146 lines
18 KiB
XML
146 lines
18 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E36FB8CBE62914065A39A9EF631BDF92">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="13A89316D4AC5C1D69D0A50CD1E46770">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D13F816C7A17E15B336EB03EB89A7BD8">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8D46B10BD68823A1C08D20E2B64A211E">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="3D3EE30CA59F2EEDA0EF53EC3C081A83">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B46FFFCFF56FF6EFE81FC2D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639671" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291066" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639671" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B46FFFCFF56FF6EFE81FC2D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B46FFFCFF56FF6EFE81FC2D" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B46FFFCFF56FF6EFD25FF7E" box="[151,731,151,178]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B46FFFCFF56FF6EFD25FF7E" blockId="80.[151,731,151,178]" box="[151,731,151,178]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B46FFFCFF56FF6EFD25FF7E" bold="true" box="[151,731,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B46FFFCFF56FF6EFD25FF7E" ID-CoL="4P972" authority="(Ridley, 1888)" baseAuthorityName="Ridley" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[151,731,151,178]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Pseudopterogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="oppositipinna">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B46FFFCFF56FF6EFD25FF7E" bold="true" box="[151,731,151,178]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B46FFFCFF56FF6EFDD6FF7E" bold="true" box="[151,552,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Pseudopterogorgia oppositipinna</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B46FFFCFDF6FF6EFD2DFF7E" author="Ridley, S. O." box="[567,723,151,177]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="223 - 247" refId="ref106138" refString="Ridley, S. O. (1888) Report on the alcyoniid and gorgoniid Alcyonaria of the Mergui Archipelago, collected for the Indian Museum. The Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 21, 223 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938209459020" type="journal article" year="1888">Ridley, 1888</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B46FFFCFF56FF25FC67FE95" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B46FFFCFF56FF25FC14FF3B" blockId="80.[151,1002,220,274]" box="[151,1002,220,244]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B46FFFCFF56FF25FC14FF3B" box="[151,1002,220,244]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B46FFFCFF56FF25FD84FF3B" author="Ridley, S. O." box="[151,634,220,244]" page="240" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" year="1888">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B46FFFCFF56FF25FD84FF3B" ID-CoL="8K4B4" authority="Ridley, 1888: 238 - 240" authorityName="Ridley" authorityPageNumber="238 - 240" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,634,220,244]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="oppositipinna">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B46FFFCFF56FF25FE74FF3C" box="[151,394,220,243]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Gorgonia oppositipinna</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B46FFFCFE50FF25FD84FF3B" author="Ridley, S. O." box="[401,634,220,244]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="223 - 247" refId="ref106138" refString="Ridley, S. O. (1888) Report on the alcyoniid and gorgoniid Alcyonaria of the Mergui Archipelago, collected for the Indian Museum. The Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 21, 223 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938209459020" type="journal article" year="1888">Ridley, 1888: 238–240</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 18, fig. 7–11 (King Island Bay).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B46FFFCFF56FF03FCB2FEDD" blockId="80.[151,1002,220,274]" box="[151,844,250,274]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B46FFFCFF56FF03FCB2FEDD" box="[151,844,250,274]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B46FFFCFF56FF03FCB6FEDD" author="Williams, G. C. & Vennam, J. S." box="[151,840,250,274]" page="87" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" year="2001">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B46FFFCFF56FF03FCB6FEDD" ID-CoL="4P972" authority="Williams & Vennam 2001: 85 - 87" authorityName="Williams & Vennam" authorityPageNumber="85 - 87" authorityYear="2001" box="[151,840,250,274]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Pseudopterogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="oppositipinna">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B46FFFCFF56FF03FE14FEDD" box="[151,490,250,274]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Pseudopterogorgia oppositipinna</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B46FFFCFE31FF03FCB6FEDD" author="Williams, G. C. & Vennam, J. S." box="[496,840,250,274]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="71 - 95" refId="ref110861" refString="Williams, G. C. & Vennam, J. S. (2001) A revision of the Indo-West Pacific taxa of the gorgonian genus Pseudopterogorgia (Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae), with the description of a new species from western India. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 10, 71 - 95." type="journal article" year="2001">Williams & Vennam 2001: 85–87</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B46FFFCFF56FEB9FC67FE95" blockId="80.[151,921,320,347]" box="[151,921,320,347]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Opinion: There is no evidence that this material occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B46FFFCFF56FE71FE81FC2D" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B46FFFCFF56FE71FED7FE6D" blockId="80.[151,1436,392,491]" box="[151,297,392,418]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B46FFFCFF06FE55FCB5FE24" blockId="80.[151,1436,392,491]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B46FFFCFF06FE55FC66FE09" box="[199,920,428,454]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B46FFFCFC69FE55FB53FE08" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[936,1197,428,455]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando, 2011: 97–98</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 61, fig. 1–1c (SE coast);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B46FFFCFF28FE29FDF5FE24" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[233,523,464,491]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B46FFFCFE9BFE28FE75FE25" box="[346,395,464,490]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 199
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 91, fig. 1–1c (SE coast).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B46FFFCFF06FDE0FE81FC2D" blockId="80.[151,1437,536,994]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B46FFFCFF06FDE0FE65FDFD" box="[199,411,536,562]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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: The descriptions of the Indian material by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B46FFFCFC46FDE1FBBFFDFC" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[903,1089,536,563]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B46FFFCFBB9FDE1FA8DFDFC" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[1144,1395,536,563]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B46FFFCFB28FDE0FAE4FDFD" box="[1257,1306,536,562]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">et al</emphasis>
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. (2017)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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are identical. The illustrated colony is branched in an irregular lateral manner with relatively thick branches, whereas the colonies figured by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B46FFFCFE6AFD99FDB4FDB4" author="Ridley, S. O." box="[427,586,608,635]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="223 - 247" refId="ref106138" refString="Ridley, S. O. (1888) Report on the alcyoniid and gorgoniid Alcyonaria of the Mergui Archipelago, collected for the Indian Museum. The Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 21, 223 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938209459020" type="journal article" year="1888">Ridley (1888)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B46FFFCFD47FD99FC3BFDB4" author="Williams, G. C. & Vennam, J. S." box="[646,965,608,635]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="71 - 95" refId="ref110861" refString="Williams, G. C. & Vennam, J. S. (2001) A revision of the Indo-West Pacific taxa of the gorgonian genus Pseudopterogorgia (Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae), with the description of a new species from western India. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 10, 71 - 95." type="journal article" year="2001">Williams & Vennam (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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are pinnate and have very thin branches (Ridley:
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<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B46FFFCFF38FD7DFE95FD50" box="[249,363,644,671]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1–1.5 mm</quantity>
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thick). The sclerites figures given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B46FFFCFCD1FD7DFC34FD50" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[784,970,644,671]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B46FFFCFC3EFD7DFB06FD50" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[1023,1272,644,671]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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||
Fernando
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B46FFFCFBAEFD7CFB5EFD51" box="[1135,1184,644,670]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (2017)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
are very small and unsharp so it is not possible to see a lot of detail, but nearly all seem to be short, stout spindles of the same size, some curved, with a well-defined waist between 2 distinct girdles of large, warts, and possibly another girdle and some terminal warts at each end. Scaphoids seem to be absent or are very indistinct.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B46FFFCFBA0FD09FA62FCC4" author="Williams, G. C. & Vennam, J. S." box="[1121,1436,752,779]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="71 - 95" refId="ref110861" refString="Williams, G. C. & Vennam, J. S. (2001) A revision of the Indo-West Pacific taxa of the gorgonian genus Pseudopterogorgia (Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae), with the description of a new species from western India. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 10, 71 - 95." type="journal article" year="2001">Williams & Vennam (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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describe the sclerites as including elongate spindles with many girdles of warts and scaphoids that are mostly long, narrow, and well developed. They also say this species is one of two that have the highest proportion of scaphoids in the genus, which tallies with Ridley’s account where he only describes scaphoids and describes them as being slender and pointed. It would seem that that the colony described by Fernando’s does not fit this species; however, as the original samples came from Mergui it would not be surprising if it was eventually discovered off the
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<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B46FFFCFAEEFC5DFE85FC2D" country="India" name="Andaman and Nicobar Islands" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
</treatment>
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||
</document> |