276 lines
24 KiB
XML
276 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.698.13411" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ca0a2522-2ba8-4482-b543-88ad1504534f" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-698-95" ID-ZBK="E91C28B32CE24348A207034E53BD0EDC" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-698-95" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 698" ModsDocTitle="Hidden in the urban parks of New York City: Themiralohmanus, a new species of Sepsidae described based on morphology, DNA sequences, mating behavior, and reproductive isolation (Sepsidae, Diptera)" checkinTime="1505750120887" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Ang, Yuchen, Rajaratnam, Gowri, Su, Kathy FY & Meier, Rudolf" docDate="2017" docId="445F4C36F2ED2D1CE2BA92DF30CDB774" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 698: 95-111" docOrigin="ZooKeys 698" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.698.13411" docTitle="Themira lohmanus Ang, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="19D6C4D4-9B1E-4649-9677-59A8254E3AA6" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="105" masterDocId="FFEBFF97113CFFF85D1410605818FFD3" masterDocTitle="Hidden in the urban parks of New York City: Themiralohmanus, a new species of Sepsidae described based on morphology, DNA sequences, mating behavior, and reproductive isolation (Sepsidae, Diptera)" masterLastPageNumber="111" masterPageNumber="95" pageNumber="100" updateTime="1643564573487" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Hidden in the urban parks of New York City: Themiralohmanus, a new species of Sepsidae described based on morphology, DNA sequences, mating behavior, and reproductive isolation (Sepsidae, Diptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ang, Yuchen</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rajaratnam, Gowri</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Su, Kathy FY</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Meier, Rudolf</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>698</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>95</mods:start>
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<mods:end>111</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.698.13411</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.698.13411</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-698-95</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">E91C28B32CE24348A207034E53BD0EDC</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">E91C28B32CE24348A207034E53BD0EDC</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="134310936" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:19D6C4D4-9B1E-4649-9677-59A8254E3AA6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/445F4C36F2ED2D1CE2BA92DF30CDB774" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="5" pageNumber="100">
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="100" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="100">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/19D6C4D4-9B1E-4649-9677-59A8254E3AA6" authority="Ang" class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Themira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Themira lohmanus" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lohmanus">Themira lohmanus Ang</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="5" pageNumber="100">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figures 2, 3
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="100" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="100">Material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="100">
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Holotype. ♂ [Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, Singapore (ZRC): ZRC_ENT_00001001], from ex-culture based on female collected June 2006 (Meier, R) in USA, New York, Brooklyn, Prospect Park [
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="40.6563">40.6563°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-73.9686">73.9686°W</geoCoordinate>
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, elevation 20m ASL]. Paratypes. 2♂2♀ [ZRC: consecutive numbers running from ZRC_ENT_00001002 to ZRC_ENT_00001005], 3♂1♀ [American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA (AMNH)], 1♂1♀ [National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C., USA (USNM): USNMENT01384142, USNMENT01384143].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="100" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="100">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="100">The new species is named after David J. Lohman, for his generous contributions of specimens to sepsid taxonomy.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="100" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="100">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="100">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Themira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Themira lohmanus" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lohmanus">Themira lohmanus</taxonomicName>
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is a relatively large, robust-looking sepsid species that resembles
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<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. biloba" pageId="5" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="biloba">T. biloba</taxonomicName>
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. However, adult
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<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. lohmanus" pageId="5" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="lohmanus">T. lohmanus</taxonomicName>
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males can be readily differentiated from the latter by their uniquely shaped, asymmetrical surstyli, which is symmetrical in
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<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. biloba" pageId="5" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="biloba">T. biloba</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 1A, see Morphological analysis section). While females of these two species do not have distinct structural differences, they can potentially be distinguished based on the color of the sclerous cuticle: in
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<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. biloba" pageId="5" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="biloba">T. biloba</taxonomicName>
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, it tends to be glossy black while
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<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. lohmanus" pageId="5" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="lohmanus">T. lohmanus</taxonomicName>
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tends to have a cupreous tinge. However, these characters may not be easily differentiated in faded specimens.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="6" pageNumber="101" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="101">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="101" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="101">Males and females.Color (Figures 2, 3). Adults are black-colored flies. Sclerites mostly black with a cupreous shiny tinge, while membranous cuticle with a variegated orange hue. Gena and face light brown. Trochanters, as well as posterior region of fore coxae yellow to light brown. Eyes red. Antennae all black with Wings clear, without pterostigma. Halteres and calypter white.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="101">
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Head (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
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for Figures 2, 3). Chaetotaxy. Ocellar and postocellar setae divergent. Inner vertical setae convergent. 1 pair orbital setae, divergent. Posterior region of head capsule pruinose. Vibrissal angle with 2 larger vibrissae (dorsal longer than ventral), both smoothly medioclinate. Palps sclerotized and populated with multiple setae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="6" pageNumber="101">
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Thorax (A, B for Figures 2, 3). Chaetotaxy. Scutum with 1 pair discocentral setae on prescutum and 2 pairs on postscutum; anterior pair less than half as long as posterior pair. One postpronotal pair, 2 notopleural pairs; anterior pair half as long as posterior
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="102" start="start">pair</pageBreakToken>
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. One pair postalar setae. 1 pair apical scutellar setae. Anepisternum with short setulae on posterior region with 1 posteriad anepisternal seta.
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<taxonomicName genus="Pruinosity" lsidName="Pruinosity pattern" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" rank="species" species="pattern">Pruinosity pattern</taxonomicName>
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. Scutum fully pruinose. Pleural thorax fully pruinose except for anepisternum, which is glossy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Wing (Figures 2A, 3A). Veins bare. Cells entirely covered with microtrichiae except for basal costal cell. Section of costal vein between humeral vein and Radial 1 vein equally bisected by subcostal vein. Wing length 3.0-3.3 mm (♀), 3.2-3.8 (♂).</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
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Males.Legs (Figure 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="E–G">E-G</normalizedToken>
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). Figure 2E: Forefemur on ventral surface with 2-3 spines submedially, one large (yellowish, translucent) cuticular protrusion medially and one thick, blunt bristle postmedially. Foretibia on ventral surface with clasp-like cuticular protrusions medially, with 3-4 spines on anterior region of protrusions. Figure 2F: Mid-femur with 3 anterior spines medially, mid-tibia without distinct spines. Figure 2G: Rear-femur slightly curved, with 2-3 dorsal spines. Rear-tibia
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="103" start="start">expanded</pageBreakToken>
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medially to accommodate large, osmoteria that covers 2/3 of anterior side. All tarsi normal, with tarsomeres 1-4 proceedingly shorter.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Abdomen (Figures 2A, B, H). Figure 2B: Glossy tergites, with small short setulae until tergite 4; 5th and 6th tergites with stouter setae. Figure 2A: Abdominal spiracles with well sclerotized margins; spiracles 1-4 in membrane, 5 on margin of and 6 and 7 within tergite. Figure 2H: Sternite 4 as bi-lobed arms terminating in two tufts of long bristles each; desclerotized in the middle. Sternite 5 as a triangular keel that subducts under sternite 4 anteriorly.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
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Hypopygium (Figure 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="I–L">I-L</normalizedToken>
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). Cerci a slight bump with one bristle each. Base of surstyli yellowish. Surstyli themselves asymmetrical; left surstylus as an enlarged lamina with a wide base, right surstylus as a shortened process.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
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Females.Legs (Figures 3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="E–G">E-G</normalizedToken>
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). Forefemur (Figure 3E) on ventral surface with 2-3 spines postmedially. Other legs unmodified. Abdomen (Figure 3A, H). Abdominal spiracles with well sclerotized margins; spiracles 1-4 in membrane, 5 on margin of, and 6 and 7 within tergite.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="103" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Nearctic. Thus far only found in New York City (Central Park and Prospect Park); likely to be found in more localities in the future, especially where waterfowl congregate.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="103" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
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Similar to
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<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. biloba" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="biloba">T. biloba</taxonomicName>
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, adults have only been found near water bodies, due to the association with waterfowl dung which they use for breeding. Under laboratory conditions they can breed in cow dung, but preferentially lay eggs in waterfowl dung. Eggs take 2-3 days to hatch, and feed as larvae for approximately 6-7 days before entering the pupal stage. Adult eclosion usually occurs after about another 7-8 days. Specimen longevity under laboratory conditions range from 1-3 months.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="103" type="mating behavior profile">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Mating behavior profile.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
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The mating behavior can be categorized into three sections: (1) approach and mount, (2) mounted courtship and copulation, and finally (3) separation. All described behaviors are shown in Video 1 (time given as mm:ss; YouTube link https://youtu.be/ZrtxN02zXLY). Our description is part of a larger series of papers describing and investigating the mating behavior of sepsids (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation author="Ang, Y" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" pagination="552 - 559" title="Secondarily reduced foreleg armature in Perochaetadikowi sp. n. (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha: Sepsidae) due to a novel mounting technique." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00422.x" volume="33" year="2008">Ang et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Ang, Y" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" pagination="9 - 27" title="Using seemingly unnecessary illustrations to improve the diagnostic usefulness of descriptions in taxonomy-a case study on Perochaetaorientalis (Diptera, Sepsidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.355.6013" volume="355" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Puniamoorthy, N" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Evolutionary Biology" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" url="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-8-155" year="2008">Puniamoorthy et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Puniamoorthy, N" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Evolutionary Biology" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" pagination="2146 - 2156" title="From kissing to belly stridulation: comparative analysis reveals surprising diversity, rapid evolution, and much homoplasy in the mating behaviour of 27 species of sepsid flies (Diptera: Sepsidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01826.x" volume="22" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Tan, D" journalOrPublisher="Organisms Diversity & Evolution" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" pagination="253 - 261" title="New information on the evolution of mating behaviour in Sepsidae (Diptera) and the cost of male copulations in Saltella sphondylii." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0054-2" volume="11" year="2011">Tan et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Tan, DSH" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica Scripta" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" pagination="51 - 61" title="From ' cryptic species' to integrative taxonomy: an iterative process involving DNA sequences, morphology, and behaviour leads to the resurrection of Sepsispyrrhosoma (Sepsidae: Diptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00408.x" volume="39" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
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). However, this is the first case in which a species that lacks species-specific behavioral elements.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="103" type="(1) approach and mount">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="103">(1) Approach and mount.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="103">When a male detects and shows interest in a female, it immediately gives chase and will attempt to mount the female from the rear (Behavior A1: Male Approach and Mount - 00:02). This can happen almost immediately when the male is introduced into the female (e.g., pairs 5 and 10), or only after a period of time (e.g., pairs 4, 8, and 11).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" type="(2) mounted courtship and copulation">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="103">(2) Mounted courtship and copulation.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
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The behavior varies between pairs. Some females (e.g., pairs 5, 8 and 10) may immediately accept genital contact with the male upon his mounting, and proceed directly to copulation. Other females may be more resistant to the male (e.g., pairs 4 and 11), and only accept genital contact after an average of ~ 20 minutes (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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~ 7m). Copulation time itself is ~ 1h 38m (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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18m). While mounted, the male will attempt to display nine types of courtship
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<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="104" start="start">behaviors</pageBreakToken>
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, as described in detail in Table 4. The first behavior is M1 (Male Foreleg-Female Wingbase Grasp - 00:11), but the grasp is released soon after. Behavior M2 (Male Dragging - 00:24) tends to occur in the earlier parts of courtship, especially when the male has just mounted the female. Behaviors M3 (Male Midleg Tarsal Curl - 00:32) and M4 (Male Wing Flutter - 00:43) are observed early in this section, but can also occur later prior to separation. The most prominent behavior set is M5-M8: The male will start with M5 (Male Midleg-Rearleg Rub - 00:51), which is likely used for transferring substances from its hind leg osmeterium to its mid legs (
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<bibRefCitation author="Araujo, DP" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Evolutionary Biology" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" pagination="144 - 1750" title="Analysing small insect glands with UV ‐ LDI MS: high ‐ resolution spatial analysis reveals the chemical composition and use of the osmeterium secretion in Themirasuperba (Sepsidae: Diptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12420" volume="2" year="2014">Araujo et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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). The male will then directly proceed with either behavior M6 (Male Midleg-Female Wing Rub - 00:58), M7 (Male Midleg-Female Thorax Rub - 01:04) or M8 (Male Midleg-Female Head Rub - 01:10). Behavior M9 (Male Hind leg-Female Wing Rub - 01:16) was also observed in between the M5-8 behavior sets, and is also likely to be involved in the transfer of substances from hind leg osmeterium to wing (
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<bibRefCitation author="Araujo, DP" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Evolutionary Biology" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" pagination="144 - 1750" title="Analysing small insect glands with UV ‐ LDI MS: high ‐ resolution spatial analysis reveals the chemical composition and use of the osmeterium secretion in Themirasuperba (Sepsidae: Diptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12420" volume="2" year="2014">Araujo et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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). These leg-rubbing behaviors are the most common actions performed by the male. Finally, the male will also perform M10 (Male Sternite Brushing - 01:25), which is always observed in the later part of this period, usually closer to the separation phase.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="105" start="start">Females</pageBreakToken>
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also display several behavioral elements, often in response to male behaviors. They are described in detail in Table 5: consistent is F1 (Female Body Shake - 01:51) when the male mounts her. This shaking may last for only a few seconds or is protracted; sometimes it is so violent that the couple will flip over. After her initial shake, the female tends to start walking around carrying the mounted male while the male may attempt to anchor his feet on the substrate (M2: Male Dragging; see above) resulting in the female dragging the male. The female is also observed to rub those parts of her body with her fore-, mid- and hind legs that the male has contacted (see behaviors M5 to M9) (F2: Female Self-rubbing - 02:04). Finally, the female may occasionally evert her ovipositor (F3: Female Ovipositor Eversion - 02:14). This only occurs during courtship, before the male is copulating with her.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="105" type="(3) separation">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="105">(3) Separation.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
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Separation is always preceded by a significant amount of female shaking (Behavior F1). The male will then start to turn around (180°) facing directly away from the female. Both parties will start pulling (behavior S1 - 02:32) and after some amount of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘straining’">'straining'</normalizedToken>
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(an average time of 26.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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6.41s), the pair will be able to disengage. This difficulty in separation is also known for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Themira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Themira biloba" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biloba">Themira biloba</taxonomicName>
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and females have been observed to be dragging dead, intromittent males that have failed to disengage from the female (pers. obs. Mindy Tuan).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
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Figure 2. Adult male (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–M">A-M</normalizedToken>
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), showing lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views of habitus, anterior (C) and ventral (D) views of head capsule, anterior and posterior views of fore leg (E), mid leg (F) and rear leg (G); ventral view of abdomen (H) showing modified 4th sternites; anterior (I), dorsal (J), left (K) and right (L) views of hypopygium, as well as various views of the penis (M).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
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Figure 3. Adult female (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–H">A-H</normalizedToken>
|
||
), showing lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views of habitus (sans abdomen), anterior (C) and ventral (D) views of head capsule, anterior and posterior views of fore leg (E), mid leg (F) and rear leg (G), and ventral view of abdomen (H).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Table 4. Detailed descriptions of observed male behavioral elements during mating.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<table pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" rowspan="1">Behavior No.</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" rowspan="1">Behavioral Element Name</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" rowspan="1">Description of Behavioral Element</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" rowspan="1">M1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" rowspan="1">M2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" rowspan="1">M3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" rowspan="1">M4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" rowspan="1">M5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" rowspan="1">M6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" rowspan="1">M7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" rowspan="1">M8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" rowspan="1">M9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" rowspan="1">M10</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Table 5. Detailed description of observed female behavioral elements during mating.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<table pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" rowspan="1">Behavior No.</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" rowspan="1">Behavioral Element Name</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" rowspan="1">Description of Behavioral Element</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" rowspan="1">F1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" rowspan="1">F2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" rowspan="1">F3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |