165 lines
18 KiB
XML
165 lines
18 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="64ACE7362E03B1F486F3940B212FA5EB">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DD0661401FE5C2F79165A5C98838F83D">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2AD574FF5B9E96B697F77D3F6118B0B7" type="email">ramvilas@kufos.ac.in</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="D7E3E8E41B6A702322E8D97E61D4F95E">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0CF96147FC5DBE9C958968799F3E40FA" type="email">phil.alderslade@csiro.au</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="14EDB3B50D10A38D6BB73C648E83CF1B">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="4E6AD87ED9560A43EF15F8BF4B92AE7A" type="email">ramvilas@kufos.ac.in</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="998DEA76C45B333BE5510B5BF398C54E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0E973A69ED58B3A7443EF992287E2959">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9A0288BA21937D2C9DDAA4A33EF92BA9">2023-02-07</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B3EFF85FF56F8E4FB88FD66" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7640887" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291293" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7640887" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B3EFF85FF56F8E4FB88FD66" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B3EFF85FF56F8E4FB88FD66" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B3EFF84FF56F8E4FDECF8F8" box="[151,530,1821,1848]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B3EFF84FF56F8E4FDECF8F8" blockId="40.[151,530,1821,1848]" box="[151,530,1821,1848]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B3EFF84FF56F8E4FDECF8F8" bold="true" box="[151,530,1821,1848]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B3EFF84FF56F8E4FDECF8F8" ID-CoL="73QKZ" authority="(Verrill, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[151,530,1821,1848]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Muricella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nitida">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B3EFF84FF56F8E4FDECF8F8" bold="true" box="[151,530,1821,1848]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B3EFF84FF56F8E4FEA5F8F7" bold="true" box="[151,347,1821,1848]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Muricella nitida</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3EFF84FEAAF8E4FDF7F8F8" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[363,521,1821,1847]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="411 - 415" refId="ref110053" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1868) Critical remarks on the halcyonoid polyps in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera. The American Journal of Science and Arts, 45, 411 - 415." type="journal article" year="1868">Verrill, 1868</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B3EFF85FF56F89AFED7FF7E" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B3EFF84FF56F89AFD7EF8B5" blockId="40.[151,640,1890,1914]" box="[151,640,1890,1914]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B3EFF84FF56F89AFD7EF8B5" box="[151,640,1890,1914]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B3EFF84FF56F89AFE16F8B5" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[151,488,1890,1914]" page="412" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" year="1868">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B3EFF84FF56F89AFE16F8B5" authority="Verrill, 1868: 412" authorityName="Verrill" authorityPageNumber="412" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,488,1890,1914]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nitida">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B3EFF84FF56F89AFED0F8B5" box="[151,302,1890,1914]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Muricea nitida</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3EFF84FEF4F89BFE16F8B5" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[309,488,1890,1914]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="411 - 415" refId="ref110053" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1868) Critical remarks on the halcyonoid polyps in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera. The American Journal of Science and Arts, 45, 411 - 415." type="journal article" year="1868">Verrill, 1868: 412</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B3EFF84FE34F89BFDD2F8B5" box="[501,556,1890,1914]" country="Marshall Islands" name="Ebon" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Ebon</collectingRegion>
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Island).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B3EFF84FF56F851FC70F80D" blockId="40.[151,910,1960,1987]" box="[151,910,1960,1987]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B3FFF85FF56FF6EFED7FF7E" blockId="41.[151,1437,151,285]" box="[151,297,151,177]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Justification:</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B3FFF85FF06FF42FB88FD66" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B3FFF85FF06FF42FF1CFED2" blockId="41.[151,1437,151,285]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FF06FF42FC6BFF1A" box="[199,917,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3FFF85FC65FF42FB13FF1A" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[932,1261,187,213]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="417 - 425" refId="ref108077" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1990) Discovery of a Deep water bed off Bombay and its qualitative appraisal. Proceedings First Workshop Scientific Result FORV Sagar Sampada, 1990, 417 - 425." type="journal article" year="1990">Thomas & George 1990: 419</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 1A, fig. 1b: 1–3 (off
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B3FFF85FF39FF26FEA2FF36" box="[248,348,223,249]" name="India" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Bombay</collectingCountry>
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);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3FFF85FEAEFF26FDBDFF36" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[367,579,223,249]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando 2011: 36</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 14, fig. 1–1c (SW coast);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3FFF85FC53FF26FB59FF36" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[914,1191,223,249]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FBC2FF26FBCAFF36" box="[1027,1076,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 70
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 28, fig. 1–1c (SW coast).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B3FFF85FF06FEB2FBB9FDF2" blockId="41.[151,1437,331,681]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FF06FEB2FE67FEAA" box="[199,409,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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: This species was collected in the
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B3FFF85FCD0FEB2FC32FEAA" box="[785,972,331,357]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
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, in the North Pacific and originally placed by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3FFF85FF7BFE96FEAAFE46" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[186,340,367,393]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="411 - 415" refId="ref110053" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1868) Critical remarks on the halcyonoid polyps in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera. The American Journal of Science and Arts, 45, 411 - 415." type="journal article" year="1868">Verrill (1868)</bibRefCitation>
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in the genus
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FE2CFE96FDADFE47" box="[493,595,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B3FFF85FE2CFE96FDB1FE47" box="[493,591,367,392]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Muricea</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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but then Verrill (1869) transferred it to
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FBD4FE96FB75FE46" box="[1045,1163,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B3FFF85FBD4FE96FB79FE46" box="[1045,1159,367,393]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Muricella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Muricella</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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However, the species is unidentifiable as Verrill’s description was very brief and gave no illustrations and there have been no redescriptions of the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B3FFF85FF1DFE4EFEBCFE1E" box="[220,322,439,465]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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. Germanos (1896) did present a description with an illustration of a branch fragment with polyps, but in his text he said that despite Verrill’s inadequate description, he believed he could identify the
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B3FFF85FB14FE22FA62FE3A" box="[1237,1436,475,501]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FB14FE22FABDFE3A" box="[1237,1347,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Muricella</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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that
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B3FFF85FF09FE06FE90FDD6" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1868" box="[200,366,511,537]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nitida">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FF09FE06FE90FDD6" box="[200,366,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Muricea nitida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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represented.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3FFF85FDC2FE06FC34FDD6" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[515,970,510,537]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="269 - 238" refId="ref108487" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D. (1905) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Eds.), Report of the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. Part 3. Supplementary report. The Royal Society, London, pp. 269 - 238." type="book chapter" year="1905">Thomson & Henderson (1905: 302–303)</bibRefCitation>
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identified a colony with this species from
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B3FFF85FF56FDDAFEF6FDF2" box="[151,264,547,573]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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, but the description is so poor it is impossible to determine what they had.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B3FFF85FF06FDBEFB88FD66" blockId="41.[151,1437,331,681]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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The material described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3FFF85FE2DFDBEFCF7FDAE" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[492,777,583,609]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="417 - 425" refId="ref108077" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1990) Discovery of a Deep water bed off Bombay and its qualitative appraisal. Proceedings First Workshop Scientific Result FORV Sagar Sampada, 1990, 417 - 425." type="journal article" year="1990">Thomas & George (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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had calyces and was possibly an
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B3FFF85FBB9FDBEFB03FDAE" box="[1144,1277,583,609]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Astrogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FBB9FDBEFB03FDAE" box="[1144,1277,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Astrogorgia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The accounts given by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3FFF85FEC1FD92FE45FD4A" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[256,443,619,645]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3FFF85FE33FD92FD10FD4A" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[498,750,619,645]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FDA5FD92FD6BFD4A" box="[612,661,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
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. (2017)
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</bibRefCitation>
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are identical and describe specimens with” highly retractile” polyps and sclerome of spindles, which indicates they probably also had an
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FC28FD76FB88FD66" box="[1001,1142,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B3FFF85FC28FD76FB8CFD66" box="[1001,1138,655,681]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Astrogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Astrogorgia</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |