId="ref10694" refString="Rios, P., Kelly, M. &amp; Vacelet, J. (2011) Cercicladia australis, a new carnivorous sponge with novel chelae from the Tasman Basin and the Argentine Patagonian Margin (Porifera, Cladorhizidae). Zootaxa, 3131 (1), 52 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3131.1.3" type="journal article" year="2011">Rios, Kelly &amp; Vacelet, 2011</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3235A9B9831FB40FF10FBB5FD52FEBA" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8609109831FB40FF10FBB5FD52FEBA" blockId="16.[151,1437,225,2016]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029831FB40FF10FBB5FE82FF59" bold="true" box="[151,376,225,252]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Material examined</emphasis>
. KANACONO Expedition,
<collectingCountry id="F32E49809831FB40FD36FBB6FCA7FF5E" box="[689,861,225,252]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode id="ED2891D59831FB40FCEDFBB5FC33FF5E" box="[874,969,225,251]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">MEOW</collectionCode>
), Station beam trawl CP4753,
<date id="FF872FD09831FB40FA91FBB5FA62FF59" box="[1302,1432,225,252]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" value="2016-08-25">25/08/2016</date>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0D6FD79831FB40FF10FA51FF09FEBA" box="[151,243,261,287]" degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="18" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" precision="925" value="-23.3">23°18’S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0D6FD79831FB40FF7DFA51FE93FE85" box="[250,361,261,288]" degrees="167" direction="east" minutes="57" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" precision="925" value="167.95">167°57’E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FEF3FA51FE0CFE85" box="[372,502,261,288]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.55" metricValueMax="9.52" metricValueMin="7.58" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="m" value="855.0" valueMax="952.0" valueMin="758.0">
758–
<specimenCount id="9D3FC2999831FB40FE2BFA51FE0CFE85" box="[428,502,261,288]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" type="generic">952 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. One specimen.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3235A9B9831FB40FF40FA7DFAB8FBF9" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8609109831FB40FF40FA7DFC91FE5D" blockId="16.[151,1437,225,2016]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029831FB40FF40FA7DFEABFEE1" bold="true" box="[199,337,297,324]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Description</emphasis>
. A single specimen of an erect sponge, morphologically similar to the specimens of the original description, but incomplete and broken into three fragments. The sponge is composed of a flattened axis,
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FAB8FA19FA67FECD" box="[1343,1437,333,360]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="130.0">130 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FE87FA25FEA7FE29" box="[256,349,369,396]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 mm</quantity>
in width,
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FE48FA25FDDFFE29" box="[463,549,369,396]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
thick, broken at the base and devoid of an attachment base. The axis is smooth for
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FF39FAC1FEF7FE15" box="[190,269,405,432]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
near the base, then bears biserially arranged short, conical buds,
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FC65FAC1FBC5FE15" box="[994,1087,405,432]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 mm</quantity>
long by
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FB27FAC1FB07FE15" box="[1184,1277,405,432]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the base, that are often broken at their apex and devoid of filaments. The texture is firm, but breaks easily. The color is brown in ethanol. There is no visible aperture or canal system.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8609109831FB40FF40F955FB61FD0E" blockId="16.[151,1437,225,2016]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029831FB40FF40F955FECFFDB9" bold="true" box="[199,309,513,540]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Skeleton.</emphasis>
The stem and buds have an axis of longitudinally arranged styles. The styles of the axis of the buds are similar to those of the main axis, only slightly shorter and not exceeding 1550 x
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FBCBF971FB62FDE5" box="[1100,1176,549,576]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="32.0">32 µm</quantity>
, whereas they measure up to 2150 x
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FEAAF91DFE8CFDC1" box="[301,374,585,612]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="38.0">38 µm</quantity>
in the axis. The microscleres are dispersed without apparent order in the poorly preserved living tissue. Cercichelae and sigmancistras are rare in the axis, but extremely abundant in the buds. Microxeas are moderately abundant everywhere. Toxas are rare in the buds, but more abundant in the axis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8609109831FB40FF40F9E1FE92FCBD" blockId="16.[151,1437,225,2016]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029831FB40FF40F9E1FED3FD75" bold="true" box="[199,297,693,720]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Spicules</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="130215959831FB40FEBFF9E1FE8DFD6A" box="[312,375,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1552,1577]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,345,1527]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[165,1422,345,1527]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Cercicladia australis. A—Specimen CP-4753. B—Style. C—Microxea. D—Toxa. E—Sigmancistras. F—Cercichelae. G—General view of the spicules." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3770839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3770839/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Fig 9</figureCitation>
). Styles (
<figureCitation id="130215959831FB40FE67F9E1FDC9FD6A" box="[480,563,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1552,1577]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,345,1527]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[165,1422,345,1527]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Cercicladia australis. A—Specimen CP-4753. B—Style. C—Microxea. D—Toxa. E—Sigmancistras. F—Cercichelae. G—General view of the spicules." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3770839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3770839/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Fig 9B</figureCitation>
): straight, slightly fusiform, with a short rather blunt point and a short restriction near the head,
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FEF5F98DFDE7FD51" box="[370,541,729,756]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6375" metricValueMax="2.15" metricValueMin="1.125" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="1637.5" valueMax="2150.0" valueMin="1125.0">
<date id="FF872FD09831FB40FEF5F98DFE15FD51" box="[370,495,729,756]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" value="1125" valueMax="2150">1125–2150</date>
µm
</quantity>
x
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FDBCF98DFD4BFD51" box="[571,689,729,756]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="34.0" valueMax="38.0" valueMin="30.0">30–38 µm</quantity>
, slightly smaller in the axis of the buds where they do not exceed
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FF10F9A9FF06FCBD" box="[151,252,765,792]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="1550.0">1550 µm</quantity>
x
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FE9FF9A9FE9EFCBD" box="[280,356,765,792]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="32.0">32 µm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8609109831FB40FF40F875FE87FCC5" blockId="16.[151,1437,225,2016]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
Microxeas (
<figureCitation id="130215959831FB40FECAF875FE5BFC9E" box="[333,417,801,827]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1552,1577]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,345,1527]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[165,1422,345,1527]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Cercicladia australis. A—Specimen CP-4753. B—Style. C—Microxea. D—Toxa. E—Sigmancistras. F—Cercichelae. G—General view of the spicules." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3770839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3770839/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Fig 9C</figureCitation>
): generally smoothly curved in the middle but often straight, with long acerate ends,
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FAE3F875FF14FCC5" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="155.0" valueMax="190.0" valueMin="120.0">120– 190 µm</quantity>
x
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FE8DF811FE83FCC5" box="[266,377,837,864]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="4.25" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.5">3.5–5 µm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8609109831FB40FF40F83EFEAEFC69" blockId="16.[151,1437,225,2016]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
Toxas (
<figureCitation id="130215959831FB40FE9DF83DFE8BFC26" box="[282,369,873,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1552,1577]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,345,1527]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[165,1422,345,1527]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Cercicladia australis. A—Specimen CP-4753. B—Style. C—Microxea. D—Toxa. E—Sigmancistras. F—Cercichelae. G—General view of the spicules." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3770839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3770839/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Fig 9D</figureCitation>
): more or less angulose, but often straight,
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FCE3F83DFC26FC21" box="[868,988,873,900]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="50.0" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="45.0">45–55 µm</quantity>
. These microscleres do not have a true shape of toxa, but may also be considered as microxeas. Some intermediaries with the larger microxeas, less angulose, are present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8609109831FB40FF40F881FD1FFBB1" blockId="16.[151,1437,225,2016]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
Sigmancistras (
<figureCitation id="130215959831FB40FEF5F881FE38FC4A" box="[370,450,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1552,1577]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,345,1527]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[165,1422,345,1527]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Cercicladia australis. A—Specimen CP-4753. B—Style. C—Microxea. D—Toxa. E—Sigmancistras. F—Cercichelae. G—General view of the spicules." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3770839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3770839/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Fig 9E</figureCitation>
): extremely abundant in the buds, C- shaped, thick with short recurved, acerate tips in the same plane, without notches,
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FE65F8ADFDAFFBB1" box="[482,597,1017,1044]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.7" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="33.5" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="27.0">27–40 µm</quantity>
x
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FDF6F8ADFD1AFBB1" box="[625,736,1017,1044]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="3.75" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.5">3.5–4 µm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8609109831FB40FF40FF49FAB8FBF9" blockId="16.[151,1437,225,2016]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
Cercichelae (
<figureCitation id="130215959831FB40FEDEFF49FE52FB92" box="[345,424,1053,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1552,1577]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,345,1527]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[165,1422,345,1527]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Cercicladia australis. A—Specimen CP-4753. B—Style. C—Microxea. D—Toxa. E—Sigmancistras. F—Cercichelae. G—General view of the spicules." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3770839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3770839/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Fig 9F</figureCitation>
): very abundant in the buds where they are dispersed without order, very similar to those of the original description. A suture line between the two teeth is sometimes visible,
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FBACFF15FB56FBF9" box="[1067,1196,1089,1116]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.6" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="7.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="86.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="72.0">72–100 µm</quantity>
x
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FB40FF15FAC7FBF9" box="[1223,1341,1089,1116]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="16.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="12.0">12–20 µm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3235A9B9831FB40FF40FF31FC52FBDA" box="[199,936,1125,1152]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B8609109831FB40FF40FF31FC52FBDA" blockId="16.[151,1437,225,2016]" box="[199,936,1125,1152]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029831FB40FF40FF31FE03FB25" bold="true" box="[199,505,1125,1152]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Distribution and Ecology.</emphasis>
Collected by trawl,
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FD5AFF31FCA6FB25" box="[733,860,1125,1152]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.55" metricValueMax="9.52" metricValueMin="7.58" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="m" value="855.0" valueMax="952.0" valueMin="758.0">758–952 m</quantity>
depth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3235A9B9831FB42FF40FFDEFBD0FA96" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="275" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8609109831FB40FF40FFDEFEB2FA96" blockId="16.[151,1437,225,2016]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029831FB40FF40FFDEFEC1FB01" bold="true" box="[199,315,1162,1188]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Remarks.</emphasis>
This sponge has the same morphology as in the original description of
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939831FB40FBF6FFDEFB0CFB06" authorityName="Rios, Kelly &amp; Vacelet" authorityYear="2011" box="[1137,1270,1161,1188]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Cercicladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029831FB40FBF6FFDEFB0CFB06" box="[1137,1270,1161,1188]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">C. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The only difference is the absence of a fleshy pedicle at the base, which is evidently incomplete. The thin, fragile filaments present at the end of the lateral buds in some
<typeStatus id="5482B7B29831FB40FD1FFF86FCF9FB49" box="[664,771,1234,1260]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
of the species and visible in in situ pictures of
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939831FB40FA9EFF86FA66FB4E" authorityName="Rios, Kelly &amp; Vacelet" authorityYear="2011" box="[1305,1436,1233,1260]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Cercicladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029831FB40FA9EFF86FA66FB4E" box="[1305,1436,1233,1260]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">C. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are also missing, as is the case for most specimens of the original description, which is also likely due to the state of preservation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8609109831FB40FF40FE69FC99F9A9" blockId="16.[151,1437,225,2016]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
The spicule complement of this specimen from
<collectingCountry id="F32E49809831FB40FD60FE6AFC6DFAF2" box="[743,919,1341,1368]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
also shows strong similarities with that of
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939831FB40FA04FE6AFF03FADE" authorityName="Rios, Kelly &amp; Vacelet" authorityYear="2011" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Cercicladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029831FB40FA04FE6AFF03FADE" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">C. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It is well characterized by the presence of a special
<typeStatus id="5482B7B29831FB40FCC4FE36FC89FAD9" box="[835,883,1378,1404]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">type</typeStatus>
of spicule, the cercichelae, by the absence of true chelae, and by the presence of sigmancistras, microxeas and small microxeas which may be considered as toxas as suggested by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA874E19831FB40FEB6FEFDFE00FA66" author="Rios, P. &amp; Kelly, M. &amp; Vacelet, J." box="[305,506,1449,1476]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" pagination="52 - 62" refId="ref10694" refString="Rios, P., Kelly, M. &amp; Vacelet, J. (2011) Cercicladia australis, a new carnivorous sponge with novel chelae from the Tasman Basin and the Argentine Patagonian Margin (Porifera, Cladorhizidae). Zootaxa, 3131 (1), 52 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3131.1.3" type="journal article" year="2011">
Rios
<emphasis id="B94DD5029831FB40FEEAFEFEFE65FA66" box="[365,415,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">et al</emphasis>
. (2011)
</bibRefCitation>
. The cercichelae are here exactly similar to those of
<emphasis id="B94DD5029831FB40FBC8FEFEFB20FA66" box="[1103,1242,1449,1476]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939831FB40FBC8FEFEFB2DFA66" authorityName="Rios, Kelly &amp; Vacelet" authorityYear="2011" box="[1103,1239,1449,1476]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Cercicladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="australis">C. australis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Acanthosubtylostyles are absent, but this is very likely due to the absence of a pedicle in this incomplete specimen. The sponge is thus evidently a member of the very original genus
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939831FB40FD5EFEA5FCA6F9AE" authorityName="Rios, Kelly &amp; Vacelet" authorityYear="2011" box="[729,860,1521,1547]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Cercicladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029831FB40FD5EFEA5FCA6F9AE" box="[729,860,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Cercicladia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8609109831FB41FF40FD42FE77FEE6" blockId="16.[151,1437,225,2016]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1436,153,323]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="274" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
However, the question of its specific status needs to be examined. This question initially arose for the first description of the genus, in which the specimens had surprisingly very different geographic origins, some being from the Macquarie Ridge of
<collectingCountry id="F32E49809831FB40FE22FD0AFDC4F9D2" box="[421,574,1629,1656]" name="New Zealand" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, in the Pacific, and others from
<collectingCountry id="F32E49809831FB40FC18FD09FBCFF9D2" box="[927,1077,1629,1655]" name="Argentina" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">the Argentine</collectingCountry>
coast of Patagonia, in the South Atlantic. It was concluded at that time that the few differences in the spicule complement did not justify the distinction of two species. The new specimen from
<collectingCountry id="F32E49809831FB40FD0AFDF2FCC7F91A" box="[653,829,1701,1728]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
, although relatively near
<collectingCountry id="F32E49809831FB40FBDFFDF2FB0BF91A" box="[1112,1265,1701,1728]" name="New Zealand" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, allows to shed new light on the problem. Our specimen shows some differences with
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939831FB40FC23FD9EFBDCF946" authorityName="Rios, Kelly &amp; Vacelet" authorityYear="2011" box="[932,1062,1737,1764]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Cercicladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029831FB40FC23FD9EFBDCF946" box="[932,1062,1737,1764]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">C. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in both the
<collectingCountry id="F32E49809831FB40FB37FD9EFABFF946" box="[1200,1349,1737,1764]" name="New Zealand" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
and the Patagonia specimens. Lacking are acanthosubtylostyles, spicules localized in the pedicle which is rarely preserved, but this was general in the
<collectingCountry id="F32E49809831FB40FE46FC46FDADF88E" box="[449,599,1809,1836]" name="New Zealand" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
specimens and also in most of those from Patagonia. The mycalostyles appear smaller in the specimen from
<collectingCountry id="F32E49809831FB40FD98FC62FD35F8EA" box="[543,719,1845,1872]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
, especially when compared with the Patagonian one: 2150 x
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FA07FC61FF47F8D1" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="38.0">38 µm</quantity>
in the New Caledonian versus 2433 x
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FDECFC0DFD49F8D1" box="[619,691,1881,1908]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="84.0">84 µm</quantity>
in the Patagonian specimen. It appears however that the very large thickness of
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FEA2FC29FE95F83D" box="[293,367,1917,1944]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="84.0">84 µm</quantity>
stated in the original description of specimens from Patagonia is a typing error. After verifying the slides the thickness of these mycalostyles was found to not exceed
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59831FB40FC2AFCF5FC03F819" box="[941,1017,1953,1980]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="54.0">54 µm</quantity>
. The microxeas are slightly curved in the
<collectingCountry id="F32E49809831FB40FF47FC92FE95F87A" box="[192,367,1989,2016]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
, straight in the
<typeStatus id="5482B7B29831FB40FD9EFC92FDB3F845" box="[537,585,1990,2016]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">type</typeStatus>
specimens. The sigmancistras are devoid of notches, which are faint and not always present in the
<typeStatus id="5482B7B29830FB41FE0CFBCDFE30FF16" box="[395,458,153,179]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">types</typeStatus>
. There are a few other slight differences in spicule size. The difference in mycalostyles thickness appears not significant after correction of the typing error to
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59830FB41FC37FBE8FC01FF72" box="[944,1019,188,215]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" unit="mm" value="54.0">54 µm</quantity>
, rather than
<quantity id="4CC1A4F59830FB41FB00FBE9FB28FF72" box="[1159,1234,189,215]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" unit="mm" value="84.0">84 µm</quantity>
, as initially stated for specimen 4096 from Patagonia. These differences do not currently justify the distinction of a new species, but it should be noted that the specimen from
<collectingCountry id="F32E49809830FB41FDE8FA51FCE7FEBA" box="[623,797,261,287]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
appears more similar to those from
<collectingCountry id="F32E49809830FB41FB35FA51FAB2FEBA" box="[1202,1352,261,287]" name="New Zealand" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
than to those from Patagonia.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4659989830FB41FF10FD44FDB0F9E8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3770839" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3770839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3770839/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" startId="17.[151,250,1552,1577]" targetBox="[165,1422,345,1527]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8B8609109830FB41FF10FD44FDB0F9E8" blockId="17.[151,1436,1552,1613]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029830FB41FF10FD44FEECF98C" bold="true" box="[151,278,1552,1577]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939830FB41FEA7FD44FE03F98D" authorityName="Rios, Kelly &amp; Vacelet" authorityYear="2011" box="[288,505,1552,1576]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Cercicladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029830FB41FEA7FD44FE03F98D" box="[288,505,1552,1576]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Cercicladia australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A—Specimen CP-4753. B—Style. C—Microxea. D—Toxa. E—Sigmancistras. F—Cer-cichelae. G—General view of the spicules.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8609109830FB41FF10FDCBFE97F91C" blockId="17.[151,365,1695,1721]" box="[151,365,1695,1721]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029830FB41FF10FDCBFE97F91C" bold="true" box="[151,365,1695,1721]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">General remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8609109830FB41FF10FDB3FC09F87C" blockId="17.[151,1437,1767,2045]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">
The discovery of these three new species of
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939830FB41FDFCFDB3FCE2F8A4" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1922" box="[635,792,1767,1793]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Cladorhizidae</taxonomicName>
shows once again that cladorhizid sponges diversity in the deep sea, and particularly in the deep Pacific, is far higher than was thought fifty years ago. These three species are only a portion of the
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939830FB41FE00FC7BFDDEF8EC" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1922" box="[391,548,1839,1865]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Cladorhizidae</taxonomicName>
collected south of
<collectingCountry id="F32E49809830FB41FD7AFC7BFC51F8EC" box="[765,939,1839,1865]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
during the KANACONO and KANADEEP campaigns. The remaining
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939830FB41FE44FC07FD9AF8C8" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1922" box="[451,608,1875,1901]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Cladorhizidae</taxonomicName>
collected include other genera under study, with several probable new species. The recent interest in carnivorous sponges and in the deep-sea in general explains this increase in knowledge concerning these sponges. According to several papers in press or in preparation, new advances in the inventory of deep-sea cladorhizids are to be expected soon, especially in the deep Pacific.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8609109830FB42FF40FCB7FBB7FD22" blockId="17.[151,1437,1767,2045]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1437,153,1331]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="275" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">
The three new
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939830FB41FEECFCB7FDFAF858" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1964" box="[363,512,2019,2045]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Abyssocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029830FB41FEECFCB7FDFAF858" box="[363,512,2019,2045]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Abyssocladia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described here also increase knowledge concerning the diversity of spicules of car- nivorous sponges, especially for cheloid microscleres. Macrosclere spicules in general have a skeletal or a protective role. The function of microscleres, however, is less clear and very largely unknown. The role of chelae and most other microscleres in filtering, non-carnivorous sponges is far from well understood—if we forget the invaluable help of these spicules to the sponge taxonomists for identification–. Yet in spite of lacking any function—or at least any or known function—the cheloid spicules have nevertheless greatly diversified in filtering poecilosclerids. Very remarkably, in carnivorous sponges these spicules have acquired a precise function in the capture of prey. These sponges build a regular arrangement of chelae on filaments or inflated spheres, with their hook-like teeth and alae outwardly exposed, acting as a Velcro-like cover for ensnaring the setae or appendages of their prey. This mode of capture of macro-prey has been evidenced in several species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA874E19833FB42FCD3FAEDFBFEFE76" author="Lee, W. L. &amp; Reiswig H. &amp; Austin, W. C. &amp; Lundsten, L." box="[852,1028,441,467]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" pagination="259 - 284" refId="ref10424" refString="Lee, W. L., Reiswig H., Austin, W. C. &amp; Lundsten, L. (2012) An extraordinary new carnivorous sponge, Chondrocladia lyra, in the new subgenus Symmetrocladia (Demospongiae, Cladorhizidae), from off northern California, USA. Invertebrate Biology, 13 (4), 259 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ivb. 12001" type="journal article" year="2012">
Lee
<emphasis id="B94DD5029833FB42FC00FAEEFC43FE76" box="[903,953,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
; Vacelet &amp; Duport 2004) and this is a remarkable example of exaptation (“
<emphasis id="B94DD5029833FB42FDCFFA89FE9DFDBE" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">features that now enhance fitness but were not built by natural selection for their current role”</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA874E19833FB42FEF1F955FDA4FDBE" author="Gould, S. J. &amp; Vrba, E. S." box="[374,606,513,539]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" pagination="4 - 15" refId="ref10109" refString="Gould, S. J. &amp; Vrba, E. S. (1982) Exaptation-a missing term in the science of form. Paleobiology, 8 (1), 4 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0094837300004310" type="journal article" year="1982">Gould et Vrba, 1982</bibRefCitation>
)), i.e. the process of acquiring functions to which they were not originally adapted. It must be expected that chelae, already very diversified in filtering sponges, markedly increase their diversification in
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939833FB42FEA3F91DFE3BFDC6" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1922" box="[292,449,585,611]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Cladorhizidae</taxonomicName>
in which they develop a new function. There are many known examples, as underlined by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA874E19833FB42FF3DF939FE7CFD22" author="Vargas, S. &amp; Erpenbeck, D. &amp; Gocke, C. &amp; Hall, K. A. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Janussen, D. &amp; Worheide, G." box="[186,390,621,647]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" pagination="106 - 116" refId="ref11139" refString="Vargas, S., Erpenbeck, D., Gocke, C., Hall, K. A., Hooper, J. N. A., Janussen, D. &amp; Worheide, G. (2012) Molecular phylogeny of Abyssocladia (Cladorhizidae: Poecilosclerida) and Phelloderma (Phellodermidae: Poecilosclerida) suggests a diversification of chelae microscleres in cladorhizid sponges. Zoologica Scripta, 42, 106 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2012.00560. x" type="journal article" year="2012">
Vargas
<emphasis id="B94DD5029833FB42FE8BF93AFEC4FD22" box="[268,318,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
, and further cases are added by the new species described here.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8609109833FB42FF40F9C5FBD0FA96" blockId="18.[151,1437,153,1331]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">
However, a problem with
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939833FB42FE6AF9C5FD7EFD0E" authority="Vacelet, 2020" authorityName="Vacelet" authorityYear="2020" box="[493,644,657,683]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Abyssocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="mucronata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029833FB42FE6AF9C5FD7EFD0E" box="[493,644,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">A. mucronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DD5029833FB42FD0BF9C5FD1CFD0E" bold="true" box="[652,742,657,683]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E68799833FB42FD0BF9C5FD1CFD0E" box="[652,742,657,683]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is that the shape of the chelae, with its intermingling appendages, appears poorly adapted to the trapping of prey. At first glance, it thus seems that this diversification in shape would not facilitate feeding.A similar problem occurs in
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939833FB42FC8BF98DFC13FD56" authority="Vacelet, 2020" authorityName="Vacelet" authorityYear="2020" box="[780,1001,729,755]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Abyssocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="microstrongylata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029833FB42FC8BF98DFC13FD56" box="[780,1001,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">A. microstrongylata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DD5029833FB42FC68F98DFBBDFD56" bold="true" box="[1007,1095,729,755]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E68799833FB42FC68F98DFBBDFD56" box="[1007,1095,729,755]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, in which the axis and appendages bear a dense coating of microstrongyles, which appears poorly designed for catching the appendages of a prey. Similarly, several
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939833FB42FEE3F875FE03FC9E" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1964" box="[356,505,801,827]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Abyssocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029833FB42FEE3F875FE03FC9E" box="[356,505,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">Abyssocladia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, including the
<typeStatus id="5482B7B29833FB42FD7AF875FCD7FC9E" box="[765,813,801,827]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939833FB42FC09F875FC03FC9E" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1964" box="[910,1017,801,827]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Abyssocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bruuni">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029833FB42FC09F875FC03FC9E" box="[910,1017,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">A. bruuni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, have abyssochelae with appendages which are nearly in contact. The cercichelae of
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939833FB42FD34F811FCCCFCFA" authorityName="Rios, Kelly &amp; Vacelet" authorityYear="2011" box="[691,822,837,863]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Cercicladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029833FB42FD34F811FCCCFCFA" box="[691,822,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">Cercicladia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also appear poorly designed, contrary to many chelae or the placochelae of
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939833FB42FE17F83DFDD6FC26" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1909" box="[400,556,873,899]" class="Demospongiae" family="Guitarridae" genus="Euchelipluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029833FB42FE17F83DFDD6FC26" box="[400,556,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">Euchelipluma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This problem was raised by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA874E19833FB42FC05F83DFBD4FC26" author="Watling, L." box="[898,1070,873,899]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" pagination="1721 - 1726" refId="ref11233" refString="Watling, L. (2007) Predation on copepods by an Alaskan cladorhizid sponge. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 87, 1721 - 1726. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315407058560" type="journal article" year="2007">Watling (2007)</bibRefCitation>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939833FB42FBE7F83DFE5BFC02" authority="Lehnert, Watling &amp; Stone, 2005" authorityName="Lehnert, Watling &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2005" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Cladorhiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="corona">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029833FB42FBE7F83DFACFFC26" box="[1120,1333,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">Cladorhiza corona</emphasis>
Lehnert, Watling &amp; Stone, 2005
</taxonomicName>
, in which the chelae were not arranged in a manner suitable for prey trapping, but which nevertheless contained prey in various stages of digestion. Watling hypothesized that the prey, mostly copepods, might be trapped by means of a sticky substance. In the present study, no prey in the process of being digested were observed in the available specimens of these sponges, which may be explained by the rarity of prey in such deepsea environments. Indeed, in the same collection, prey were also not observed in
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939833FB42FBADFF49FB4BFB92" authorityName="Vacelet" authorityYear="2020" box="[1066,1201,1053,1079]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Abyssocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kanaconi">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029833FB42FBADFF49FB4BFB92" box="[1066,1201,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">A. kanaconi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has the usual Velcro-like lining. In
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939833FB42FE17FF15FDD3FBFE" authorityName="Vacelet" authorityYear="2020" box="[400,553,1089,1115]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Abyssocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="mucronata">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029833FB42FE17FF15FDD3FBFE" box="[400,553,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">A. mucronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the poorly preserved living tissue contained numerous fragments of foreign debris, which may bring to mind the hypothesis of Michael Sars (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA874E19833FB42FCEEFF31FC1AFBDA" author="Sars, G. O." box="[873,992,1125,1151]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" refId="ref10759" refString="Sars, G. O. (1872) On some remarkable forms of animal life from the great deeps off the Norwegian coast. Part 1. Partly from posthumous manuscripts of the late prof. Mich. Sars. University Program for the 1 rs half-year 1869. Brogger &amp; Christie, Christiania, viii + 82 pp., 6 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8861" type="book" year="1872">Sars, 1872</bibRefCitation>
) in the first description of a cladorhizid,
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939833FB42FF10FFDDFDEFFB06" authority="Sars, 1872" authorityName="Sars" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,533,1161,1187]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Cladorhiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssicola">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029833FB42FF10FFDDFE69FB06" box="[151,403,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">Cladorhiza abyssicola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA874E19833FB42FE1CFFDDFDEFFB06" author="Sars, G. O." box="[411,533,1161,1187]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" refId="ref10759" refString="Sars, G. O. (1872) On some remarkable forms of animal life from the great deeps off the Norwegian coast. Part 1. Partly from posthumous manuscripts of the late prof. Mich. Sars. University Program for the 1 rs half-year 1869. Brogger &amp; Christie, Christiania, viii + 82 pp., 6 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8861" type="book" year="1872">Sars, 1872</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, that foreign particle may make up at least part of its nourishment. Carnivory is thought to be general in
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939833FB42FE20FFF9FDB2FB62" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1922" box="[423,584,1197,1223]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Cladorhizidae</taxonomicName>
. This mode of life has been well documented in the few species that are easily accessible for observation or experimentation, and prey in the process of being digested has been observed in several deep-sea species. But species such as
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939833FB42FD15FFA1FCD3FAAA" authority="Vacelet, 2020" authorityName="Vacelet" authorityYear="2020" box="[658,809,1269,1295]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Abyssocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="mucronata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029833FB42FD15FFA1FCD3FAAA" box="[658,809,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">A. mucronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DD5029833FB42FCA8FFA1FC73FAAA" bold="true" box="[815,905,1269,1295]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E68799833FB42FCA8FFA1FC73FAAA" box="[815,905,1269,1295]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939833FB42FC2AFFA1FB71FAAA" authority="Vacelet, 2020" authorityName="Vacelet" authorityYear="2020" box="[941,1163,1269,1295]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Abyssocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="microstrongylata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94DD5029833FB42FC2AFFA1FB71FAAA" box="[941,1163,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">A. microstrongylata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DD5029833FB42FB16FFA1FB10FAAA" bold="true" box="[1169,1258,1269,1295]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E68799833FB42FB16FFA1FB10FAAA" box="[1169,1258,1269,1295]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
show that more remains to be discovered on the mechanism of feeding in deep sea
<taxonomicName id="4C3972939833FB42FC02FE4DFBDCFA96" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1922" box="[901,1062,1305,1331]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Cladorhizidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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