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<mods:title id="2C7A2BF576DAC7FB00271DDF86EA37C7">Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03966A560F13C713BABF882DB79EFB09" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7718393" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209449908" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7718393" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03966A560F13C713BABF882DB79EFB09" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03966A560F13C713BABF882DB79EFB09" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
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<paragraph id="8B80DB400F13C713BABF882DB664FCF5" blockId="120.[151,1437,798,1221]" box="[151,778,798,825]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713BABF882DB5D4FCF5" bold="true" box="[151,186,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">41.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F13C713BAEA882CB668FCF5" ID-CoL="78TJ3" ID-ENA="127004" authority="(Hoogstraal &amp; Kaiser, 1960)" baseAuthorityName="Hoogstraal &amp; Kaiser" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[194,774,798,825]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kohlsi">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713BAEA882CB4D9FCF5" bold="true" box="[194,439,798,825]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Rhipicephalus kohlsi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F13C713BBEF882DB793FCF5" author="Hoogstraal, H. &amp; Kaiser, M. N." box="[455,765,799,825]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="441 - 448" refId="ref204527" refString="Hoogstraal, H. &amp; Kaiser, M. N. (1960) Boophilus kohlsi n. sp. (Acarina: Ixodidae) from sheep and goats in Jordan. Journal of Parasitology, 46, 441 - 448. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3275134" type="journal article" year="1960">Hoogstraal &amp; Kaiser, 1960</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F13C713B938882DB015FC69" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F13C713B938882DB015FC69" blockId="120.[151,1437,798,1221]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
Afrotropical: 1)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F13C713B9E2882DB133FCF5" box="[970,1117,799,825]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
(south), 2)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F13C713BECA882DB05AFCF5" box="[1250,1332,799,825]" name="Yemen" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Yemen</collectingCountry>
; Palearctic: 1)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F13C713BAC98871B47FFC91" box="[225,273,835,861]" name="Iraq" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Iraq</collectingCountry>
, 2)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F13C713BB148871B402FC91" box="[316,364,835,861]" name="Iran" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Iran</collectingCountry>
, 3)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F13C713BBBE8871B4B9FC91" box="[406,471,835,861]" name="Israel" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Israel</collectingCountry>
, 4)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F13C713B82A8871B73EFC91" box="[514,592,835,861]" name="Jordan" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Jordan</collectingCountry>
, 5)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F13C713B8528871B78CFC91" box="[634,738,835,861]" name="Palestine" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Palestine</collectingCountry>
, 6)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F13C713B9258871B625FC91" box="[781,843,835,861]" name="Syria" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Syria</collectingCountry>
, 7)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F13C713B95D8871B6ABFC91" box="[885,965,835,861]" name="Turkey" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Turkey</collectingCountry>
(K ö hler
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713BE038871B10AFC91" box="[1067,1124,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">et al.</emphasis>
1967,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F13C713BE9A8871B453FC4D" author="Feldman-Muhsam, B. &amp; Shechter, R." pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="677 - 686" refId="ref194261" refString="Feldman-Muhsam, B. &amp; Shechter, R. (1970) Some notes on the genus Boophilus (Ixodidae), with special reference to species found in Israel. Journal of Medical Entomology, 7, 677 - 686. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 7.6.677" type="journal article" year="1970">Feldman-Muhsam &amp; Shechter 1970</bibRefCitation>
, Hoogstraal
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713BBE68855B766FC4D" box="[462,520,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">et al.</emphasis>
1981,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F13C713B8708855B62FFC4D" author="Pegram, R. G. &amp; Hoogstraal, H. &amp; Wassef, H. Y." box="[600,833,871,897]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="215 - 227" refId="ref241870" refString="Pegram, R. G., Hoogstraal, H. &amp; Wassef, H. Y. (1982 b) Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) of the Yemen Arab Republic. I. Species infesting livestock. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 72, 215 - 227. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300010518" type="journal article" year="1982">
Pegram
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713B89E8855B79FFC4D" box="[694,753,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">et al.</emphasis>
1982
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F13C713B91B8855B62FFC4D" author="Walker, J. B." box="[819,833,871,897]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="57 - 75" refId="ref262989" refString="Walker, J. B. (1990) Two new species of ticks from southern Africa whose adults parasitize the feet of ungulates: Rhipicephalus lounsburyi n. sp. and Rhipicephalus neumanni n. sp. (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 57, 57 - 75." type="journal article" year="1990">b</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
, Saliba
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713B9B68855B6B6FC4D" box="[926,984,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">et al.</emphasis>
1990,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F13C713BE008855B198FC4D" author="Wassef, H. I. &amp; Gallagher, M. D." box="[1064,1270,871,897]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="63 - 88" refId="ref264487" refString="Wassef, H. I., B ¸ ttiker, W. &amp; Gallagher, M. D. (1997) Further records of ticks (Acari: Argasidae and Ixodidae) from the Arab Peninsula. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 16, 63 - 88." type="journal article" year="1997">
Wassef
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713BEA98855B1D5FC4D" box="[1153,1211,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">et al.</emphasis>
1997
</bibRefCitation>
, Keysari
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713BF4A8855B0F3FC4D" box="[1378,1437,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">et al.</emphasis>
2011,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F13C713BAF488B9B4C0FC69" author="Bursali, A. &amp; Keskin, A. &amp; Tekin, S." box="[220,430,907,933]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="91 - 104" refId="ref179236" refString="Bursali, A., Keskin, A. &amp; Tekin, S. (2012) A review of the ticks (Acari: Ixodida) of Turkey: species diversity, hosts and geographical distribution. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 57, 91 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 012 - 9530 - 4" type="journal article" year="2012">
Bursali
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713BB1C88B9B402FC69" box="[308,364,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F13C713BB9188B9B723FC69" author="Hasson, R. H." box="[441,589,907,933]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="77 - 90" refId="ref201269" refString="Hasson, R. H. (2012) Tick distribution and infestation among sheep and cattle in Baghdad's south suburb. Kufa Journal for Veterinary Medical Science, 3, 77 - 90." type="journal article" year="2012">Hasson 2012</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F13C713B87088B9B6CCFC69" author="Hosseini-Chegeni, A. &amp; Tavakoli, M. &amp; Telmadarraiy, Z." box="[600,930,907,933]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="2133 - 2166" refId="ref210448" refString="Hosseini-Chegeni, A., Tavakoli, M. &amp; Telmadarraiy, Z. (2019) The updated list of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae &amp; Argasidae) occurring in Iran with a key to the identification of species. Systematic &amp; Applied Acarology, 24, 2133 - 2166. https: // doi. org / 10.11158 / saa. 24.11.8" type="journal article" year="2019">
Hosseini-Chegeni
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713B90088B9B60EFC69" box="[808,864,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F13C713B98488B9B1E9FC69" author="Abdally, M. H. &amp; Al-Marri, T. M. &amp; Abdally, H. M. &amp; Al-Jabr, O." box="[940,1159,907,933]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="276 - 285" refId="ref166533" refString="Abdally, M. H., Al-Marri, T. M., Abdally, H. M. &amp; Al-Jabr, O. (2020) Incidence and prevalence of hard ticks in ruminants of Al- Ahsa oasis region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. World Veterinary Journal, 10, 276 - 285. https: // doi. org / 10.36380 / scil. 2020. wvj 36" type="journal article" year="2020">
Abdally
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713BE2588B9B12BFC69" box="[1037,1093,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F13C713BEBA88B9B000FC69" author="Perveen, N. &amp; Muzaffar, S. B. &amp; Al-Deeb, M. A." box="[1170,1390,907,933]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="1 - 35" refId="ref242571" refString="Perveen, N., Muzaffar, S. B. &amp; Al-Deeb, M. A. (2021) Ticks and tick-borne diseases of livestock in the Middle East and North Africa: A review. Insects, 12 (article 83), 1 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / insects 12010083" type="journal article" year="2021">
Perveen
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713BEDB88B9B045FC69" box="[1267,1323,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F13C713BAEF889DB79EFB09" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F13C713BAEF889DB1B4FC05" blockId="120.[151,1437,798,1221]" box="[199,1242,943,969]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
Many records of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F13C713BBAF889DB71FFC05" baseAuthorityName="Hoogstraal &amp; Kaiser" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[391,625,943,969]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kohlsi">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713BBAF889DB71FFC05" box="[391,625,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Rhipicephalus kohlsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been published under the name
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713BE3F889DB1B4FC05" box="[1047,1242,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F13C713BE3F889DB1B8FC05" authorityName="Hoogstraal &amp; Kaiser" authorityYear="1960" box="[1047,1238,943,969]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Boophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kohlsi">Boophilus kohlsi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F13C713BAEF88E1B1EFFBDD" blockId="120.[151,1437,798,1221]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F13C713BAEF88E1B4D9FC21" author="Camicas, J. L. &amp; Hervy, J. P. &amp; Adam, F. &amp; Morel, P. C." box="[199,439,979,1005]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" refId="ref179770" refString="Camicas, J. L., Hervy, J. P., Adam, F. &amp; Morel, P. C. (1998) Les tiques du monde. Nomenclature, stades decrits, hotes, repartition (Acarida, Ixodida). Orstom, Paris, 233 pp." type="book" year="1998">
Camicas
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713BB0688E1B408FC21" box="[302,358,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">et al.</emphasis>
(1998)
</bibRefCitation>
listed
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F13C713B82988E1B785FC21" baseAuthorityName="Hoogstraal &amp; Kaiser" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[513,747,979,1005]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kohlsi">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713B82988E1B785FC21" box="[513,747,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Rhipicephalus kohlsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(under the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F13C713B99A88E1B14AFC21" authorityName="Curtice" authorityYear="1891" box="[946,1060,979,1005]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Boophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713B99A88E1B14AFC21" box="[946,1060,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Boophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) as a Palearctic tick, but there are also records from the Afrotropical Zoogeographic
<collectingRegion id="49FB15A20F13C713B8E488C5B64EFBDD" box="[716,800,1015,1041]" country="Iraq" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Region</collectingRegion>
, although published after 1998.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F13C713BAEF8F29B79EFB09" blockId="120.[151,1437,798,1221]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F13C713BAEF8F29B41BFBF9" author="Rasulov, I." box="[199,373,1051,1077]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="183 - 186" refId="ref245693" refString="Rasulov, I. (2007) Ticks status in Central Asia with a special emphasis on Uzbekistan. Parasitology Research, 101 (Supplement 2), 183 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00436 - 007 - 0691 - 8" type="journal article" year="2007">Rasulov (2007)</bibRefCitation>
claimed to have found
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F13C713B8578F29B604FBF9" baseAuthorityName="Hoogstraal &amp; Kaiser" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[639,874,1051,1077]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kohlsi">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713B8578F29B604FBF9" box="[639,874,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Rhipicephalus kohlsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F13C713B9A68F29B161FBF9" box="[910,1039,1051,1077]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
, but its presence in that country requires confirmation.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F13C713BBAB8F0DB70DFB95" author="Burger, T. D. &amp; Shao, R. &amp; Barker, S. C." box="[387,611,1087,1113]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="241 - 253" refId="ref178916" refString="Burger, T. D., Shao, R., &amp; Barker, S. C. (2014) Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial genome sequences indicates that the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, contains a cryptic species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 76, 241 - 253. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2014.03.017" type="journal article" year="2014">
Burger
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713BBF08F0DB77FFB95" box="[472,529,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
collected an alleged specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F13C713B9CB8F0DB1A0FB95" baseAuthorityName="Hoogstraal &amp; Kaiser" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[995,1230,1087,1113]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kohlsi">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713B9CB8F0DB1A0FB95" box="[995,1230,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Rhipicephalus kohlsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F13C713BEDB8F0DB059FB95" box="[1267,1335,1087,1113]" name="Oman" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Oman</collectingCountry>
that was characterized molecularly but not morphologically.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F13C713B8F38F51B17CFBB1" author="Orkun, O. &amp; Vatansever, Z." box="[731,1042,1123,1149]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref239885" refString="Orkun, O. &amp; Vatansever, Z. (2021) Rediscovery and first genetic description of some poorly known tick species: Haemaphysalis kopetdaghica Kerbabaev, 1962 and Dermacentor raskemensis Pomerantzev, 1946. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 12 (4) (article 101726), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ttbdis. 2021.101726" type="journal article" year="2021">Orkun &amp; Vatansever (2021)</bibRefCitation>
found significant molecular differences between
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F13C713BB698FB5B742FB6D" baseAuthorityName="Hoogstraal &amp; Kaiser" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[321,556,1159,1185]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kohlsi">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713BB698FB5B742FB6D" box="[321,556,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Rhipicephalus kohlsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F13C713B8588FB5B7AEFB6D" box="[624,704,1159,1185]" name="Turkey" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Turkey</collectingCountry>
and the alleged specimen from
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F13C713BE0F8FB5B100FB6D" box="[1063,1134,1159,1185]" name="Oman" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Oman</collectingCountry>
, which we have provisionally excluded from the range of
<emphasis id="B94B07520F13C713BBD68F99B79EFB09" box="[510,752,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F13C713BBD68F99B782FB09" baseAuthorityName="Hoogstraal &amp; Kaiser" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[510,748,1195,1221]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kohlsi">Rhipicephalus kohlsi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>