321 lines
40 KiB
XML
321 lines
40 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="09915D1E288C6798F2AD8DF803C8B855">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="226D3FC72CC6BA4F497EF8267144553A">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="79B12ADA6A501DB4A93F0F56DBD6D8D4">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EA1A502FCEA3C3483C67520CA4E3695E">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="91A8B7289346CAC046BB9D97E2FF0C18">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9F7DC8218747370F164EBA1BE5ADCB10">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="74D194CD0FE30F11A9DA1925E140CC40">2023-02-07</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B75FFC8FF56FBF9FEAFFD02" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639770" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209290954" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639770" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B75FFC8FF56FBF9FEAFFD02" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B75FFC8FF56FBF9FEAFFD02" lastPageId="100" lastPageNumber="101" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B75FFCFFF56FBF9FDA4FBD5" box="[151,602,1024,1051]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B75FFCFFF56FBF9FDA4FBD5" blockId="99.[151,602,1024,1051]" box="[151,602,1024,1051]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B75FFCFFF56FBF9FDA4FBD5" bold="true" box="[151,602,1024,1051]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B75FFCFFF56FBF9FDA4FBD5" ID-CoL="5B8K8" authority="(Lamarck, 1815)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[151,602,1024,1051]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFF56FBF9FDA4FBD5" bold="true" box="[151,602,1024,1051]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFF56FBF9FE7DFBD4" bold="true" box="[151,387,1024,1051]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Verrucella flexuosa</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B75FFCFFE55FBF8FDACFBD5" author="Lamarck, M. C." box="[404,594,1024,1051]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="76 - 84" refId="ref103887" refString="Lamarck, M. C. (1815) Sur les polypiers corticiferes. Memoires du Museum national d'histoire naturelle Paris, 2, 76 - 84." type="journal article" year="1815">Lamarck, 1815</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B75FFCFFF56FBBCFC24FB0B" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B75FFCFFF56FBBCFD3EFB92" blockId="99.[151,1028,1093,1148]" box="[151,704,1093,1117]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B75FFCFFF56FBBCFD3EFB92" box="[151,704,1093,1117]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B75FFCFFF56FBBCFD42FB92" author="Lamarck, M. C." box="[151,700,1093,1117]" page="34" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" year="1815">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B75FFCFFF56FBBCFD42FB92" authority="Lamarck, 1815: 34 (Indian Ocean)" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[151,700,1093,1117]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFF56FBBCFEADFB92" box="[151,339,1093,1117]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Gorgonia flexuosa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B75FFCFFE9BFBBCFDE4FB92" author="Lamarck, M. C." box="[346,538,1093,1117]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="76 - 84" refId="ref103887" refString="Lamarck, M. C. (1815) Sur les polypiers corticiferes. Memoires du Museum national d'histoire naturelle Paris, 2, 76 - 84." type="journal article" year="1815">Lamarck, 1815: 34</bibRefCitation>
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(Indian Ocean)
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B75FFCFFF56FB9DFBFAFBB3" blockId="99.[151,1028,1093,1148]" box="[151,1028,1123,1148]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B75FFCFFF56FB9DFBFAFBB3" box="[151,1028,1123,1148]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B75FFCFFF56FB9DFD54FBB3" author="Bayer, F. M. & Grasshoff, M." box="[151,682,1124,1148]" page="33" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" year="1994">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B75FFCFFF56FB9DFD54FBB3" ID-CoL="5B8K8" authority="Bayer & Grasshoff 1994: 31 - 33" authorityName="Bayer & Grasshoff" authorityPageNumber="31 - 33" authorityYear="1994" box="[151,682,1124,1148]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFF56FB9DFEA5FBB3" box="[151,347,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Verrucella flexuosa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B75FFCFFEA3FB9DFD54FBB3" author="Bayer, F. M. & Grasshoff, M." box="[354,682,1124,1148]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="21 - 45" refId="ref98951" refString="Bayer, F. M. & Grasshoff, M. (1994) The genus group taxa of the family Ellisellidae, with clarification of the genera established by J. E. Gray (Cnidaria; Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 74 (1 / 2), 21 - 45." type="journal article" year="1994">Bayer & Grasshoff 1994: 31–33</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, figs. 4–5 (
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B75FFCFFCDBFB9DFC87FBB3" box="[794,889,1124,1148]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
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designation).
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B75FFCFFF56FB53FC24FB0B" blockId="99.[151,986,1194,1220]" box="[151,986,1194,1220]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Opinion: There is some evidence that this species may occur in the region.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B75FFC8FF56FB0BFEAFFD02" lastPageId="100" lastPageNumber="101" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B75FFCFFF56FB0BFED7FAC3" blockId="99.[151,1437,1266,1401]" box="[151,297,1266,1292]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B75FFCFFF06FAEFFB4DFAB7" blockId="99.[151,1437,1266,1401]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFF06FAEFFC6DFAFF" box="[199,915,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B75FFCFFC60FAEFFAA4FAFF" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[929,1370,1302,1329]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="269 - 238" refId="ref108487" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D. (1905) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Eds.), Report of the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. Part 3. Supplementary report. The Royal Society, London, pp. 269 - 238." type="book chapter" year="1905">Thomson & Henderson 1905: 316–317</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 3, fig. 4; pl. 4, fig. 8 (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B75FFCFFEAEFAC3FE1AFA9B" box="[367,484,1338,1364]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B75FFCFFE36FAC3FC62FA9B" author="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J." box="[503,924,1338,1364]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref108792" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J. (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 319 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1909">Thomson & Simpson 1909: 269–272</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 4, fig. 10 (Andaman Is.);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B75FFCFFB2DFAC3FF07FAB7" author="Fernando, S. A." pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando 2011: 117–118</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 78, fig. 1–1d (SE coast);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B75FFCFFD83FAA7FC9BFAB7" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[578,869,1374,1400]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFD73FAA6FD1AFAB7" box="[690,740,1374,1400]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 268
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 125, fig. 1–1d (SE coast).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B75FFCFFF06FA5EFEFCF9BB" blockId="99.[151,1437,1446,2012]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFF06FA5EFE62FA0F" box="[199,412,1446,1472]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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: This species was originally established by Lamarck as
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B75FFCFFBDAFA5FFB12FA0F" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[1051,1260,1446,1472]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFBDAFA5FFB12FA0F" box="[1051,1260,1446,1472]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Gorgonia flexuosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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for a specimen from the Indian Ocean: exact collection locality unknown.It was transferred to the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B75FFCFFBA5FA33FB1AFA2B" box="[1124,1252,1482,1508]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Gorgonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFBA5FA33FB1AFA2B" box="[1124,1252,1482,1508]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Gorgonella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B75FFCFFAC8FA33FF1CF9C6" author="Valenciennes, A." pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="7 - 15" refId="ref109127" refString="Valenciennes, A. (1855) Extrait d'une monographie de la famille des Gorgonidees de la classe des polypes. Comptes Rendus Des Seances De L'Academie Des Sciences, 55, 7 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 28683" type="journal article" year="1855">Valenciennes (1855)</bibRefCitation>
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and to
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B75FFCFFEF5FA17FE57F9C7" box="[308,425,1518,1544]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFEF5FA17FE57F9C7" box="[308,425,1518,1544]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Verrucella</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B75FFCFFE13FA17FCBEF9C6" author="Milne Edwards, H. & Haime, J." box="[466,832,1518,1545]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref104679" refString="Milne Edwards, H. & Haime, J. (1857) Histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits, Vol. 1. a la Libraire Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, xxxiv + 326 pp., 8 pls., numbered A 1 - 6 + B 1 - 2. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11574" type="book chapter" year="1857">Milne Edwards & Haime (1857)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The detailed characteristics of this species were quite unknown until a
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B75FFCFFE93F9EBFE47F9E3" box="[338,441,1554,1580]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
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||
of
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B75FFCFFE1DF9EAFDAAF9E3" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[476,596,1554,1580]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFE1DF9EAFDAAF9E3" box="[476,596,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">V. flexuosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was designated and described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B75FFCFFC0DF9EBFB0DF9E3" author="Bayer, F. M. & Grasshoff, M." box="[972,1267,1554,1580]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="21 - 45" refId="ref98951" refString="Bayer, F. M. & Grasshoff, M. (1994) The genus group taxa of the family Ellisellidae, with clarification of the genera established by J. E. Gray (Cnidaria; Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 74 (1 / 2), 21 - 45." type="journal article" year="1994">Bayer & Grasshoff (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Consequently, secondary records prior to Bayer & Grasshoff’s description of the species are unreliable as they were based on little evidence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B75FFCFFF06F987FEF8F883" blockId="99.[151,1437,1446,2012]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B75FFCFFF06F987FDE5F956" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[199,539,1662,1689]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="269 - 238" refId="ref108487" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D. (1905) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Eds.), Report of the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. Part 3. Supplementary report. The Royal Society, London, pp. 269 - 238." type="book chapter" year="1905">Thomson & Henderson (1905)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described two varieties of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B75FFCFFC82F987FBE4F957" authorityName="Bayer & Grasshoff" authorityYear="1994" box="[835,1050,1662,1688]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFC82F987FBE4F957" box="[835,1050,1662,1688]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Verrucella flexuosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B75FFCFFB9DF987FB32F957" box="[1116,1228,1662,1688]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
, only one of which was cited as a synonym by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B75FFCFFE0DF95BFD79F973" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[460,647,1698,1724]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B75FFCFFD7FF95BFC44F973" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[702,954,1698,1724]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFCEEF95AFC9FF973" box="[815,865,1698,1724]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B75FFCFFC0BF95BFA9DF973" box="[970,1379,1698,1724]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="variety" species="flexuosa" variety="aurantiacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFC0BF95BFB5DF973" box="[970,1187,1698,1724]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Verrucella flexuosa</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFB1DF95AFA9DF973" box="[1244,1379,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">aurantiacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFAB5F95AFA6DF973" box="[1396,1427,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">sic</emphasis>
|
||
) (=
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFF71F93EFED5F92F" box="[176,299,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">aurantiaca</emphasis>
|
||
)). The sclerites of the first (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B75FFCFFDA5F93FFC10F92F" box="[612,1006,1734,1760]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="variety" species="flexuosa" variety="aurantiaca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFDA5F93FFCC2F92F" box="[612,828,1734,1760]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Verrucella flexuosa</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFCB2F93EFC10F92F" box="[883,1006,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">aurantiaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were not illustrated, but 3 sclerites of the second (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B75FFCFFEDDF913FD70F8CB" box="[284,654,1770,1796]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="variety" species="flexuosa" variety="gallensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFEDDF913FE0AF8CB" box="[284,500,1770,1796]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Verrucella flexuosa</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFDEBF913FD70F8CB" box="[554,654,1770,1796]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">gallensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were. The latter, which are of a form common to a number of species, resemble those figured by Bayer and Grasshoff, but the specimen lacked the very small double-heads present in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B75FFCFFF56F8CBFEFFF883" box="[151,257,1842,1868]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B75FFC8FF06F8AFFBFFFEAA" blockId="99.[151,1437,1446,2012]" lastBlockId="100.[151,1437,151,717]" lastPageId="100" lastPageNumber="101" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
|
||
The descriptions of the Indian material by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B75FFCFFD73F8AFFC90F8BF" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[690,878,1878,1904]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B75FFCFFC69F8AFFB57F8BF" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[936,1193,1878,1904]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFBDAF8AEFBB0F8BF" box="[1051,1102,1878,1904]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are identical, but the sclerite images are far too small to see the necessary detail. These authors were apparently unaware of Bayer & Grasshoff’s
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B75FFCFFEDEF867FE78F877" box="[287,390,1950,1976]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
description. Their text says “Refer to Thompson & Henderson (1909)” (a typo for Thomson & Simpson), where there is a description of “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B75FFCFFDB5F83BFC13F813" authority=", Klungzinger" authorityName="Klungzinger" box="[628,1005,1986,2012]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B75FFCFFDB5F83BFCB3F813" box="[628,845,1986,2012]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Verrucella flexuosa</emphasis>
|
||
, Klungzinger
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”. Bayer & Grasshoff had included that reference as uncertain in their list of synonyms, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B72FFC8FD22FF6EFC5AFF7E" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[739,932,151,177]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref101466" refString="Grasshoff, M. (2000) The gorgonians of the Sinai coast and the Strait of Gubal, Red Sea (Coelenterata, Octocorallia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 224, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="2000">Grasshoff (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
later stated that Klungzinger’s identification was wrong and erected the new species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B72FFC8FD91FF42FCA8FF1A" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="2000" box="[592,854,187,213]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="klungzingeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FD91FF42FCA8FF1A" box="[592,854,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Verrucella klungzingeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for Klungzinger’s specimen. In the list of synonyms in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B72FFC8FF72FF26FE93FF36" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[179,365,223,249]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B72FFC8FE62FF26FD60FF36" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[419,670,223,249]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FDD2FF26FDBAFF36" box="[531,580,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Klungzinger’s taxon is erroneously listed as “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B72FFC8FB64FF26FA76FF36" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[1189,1416,223,249]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Gorgonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FB64FF26FA76FF36" box="[1189,1416,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Gorgonella flexuosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”. They also have “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B72FFC8FE98FEFAFD0BFED2" authority="Lamarck, 1816" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[345,757,259,285]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Gorgonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FE98FEFAFDC1FED2" box="[345,575,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Gorgonella flexuosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B72FFC8FD89FEFAFD0BFED2" author="Lamarck, M. C." box="[584,757,259,285]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref103915" refString="Lamarck, M. C. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Tome Second. Verdiere, Paris, 568 pp." type="book" year="1816">Lamarck, 1816</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” instead of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B72FFC8FC40FEFAFAF7FED2" authority="Lamarck, 1815" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[897,1289,258,285]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FC40FEFAFBACFED2" box="[897,1106,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Gorgonia flexuosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B72FFC8FB9AFEFAFAF7FED2" author="Lamarck, M. C." box="[1115,1289,258,285]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="76 - 84" refId="ref103887" refString="Lamarck, M. C. (1815) Sur les polypiers corticiferes. Memoires du Museum national d'histoire naturelle Paris, 2, 76 - 84." type="journal article" year="1815">Lamarck, 1815</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The authors said their material agrees “completely” with the description published by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B72FFC8FC02FEDEFB98FE8E" author="Stiasny, G." box="[963,1126,295,321]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="121 - 193" refId="ref107236" refString="Stiasny, G. (1940) Gorgonaria aus dem Roten Meere. Sammlung Ddr. Cyril Crossland, Ghardaqa, und der., " Mabahith " Expedition 1934 - 5. Publications of the Marine Biological Station of Al-Ghardaqa, Red Sea, 2, 121 - 193." type="journal article" year="1940">Stiasny (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B72FFC8FB48FEDEFA95FE8E" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[1161,1387,295,321]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Gorgonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FB48FEDEFA95FE8E" box="[1161,1387,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Gorgonella flexuosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but Bayer & Grasshoff stated the latter was not a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B72FFC8FCE3FEB2FC04FEAA" box="[802,1018,331,357]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FCE3FEB2FC04FEAA" box="[802,1018,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Verrucella flexuosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B72FFC8FF06FE96FEAFFD02" blockId="100.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
|
||
The general shape of the sclerites figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B72FFC8FD0DFE96FC74FE46" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[716,906,367,393]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B72FFC8FC03FE96FB3DFE46" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[962,1219,367,393]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FBF7FE96FB96FE46" box="[1078,1128,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
seem quite similar to those of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B72FFC8FE89FE6AFE4FFE62" box="[328,433,403,429]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
as do the dimensions, although the spindles are much smaller (
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B72FFC8FB59FE6AFAFEFE62" box="[1176,1280,403,429]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="0.08">0.08 mm</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FACBFE6AFAADFE63" box="[1290,1363,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">versus</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B72FFC8FA9DFE6AFF36FE1E" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.02" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="0.102">0.102 mm</quantity>
