200 lines
21 KiB
XML
200 lines
21 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="ECC549C970A6A0D418F9004B91DAA4D4">Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4E2F0F6C943B4483E7F388DE89EC6F36">Guglielmone, Alberto A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AFE899883A65BC4191A7305455930FE0">Nava, Santiago</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CDDC9BD7D1D592240004C636EF9D2CA5">Robbins, Richard G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="F6EFCBF11F8F2E33385D12163660ACF5" type="email">robbinsrg@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="F01871F6BA18E70BA09DFA58B702571D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="599C48FAE7EE13703076E66962474B1B">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03966A560F47C747BABF8E07B1A8F933" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7717660" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209449580" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7717660" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03966A560F47C747BABF8E07B1A8F933" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03966A560F47C747BABF8E07B1A8F933" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F47C747BABF8E07B712FA83" box="[151,636,1333,1360]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B80DB400F47C747BABF8E07B712FA83" blockId="44.[151,1437,1333,1792]" box="[151,636,1333,1360]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F47C747BABF8E07B5D4FA83" bold="true" box="[151,186,1333,1359]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">37.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F47C747BAEA8E07B716FA83" ID-CoL="CMD6" ID-ENA="2586829" authority="Koch, 1844 a" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[194,632,1333,1360]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exornatum">
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F47C747BAEA8E07B4B5FA9C" bold="true" box="[194,475,1333,1360]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Amblyomma exornatum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F47C747BBCC8E07B716FA83" author="Koch, C. L." box="[484,632,1333,1359]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="217 - 239" refId="ref219297" refString="Koch, C. L. (1844 a) Systematische Ubersicht ¸ ber die Ordnung der Zecken. Archiv f ¸ r Naturgeschichte, 10, 217 - 239. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 29560" type="journal article" year="1844">Koch, 1844a</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F47C747B8AB8E07B4DCFA13" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8B80DB400F47C747B8AB8E07B4DCFA13" blockId="44.[151,1437,1333,1792]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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Afrotropical: 1)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F47C747B9148E07B6FFFA83" box="[828,913,1333,1359]" name="Angola" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Angola</collectingCountry>
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, 2)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F47C747B9978E04B15EFA9C" box="[959,1072,1334,1360]" name="Botswana" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Botswana</collectingCountry>
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, 3)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F47C747BE758E07B1D2FA83" box="[1117,1212,1333,1359]" name="Burundi" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Burundi</collectingCountry>
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, 4)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F47C747BEC08E07B414FABF" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
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, 5)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F47C747BB8D8E6BB49AFABF" box="[421,500,1369,1395]" name="Eritrea" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
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, 6)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F47C747B8368E6BB7EEFABF" box="[542,640,1369,1395]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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, 7)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F47C747B8828E68B798FAB8" box="[682,758,1370,1396]" name="Kenya" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, 8)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F47C747B9098E6BB617FABF" box="[801,889,1369,1395]" name="Malawi" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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, 9)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F47C747B98B8E6BB154FABF" box="[931,1082,1369,1395]" name="Mozambique" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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, 10)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F47C747BE5A8E6BB1BBFABF" box="[1138,1237,1369,1395]" name="Namibia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Namibia</collectingCountry>
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, 11)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F47C747BF258E6BB002FABF" box="[1293,1388,1369,1395]" name="Rwanda" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
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, 12)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F47C747BABF8E4FB598FA5B" box="[151,246,1405,1431]" name="Somalia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Somalia</collectingCountry>
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, 13)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F47C747BB1A8E4FB4ABFA5B" box="[306,453,1405,1431]" name="South Africa" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, 14)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F47C747B82A8E4FB7FBFA5B" box="[514,661,1405,1431]" name="South Sudan" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
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, 15)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F47C747B8FA8E4FB675FA5B" box="[722,795,1405,1431]" name="Sudan" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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, 16)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F47C747B97E8E4FB6D0FA5B" box="[854,958,1405,1431]" name="Tanzania" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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, 17)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F47C747B9D28E4FB13AFA5B" box="[1018,1108,1405,1431]" name="Uganda" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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, 18)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F47C747BEB88E4FB186FA5B" box="[1168,1256,1405,1431]" name="Zambia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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, 19)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F47C747BF0C8E4FB0F2FA5B" box="[1316,1436,1405,1431]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F47C747BAB78E93B402FA70" author="Hoogstraal, H." box="[159,364,1441,1468]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref202266" refString="Hoogstraal, H. (1956 a) African Ixodoidea. I. Ticks of the Sudan (with special reference to Equatoria Province and with preliminary reviews of the genera Boophilus, Margaropus and Hyalomma). Research Report NM 005 050. 29. 07, Department of the Navy, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Washington D. C., 1101 pp." type="book" year="1956">
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Hoogstraal 1956
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F47C747BB778E93B402FA70" author="Aeschlimann, A." box="[351,364,1441,1468]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="281 - 405" refId="ref167319" refString="Aeschlimann, A. (1967) Biologie et ecologie des tiques (Ixodoidea) de Cote d'Ivoire. Acta Tropica, 24, 281 - 405." type="journal article" year="1967">a</bibRefCitation>
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</bibRefCitation>
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, Yeoman & Walker 1967,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F47C747B8B58E93B6AEFA77" author="Matthysse, J. G. & Colbo, M. H." box="[669,960,1441,1467]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref229336" refString="Matthysse, J. G. & Colbo, M. H. (1987) The ixodid ticks of Uganda. Entomological Society of America, College, Park, Maryland, 426 pp." type="book" year="1987">Matthysse & Colbo 1987</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F47C747B9E58E93B10DFA77" author="Tandon, S. K." box="[973,1123,1441,1467]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 175" refId="ref256942" refString="Tandon, S. K. (1991) The ixodid ticks of Zambia (Acarina: Ixodidae). A study of distribution, ecology and host relationships. Occasional Paper of the Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 134, 1 - 175." type="journal article" year="1991">Tandon 1991</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F47C747BE5A8E93B025FA77" author="Santos Dias, J. A. T." box="[1138,1355,1441,1467]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 204" refId="ref251458" refString="Santos Dias, J. A. T. (1993 b) Contribuic " o para o estudo da sistematica e taxonomia das especies do genero Aponomma Neumann, 1899 (Acarina-Ixodoidea). Estudos, Ensaios e Documentos, (157), 1 - 204." type="journal article" year="1993">Santos Dias 1993b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F47C747BF708E93B5BCFA13" author="Morel, P. C." pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref232231" refString="Morel, P. C. (2003) Les tiques d'Afrique et du Bassin mediterraneen (1965 - 1995). CIRAD-EMVT, 1342 pp." type="book" year="2003">Morel 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F47C747BAF58EF7B4C8FA13" author="Horak, I. G. & Heyne, H. & Williams, R. & Gallivan, G. J. & Spickett, A. & Bezuidenhout, J. D. & Estrada-Pena, A." box="[221,422,1477,1503]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref208796" refString="Horak, I. G., Heyne, H., Williams, R., Gallivan, G. J., Spickett, A., Bezuidenhout, J. D. & Estrada-Pena, A. (2018) The ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of southern Africa. Springer, Cham, 676 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 70642 - 9" type="book" year="2018">
|
||
Horak
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F47C747BB028EF4B40CFA13" box="[298,354,1477,1503]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F47C747BAEF8ED8B1A8F933" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F47C747BAEF8ED8B1A8F933" blockId="44.[151,1437,1333,1792]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Most records of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F47C747BBAD8EDBB7FCF9CF" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[389,658,1513,1539]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exornatum">
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F47C747BBAD8EDBB7FCF9CF" box="[389,658,1513,1539]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Amblyomma exornatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have been published under the name
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<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F47C747BE6D8ED8B02BF9CF" box="[1093,1349,1514,1540]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Aponomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exornatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F47C747BE6D8ED8B02BF9CF" box="[1093,1349,1514,1540]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Aponomma exornatum</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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, whose geographic distribution is here largely based on
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F47C747B8818D3FB6E3F9EB" author="Santos Dias, J. A. T." box="[681,909,1549,1575]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 204" refId="ref251458" refString="Santos Dias, J. A. T. (1993 b) Contribuic " o para o estudo da sistematica e taxonomia das especies do genero Aponomma Neumann, 1899 (Acarina-Ixodoidea). Estudos, Ensaios e Documentos, (157), 1 - 204." type="journal article" year="1993">Santos Dias (1993b)</bibRefCitation>
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||
, who regarded
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F47C747BE1D8D3FB051F9EB" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[1077,1343,1549,1575]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exornatum">
|
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F47C747BE1D8D3FB051F9EB" box="[1077,1343,1549,1575]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Amblyomma exornatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F47C747BF638D3FB428F987" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1879" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcanum">
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F47C747BF638D3FB428F987" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Amblyomma arcanum</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F47C747BB548D03B7ADF987" baseAuthorityName="Lucas" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[380,707,1585,1611]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavomaculatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F47C747BB548D03B7ADF987" box="[380,707,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Amblyomma flavomaculatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as different species that are difficult to separate morphologically (see also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F47C747BAD78D67B49BF9A3" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1879" box="[255,501,1621,1647]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F47C747BAD78D67B49BF9A3" box="[255,501,1621,1647]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Amblyomma arcanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F47C747B8248D67B7AEF9A3" author="Burridge, M. J." box="[524,704,1621,1647]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref178986" refString="Burridge, M. J. (2011) Non-Native and Invasive Ticks. Threats to Human and Animal Health in the United States. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 448 pp." type="book" year="2011">Burridge (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F47C747B9608D67B150F9A3" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1879" box="[840,1086,1621,1647]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F47C747B9608D67B150F9A3" box="[840,1086,1621,1647]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Amblyomma arcanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F47C747BE5B8D67B010F9A3" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[1139,1406,1621,1647]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exornatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F47C747BE5B8D67B010F9A3" box="[1139,1406,1621,1647]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Amblyomma exornatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as valid, but his geographic distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F47C747B84D8D4BB61CF95F" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[613,882,1657,1683]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exornatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F47C747B84D8D4BB61CF95F" box="[613,882,1657,1683]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Amblyomma exornatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to include countries where only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F47C747BF638D4BB428F97B" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1879" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F47C747BF638D4BB428F97B" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Amblyomma arcanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found. Clearly, the difficulties involved in identifying these species call for caution when interpreting range data.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F47C747BB8A8DF3B736F917" author="Ali, A. & Khan, M. A. & Zahid, H. & Yaseen, P. M. & Khan, M. Q. & Nawab, J. & Rehman, Z. U. & Ateeq, M. & Khan, S. & Ibrahim, M." box="[418,600,1729,1755]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref167870" refString="Ali, A., Khan, M. A., Zahid, H., Yaseen, P. M., Khan, M. Q., Nawab, J., Rehman, Z. U., Ateeq, M., Khan, S. & Ibrahim, M. (2019) Seasonal dynamics, record of ticks infesting humans, wild and domestic animals and molecular phylogeny of Rhipicephalus microplus in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Frontiers in Physiology, 10 (article 793), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fphys. 2019.00793" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Ali
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F47C747BBE68DF0B768F917" box="[462,518,1729,1755]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F47C747B8E18DF3B6BAF917" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[713,980,1729,1755]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exornatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F47C747B8E18DF3B6BAF917" box="[713,980,1729,1755]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Amblyomma exornatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F47C747BE318DF3B115F917" box="[1049,1147,1729,1755]" name="Pakistan" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but Abid Ali, in personal communication to Alberto A. Guglielmone, stated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F47C747B8D68DD7B633F933" baseAuthorityName="Keirans" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[766,861,1765,1791]" genus="The" pageId="44" pageNumber="274" rank="species" species="ticks">the ticks</taxonomicName>
|
||
had been imported from Africa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |