treatments-xml/data/F1/9C/46/F19C46108F685AEF99A47758D76A20F2.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.145.48531" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7b60383a-f800-4aa8-b5e7-a5937205e61d" ID-PMC="PMC7165196" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-145-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="3C0474499BB850089598699F4308FB00" ID-PubMed="32327923" ModsDocID="1314-2003-145-1" checkinTime="1586625114170" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="McClelland, Donald H. R., Nee, Michael &amp; Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2020" docId="F19C46108F685AEF99A47758D76A20F2" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 145: 1-36" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 145" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.145.48531" docTitle="Solanum caumii D. McClelland, comb. et 2020, stat. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="3C0474499BB850089598699F4308FB00" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="3C0474499BB850089598699F4308FB00" masterDocTitle="New names and status for Pacific spiny species of Solanum (Solanaceae, subgenus Leptostemonum Bitter; the Leptostemonum Clade)" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668139754682" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>New names and status for Pacific spiny species of Solanum (Solanaceae, subgenus Leptostemonum Bitter; the Leptostemonum Clade)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>McClelland, Donald H. R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Environmental Science, Bard College at Simon's Rock, 84 Alford Road, Great Barrington, MA 01230, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Nee, Michael</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Missouri Botanical Garden, P. O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-3945</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>145</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>36</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.145.48531</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.145.48531</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-145-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="163551271" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F19C46108F685AEF99A47758D76A20F2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F19C46108F685AEF99A47758D76A20F2" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName LSID="F19C4610-8F68-5AEF-99A4-7758D76A20F2" authority="(F. Br.) D. McClelland, comb. et" authorityName="D. McClelland, comb. et" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="F. Br." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum caumii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caumii" status="stat. nov.">Solanum caumii (F.Br.) D.McClelland, comb. et</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="1">stat. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Solanum caumii (F. Br.) D. McClelland (holotype of S. nelsonii var. caumii F. Br., E. Caum 84 BISH [acc.  581193, barcode BISH 1014622]). Reproduced with permission." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.145.48531.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/398912" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 4</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nelsonii subsp. var. var. caumii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nelsonii" subSpecies="var." variety="caumii">Solanum nelsonii Dunal var. caumii</taxonomicName>
F.Br., Bull. Bish. Mus. 81: 36, pl. 15B. 1931. Type. United States of America. Hawaii: Leeward Islands, Nihoa, 75 m, 19 Jun 1923 (fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. Caum 84</emphasis>
(holotype: BISH [acc. # 581193, barcode BISH1014622]; isotypes: BISH [acc. # 581194, barcode BISH1014623], K [K000922665], NY [00172288], UC [acc. #505079]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nelsonii subsp. var. var. acuminatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nelsonii" subSpecies="var." variety="acuminatum">Solanum nelsonii Dunal var. acuminatum</taxonomicName>
F.Br., Bull. Bish. Mus. 81: 36, pl. 16A. 1931. Type. United States of America. Hawaii: Leeward Islands, Nihoa, 75 m, 19 Jun 1923 (fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. Caum 68</emphasis>
(holotype: BISH [acc. # 581186, barcode BISH1014620]; isotypes: BISH [acc. # 581185, barcode BISH1014621], K [K000922664], NY [00172287]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nelsonii subsp. var. var. caumii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nelsonii" subSpecies="var." variety="caumii">Solanum nelsonii Dunal var. caumii</taxonomicName>
F.Br.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.145.48531.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/398912" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="D. McClelland, comb. et" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="F. Br." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum caumii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caumii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum caumii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F.Br.) D.McClelland (holotype of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. nelsonii subsp. var. var. caumii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="nelsonii" subSpecies="var." variety="caumii">S. nelsonii var. caumii</taxonomicName>
F.Br., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. Caum 84</emphasis>
BISH [acc. # 581193, barcode BISH1014622]). Reproduced with permission.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Erect to sprawling shrub to ca. 1.5 m, the internodes to 6.6 cm long, unarmed. Stems densely pubescent with yellow-ferruginous, short-stalked porrect-stellate trichomes, the stalks of various lengths to ca. 0.1 mm, the rays 6-10, 0.15-0.2 mm long, the midpoint shorter than the rays; new growth densely stellate-pubescent; bark of older stems reddish brown. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves geminate or not, if geminate the leaves of a pair similar in size and shape. Leaves simple or shallowly lobed; blades 3.5-8.0 cm long, 2.2-6.4 cm wide, 1.3-1.6 times as long as wide, deltate to ovate, chartaceous, concolorous, unarmed; adaxial surfaces densely pubescent with short-stalked porrect-stellate trichomes, the stalks to ca. 0.1 mm long, the rays 6-9, 0.1-0.2 mm long, the midpoint much shorter than the rays; abaxial surfaces densely pubescent with short-stalked porrect-stellate trichomes, the stalks to ca. 0.1 mm long, the rays 7-9, 0.2-0.25 mm long, the midpoint of the stellate trichomes much shorter than the rays; principal veins 4-6 pairs, the midrib raised abaxially, distinct adaxially, the lateral veins weakly brochidodromous or semicraspedodromous, raised abaxially, distinct adaxially; base cordate, truncate, or rounded; margins entire or shallowly lobed, the sinuses less than 1/4 of the way to the midrib; apex acute to acuminate; petiole 0.8-3.3 cm long, 1.0-1.4 mm in diameter, channeled adaxially, densely pubescent with stalked porrect-stellate trichomes like the stems and leaves. Inflorescence to 8.1 cm long in flower, appearing lateral, extra-axillary, emerging from the distal 1/3 of the internode, typically unbranched but occasionally forked, with 10-16 flowers, densely pubescent with short-stalked porrect-stellate trichomes like the stems and leaves; peduncle 0.5-1.7 cm long; pedicels 0.9-1.2 cm long, 0.3-0.6 mm in diameter at the base, 0.5-0.9 mm in diameter below the calyx, straight, densely pubescent with porrect-stellate trichomes like those of the inflorescence axes, articulated at the base; pedicel scars evenly spaced to 8.8 mm apart, in two rows. Buds globose, the calyx densely stellate-pubescent, the corolla densely stellate-pubescent abaxially where exposed, strongly exerted from the calyx before anthesis. Flowers 4-5-merous, heterostylous, with short-styled flowers borne distally, the plants weakly andromonoecious. Calyx 3.1-4.9 mm long, the tube 1.7-1.8 mm long, the lobes 1.1-3.5 mm long, 1.2-2.1 mm wide, deltate, splitting in the sinuses during fruit development and then the lobes long-triangular, densely pubescent abaxially and adaxially. Corolla 1.3-2.0 cm in diameter, stellate, white, the interpetalar tissue well-developed, glabrous, the petal midveins purple, the lobes 5.1-5.7 mm long, 7.2-7.4 mm wide, deltate, spreading at anthesis, moderately pubescent abaxially, more or less glabrous adaxially. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments ca. 1.5 mm long, glabrous; anthers 2.9-3.2 mm long, 0.8-0.9 mm wide, tapering, strongly arcuate and spreading, purple sometimes appearing almost black, poricidal at the tips, the pores directed distally, not splitting with age. Ovary ca. 0.8 mm in diameter, ovate, white or cream in live plants, densely pubescent with porrect-stellate trichomes; styles of long-styled flowers ca. 3.8 mm long, ca. 0.4 mm in diameter, exserted from the anther cone, filiform, straight, densely stellate pubescent in the basal 2/3, in short-styled flowers 2.1-2.5 mm long, 0.1-0.2 mm in diameter, included in the anther cone; stigma ca. 0.3 mm in diameter, capitate, white or cream (live plants). Fruit a globose berry, 1.0-1.5 cm in diameter, green when immature, red or black when mature, juicy, glabrous, the pericarp thin, matte to slightly glossy, opaque; fruiting pedicels 1.1-1.9 cm long, 0.9-1.1 mm in diameter at the base, 2.1-2.3 mm in diameter below the calyx, straight and spreading; fruiting calyx lobes 3.4-6.3 mm long, 1.8-2.5 mm wide, moderately to densely pubescent, appressed to the berry surface. Seeds 20-30 per fruit, 2.8-3.5 mm long, 3.5-4.1 mm wide, flattened-reniform, red-brown when dry, the surface minutely pitted and evenly reticulate, the testal cells straight-sided. Chromosome number not known.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution and ecology</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Figure 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Distribution of Solanum caumii." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.145.48531.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/398913" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="D. McClelland, comb. et" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="F. Br." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum caumii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caumii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum caumii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is restricted to the state of Hawaii (United States of America) on the tiny island of Nihoa in shallow rocky soil from 10 to 270 m elevation. Plants have been collected from both coastal and higher elevation areas on the island.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.145.48531.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/398913" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="D. McClelland, comb. et" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="F. Br." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum caumii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caumii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum caumii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Known to flower March-April and June-September and fruit March and June-July.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
United States of America. Hawaii (Nihoa): Akia (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">St. John 22731</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The epithet honors Edward Leonard Caum (1893-1952), the American botanist who collected the type.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation assessment">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation assessment</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="In: Aubreville A, Leroy J (Eds) Flore de La Nouvelle Caledonie et Dependances" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B13" refString="IUCN, 2019. Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" title="Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2019">IUCN 2019</bibRefCitation>
). EOO = 0.25 km2 [CR - Critically Endangered]; AOO = 4 km2 [CR - Critically Endangered]. We assess 
<taxonomicName authorityName="D. McClelland, comb. et" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="F. Br." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum caumii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caumii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum caumii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as CR (Critically Endangered) using IUCN Criteria of B1,2a,b; populations may be secure on the isolated island of Nihoa that is largely protected, but no recent studies on population stability have been undertaken. Recognition of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. caumii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caumii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. caumii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at the species level has conservation consequences. 
<bibRefCitation author="Symon, DE" editor="Wagner, WL" journalOrPublisher="2). University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1251 - 1278" refId="B26" refString="Symon, DE, 1999. Solanaceae. In: Wagner, WL, Herbst, DR, Sohmer, SH, Eds., Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii, revised edition (Vol. 2). University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu: 1251 - 1278" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii, revised edition (Vol." year="1999">Symon (1999)</bibRefCitation>
included 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. caumii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caumii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. caumii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. nelsonii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nelsonii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nelsonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. At that time 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. nelsonii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nelsonii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nelsonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was listed as vulnerable; segregation of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. caumii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caumii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. caumii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the species may change the status of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. nelsonii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nelsonii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nelsonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Threats to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. caumii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caumii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. caumii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include habitat destruction from natural causes and herbivory by an introduced grasshopper (
<bibRefCitation author="Mitchell, C" journalOrPublisher="Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B17" refString="Mitchell, C, Ogura, C, Meadows, DW, Kane, A, Strommer, L, Fretz, S, Leonard, D, McClung, A, 2005. Hawaii's Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu." title="Hawaii's Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu." year="2005">Mitchell et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, FBH" editor="Christophersen, E" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="35 - 37" refId="B7" refString="Brown, FBH, 1931. Solanaceae. In: Christophersen, E, Caum, EL, Eds., Vascular Plants of the Leeward Islands, Hawaii. Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum 81: 35 - 37" title="Solanaceae." volume="81" volumeTitle="Vascular Plants of the Leeward Islands, Hawaii. Bulletin of the Bernice P." year="1931">Brown (1931)</bibRefCitation>
recognized the entity we here delimit as 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. caumii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caumii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. caumii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as two varieties of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. nelsonii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nelsonii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nelsonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a coastal species found on many islands in the Hawaiian archipelago. 
<bibRefCitation author="St John, H" journalOrPublisher="Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B22" refString="St John, H, 1988. Native Hawaiian species of Solanum (Solanaceae). Hawaiian Plant Studies 82. Published by the author, Honolulu." title="Native Hawaiian species of Solanum (Solanaceae). Hawaiian Plant Studies 82. Published by the author, Honolulu." year="1988">St. John (1988)</bibRefCitation>
placed 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. nelsonii subsp. var. var. acuminatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="nelsonii" subSpecies="var." variety="acuminatum">S. nelsonii var. acuminatum</taxonomicName>
in synonymy with 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. nelsonii subsp. var. var. caumii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="nelsonii" subSpecies="var." variety="caumii">S. nelsonii var. caumii</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="D. McClelland, comb. et" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="F. Br." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum caumii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caumii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum caumii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most similar to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. nelsonii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nelsonii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nelsonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but it can be distinguished by its semi-erect habit, larger leaf length to width ratio, and sometimes red fruit. In 2008, plants of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. nelsonii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nelsonii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nelsonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.s. from Molokai were cultivated alongside individuals from Nihoa (
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. caumii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caumii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. caumii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in greenhouses at the New York Botanical Garden (made available through the conservation program at the National Tropical Botanical Garden in Honolulu by Drs. David and Lida Burney and their staff). Under identical growing conditions plants here recognized as 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. caumii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caumii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. caumii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. nelsonii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nelsonii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nelsonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.s. maintained their distinct forms.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Endemism on the small island of Nihoa is relatively common, it is only one of four of the outer Hawaiian islands that still has exposed basalt substrate. There are other species of endemic or near-endemic plants (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Christoph &amp; Caum" authorityYear="1931" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Amaranthus brownii" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brownii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Amaranthus brownii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Christoph. &amp; Caum, 
<taxonomicName family="Amaranthaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Amaranthaceae</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Becc" authorityYear="1890" baseAuthorityName="Kuntze" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Pritchardia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pritchardia remota" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="remota">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pritchardia remota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Becc., 
<taxonomicName family="Arecaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName genus="Scheidea" lsidName="Scheidea verticillata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verticillata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scheidea verticillata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
F.Br., 
<taxonomicName family="Caryophyllaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Caryophyllaceae</taxonomicName>
) and the entire island has been designated critical habitat for them (
<bibRefCitation author="Mitchell, C" journalOrPublisher="Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B17" refString="Mitchell, C, Ogura, C, Meadows, DW, Kane, A, Strommer, L, Fretz, S, Leonard, D, McClung, A, 2005. Hawaii's Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu." title="Hawaii's Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu." year="2005">Mitchell et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
). The island also hosts two endemic birds, at least seventeen endemic arthropods, and six endemic land snails (
<bibRefCitation author="Mitchell, C" journalOrPublisher="Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B17" refString="Mitchell, C, Ogura, C, Meadows, DW, Kane, A, Strommer, L, Fretz, S, Leonard, D, McClung, A, 2005. Hawaii's Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu." title="Hawaii's Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu." year="2005">Mitchell et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Additional specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
United States of America. Hawaii. Nihoa: sin. loc., 13 Jun 1923 (fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bryan 3</emphasis>
(BISH); Miller Valley, 22 Apr 1983 (fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Conant 102</emphasis>
(BISH); base of Miller Valley, ca. 30 ft, 26 Aug 1968 (fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Herbst 1210</emphasis>
(BISH, US); Middle Valley, ca. 500 ft, 27 Jul 1980 (fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Herbst &amp; Takeuchi 6544</emphasis>
(US); East Palm Valley, ca. 300 ft, 27 Jul 1980 (fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Herbst &amp; Takeuchi 6555</emphasis>
(BISH; US); (fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Judd s.n.</emphasis>
(K); Rocky Gulch, 100 m, 20 Jun 1923 (fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Judd 6</emphasis>
(BISH); Rocky Gulch, 100 m, 20 Jun 1923 (fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Judd 7</emphasis>
(BISH); Rocky Gulch, 100 m, 20 Jun 1923 (fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Judd 8</emphasis>
(BISH); lower slopes above the east cove, 23 Sep 1964 (fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Long 2424</emphasis>
(US); top of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Miller’s">Miller's</normalizedToken>
Peak in crevice at top of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Devil’s">&quot;Devil's</normalizedToken>
Slide&quot;, north side of peak, 24 Sep 1964 (fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Long 2434</emphasis>
(US); lower slopes west valley near water-course, ca. 350 ft, 24 Sep 1964 (fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Long 2439</emphasis>
(US); near helicopter landing, 6 Mar 1964 (fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Munro s.n.</emphasis>
(BISH); Kawaewae, 75 ft, 12 Aug 1947 (fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">St. John 22731</emphasis>
(K, PTBG, RSA, US); Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument, above Miller Valley W facing Miller Ridge, 76 m (fl, fr), 7 Apr 2006 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tangalin 717</emphasis>
(US); Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument, lower Miller Valley just above sea shelf, near National Wildlife Refuge sign and base camp, 12 m, 7 Apr 2006 (fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tangalin 722</emphasis>
(US).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>