|
||
), so the identification could be correct. But it is not possible to assess the finer details in order to differentiate them from those of other species, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B72FFC8FD44FE22FC5FFE3A" authority="(Gray, 1869)" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[645,929,475,501]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Isis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aurantia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FD44FE22FCFAFE3B" box="[645,772,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">V. aurantia</emphasis>
|
||
(Gray, 1869)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B72FFC8FBADFE22FA66FE3A" author="Bayer, F. M. & Grasshoff, M." box="[1132,1432,475,501]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="21 - 45" refId="ref98951" refString="Bayer, F. M. & Grasshoff, M. (1994) The genus group taxa of the family Ellisellidae, with clarification of the genera established by J. E. Gray (Cnidaria; Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 74 (1 / 2), 21 - 45." type="journal article" year="1994">Bayer & Grasshoff (1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 7), and from the images provided, the sclerites also resemble those from other nominal species in these Indian accounts, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B72FFC8FE71FDDAFDD3FDF2" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[432,557,547,573]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diadema">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FE71FDDAFDD3FDF2" box="[432,557,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">V. diadema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B72FFC8FDA2FDDAFCFFFDF2" authorityName="Ramvilas & Alderslade & Ranjeet" authorityYear="2023" box="[611,769,547,573]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dichromata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FDA2FDDAFCFFFDF2" box="[611,769,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">V. dichromata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Notably, however, the material described by these authors appears to be identical to that wrongly assigned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B72FFC8FD1FFDBEFC32FDAE" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[734,972,583,609]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FCF5FDBEFC93FDAE" box="[820,877,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B72FFC8FBC2FDBEFAFFFDAE" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[1027,1281,583,609]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FBB7FDBEFB51FDAE" box="[1142,1199,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B72FFC8FAE4FDBEFE19FD4A" authority="Grasshoff, 2000" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="2000" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="klungzingeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FAE4FDBEFED8FD4A" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Verrucella klungzingeri</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B72FFC8FEEDFD92FE19FD4A" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[300,487,619,645]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref101466" refString="Grasshoff, M. (2000) The gorgonians of the Sinai coast and the Strait of Gubal, Red Sea (Coelenterata, Octocorallia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 224, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="2000">Grasshoff, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Indeed, the identical reference to “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B72FFC8FCB6FD92FAFEFD4A" authority="Stiasny, 1940" authorityName="Stiasny" authorityYear="1940" box="[887,1280,619,645]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Gorgonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FCB6FD92FBA1FD4A" box="[887,1119,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Gorgonella flexuosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B72FFC8FBA4FD92FAFEFD4A" author="Stiasny, G." box="[1125,1280,619,645]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="121 - 193" refId="ref107236" refString="Stiasny, G. (1940) Gorgonaria aus dem Roten Meere. Sammlung Ddr. Cyril Crossland, Ghardaqa, und der., " Mabahith " Expedition 1934 - 5. Publications of the Marine Biological Station of Al-Ghardaqa, Red Sea, 2, 121 - 193." type="journal article" year="1940">Stiasny, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” is also listed as a synonym in the
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B72FFC8FEBDFD76FD86FD66" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[380,632,655,681]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FE2FFD76FDD8FD66" box="[494,550,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description of
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FCE0FD76FBCAFD66" box="[801,1076,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B72FFC8FCE0FD76FBCEFD66" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="2000" box="[801,1072,655,681]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="klungzingeri">Verrucella klungzingeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B72FFC8FBF8FD76FA93FD66" author="Venkataraman, K. & Jeyabaskaran, R. & Raghuram, K. P. & Alfred, J. R. B." box="[1081,1389,655,681]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 468" refId="ref109845" refString="Venkataraman, K., Jeyabaskaran, R., Raghuram, K. P. & Alfred, J. R. B. (2004) Bibliography and checklist of corals and coral reef associated organisms of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. Kolkatta, Occasional Paper, 226, 1 - 468." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Venkataraman
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FB22FD76FAEDFD66" box="[1251,1299,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
just lists the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |