162 lines
19 KiB
XML
162 lines
19 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6BC0C6F277B87CDE27F7D7A881263707">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3EA375DE8C4C3E797B8DEC4CA4F85620">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B24FF9EFF56FE52FC28FA68" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639475" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291248" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639475" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B24FF9EFF56FE52FC28FA68" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B24FF9EFF56FE52FC28FA68" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B24FF9EFF56FE52FDDCFE09" box="[151,546,427,454]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B24FF9EFF56FE52FDDCFE09" blockId="50.[151,546,427,454]" box="[151,546,427,454]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B24FF9EFF56FE52FDDCFE09" bold="true" box="[151,546,427,454]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B24FF9EFF56FE52FDDCFE09" ID-CoL="L5V7" ID-ENA="991074" authority="Nutting, 1910" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,546,427,454]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Bebryce" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thomsoni">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B24FF9EFF56FE52FDDCFE09" bold="true" box="[151,546,427,454]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B24FF9EFF56FE52FE8EFE09" bold="true" box="[151,368,427,454]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Bebryce thomsoni</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B24FF9EFEB9FE55FDDCFE09" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[376,546,428,454]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref104950" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition III. The Muriceidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting, 1910</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B24FF9EFF56FE09FC0EFDA0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B24FF9EFF56FE09FCFDFDE8" blockId="50.[151,1437,496,551]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B24FF9EFF56FE09FDEAFDC6" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[151,532,496,521]" page="49" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" year="1910">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B24FF9EFF56FE09FDEAFDC6" ID-CoL="L5V7" authority="Nutting, 1910: 49" authorityName="Nutting" authorityPageNumber="49" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,532,496,521]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Bebryce" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thomsoni">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B24FF9EFF56FE09FEAEFDC7" box="[151,336,496,520]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Bebryce thomsoni</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B24FF9EFE98FE09FDEAFDC6" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[345,532,496,521]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref104950" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition III. The Muriceidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting, 1910: 49</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 7 fig. 4, 4a; pl. 20, fig. 8. (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B24FF9EFCA0FE09FC36FDC7" box="[865,968,496,520]" name="Indonesia" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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, west coast of
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B24FF9EFBA6FE09FB54FDC7" box="[1127,1194,496,520]" name="Indonesia" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Flores</collectingCountry>
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; Kei Islands):
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B24FF9EFA82FE08FE38FDE8" author="Bayer, F. M. & Ofwegen, L. V." page="352" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" year="2016">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B24FF9EFA82FE08FE38FDE8" author="Bayer, F. M. & Ofwegen, L. V." pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="301 - 358" refId="ref99006" refString="Bayer, F. M. & Ofwegen, L. V. (2016) The type specimens of Bebryce (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Plexauridae) re-examined, with emphasis on the sclerites. Zootaxa, 4083 (3), 301 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4083.3.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Bayer & Ofwegen 2016: 352–354</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, figs. 35–36 (
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B24FF9EFD8EFDF6FD82FDE8" box="[591,636,527,551]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">type</typeStatus>
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description).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B24FF9EFF56FDACFC0EFDA0" blockId="50.[151,1008,597,624]" box="[151,1008,597,624]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Opinion: There is not enough evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B24FF9EFF56FD61FC28FA68" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B24FF9EFF56FD61FED7FD7D" blockId="50.[151,1436,664,763]" box="[151,297,664,690]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B24FF9EFF06FD45FCCDFD35" blockId="50.[151,1436,664,763]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B24FF9EFF06FD45FC4EFD19" box="[199,944,700,726]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B24FF9EFC03FD45FB5DFD19" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[962,1187,700,726]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando, 2011: 43</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 20, fig. 1–1f (SE coast);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B24FF9EFF28FD19FE03FD35" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[233,509,736,763]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B24FF9EFE9BFD18FE75FD35" box="[346,395,736,762]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 89
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 39, fig.1–1f (SE coast).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B24FF9EFF06FCD0FD4AFBD5" blockId="50.[151,1437,808,1447]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B24FF9EFF06FCD0FE65FC8D" box="[199,411,808,834]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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: The descriptions of the Indian material by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B24FF9EFC46FCD1FBBFFC8D" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[903,1089,808,834]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B24FF9EFBB9FCD1FA8DFC8D" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[1144,1395,808,835]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B24FF9EFB28FCD0FAE4FC8D" box="[1257,1306,808,834]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al</emphasis>
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. (2017)
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</bibRefCitation>
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are identical, but it is difficult to recognise the species they describe because there is not sufficient information in the sclerite images. At first glance, with the predominance of warty spheroids and the large heavily warted spindles and clubs, the sclerite figures indicate the specimen could be closely related to
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B24FF9EFC28FC6CFEC7FC1D" authority="(Thomson & Russell, 1910)" baseAuthorityName="Thomson & Russell" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Discogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="acanthoides">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B24FF9EFC28FC6CFAFDFC61" box="[1001,1283,916,942]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Discogorgia acanthoides</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B24FF9EFAD2FC6DFECFFC1D" author="Thomson, J. A. & Russell, E. S." pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="139 - 164" refId="ref108715" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Russell, E. S. (1910) Alcyonarians collected on the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner. Part 1, the Axifera. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Series 2, 13 (2), 139 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1910. tb 00515. x" type="journal article" year="1910">Thomson & Russell, 1910</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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(see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B24FF9EFEB5FC40FD42FC1C" author="Bayer, F. M. & Ofwegen, L. V." box="[372,700,952,979]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="301 - 358" refId="ref99006" refString="Bayer, F. M. & Ofwegen, L. V. (2016) The type specimens of Bebryce (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Plexauridae) re-examined, with emphasis on the sclerites. Zootaxa, 4083 (3), 301 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4083.3.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Bayer & Ofwegen 2016: 355</bibRefCitation>
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). But one sclerite image in their figures (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B24FF9EFB45FC41FACFFC1D" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[1156,1329,952,978]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando 2011</bibRefCitation>
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: plate 20, fig. 1b, bottom left corner) looks similar to the small rosettes figured by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B24FF9EFC05FC24FB20FC39" author="Bayer, F. M. & Ofwegen, L. V." box="[964,1246,988,1015]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="301 - 358" refId="ref99006" refString="Bayer, F. M. & Ofwegen, L. V. (2016) The type specimens of Bebryce (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Plexauridae) re-examined, with emphasis on the sclerites. Zootaxa, 4083 (3), 301 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4083.3.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Bayer & Ofwegen (2016</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 35e, bottom left), which indicates the specimen is a
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B24FF9EFD90FBF9FD4AFBD5" box="[593,692,1024,1050]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B24FF9EFD90FBF9FD4EFBD5" box="[593,688,1024,1050]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Bebryce" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Bebryce</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B24FF9EFF06FBDDFB54FAF5" blockId="50.[151,1437,808,1447]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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Comparing the Indian material to the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B24FF9EFDAAFBDDFD33FBF1" box="[619,717,1060,1086]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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as described by Bayer and Ofwegen, there are clear differences. The most obvious is the sclerites of the Indian specimen appear to include large numbers of warty spheroids, which are not present in the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B24FF9EFE54FB95FE05FB49" box="[405,507,1132,1158]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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. These could, however, be rosettes that have all managed to be balanced upsidedown, in which case their form must be different to those of the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B24FF9EFC41FB69FC18FB65" box="[896,998,1168,1194]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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. This indeed appears to be the case as the text of the Indian authors states that the coenenchyme contains “circular to oval studs” with the upper surface concave and covered in “smooth bead-like warts”, whereas in the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B24FF9EFCB4FB21FC29FB3D" box="[885,983,1240,1266]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
the upper surface is convex and covered in clusters of blunt spines. Additionally, it is difficult to reconcile the large, heavily warted spindles and clubs in Fernando’s publication (2011: pl. 20, figs. 1d–f) with the anthocdial sclerites of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B24FF9EFB81FAD9FB58FAF5" box="[1088,1190,1312,1338]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B24FF9EFF06FABCFC28FA68" blockId="50.[151,1437,808,1447]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Bayer and Ofwegen figured the sclerites from another Indonesian specimen (USNM 43159) that they assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B24FF9EFF77FA90FEC3FA4D" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[182,317,1384,1410]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Bebryce" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="thomsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B24FF9EFF77FA90FEC3FA4D" box="[182,317,1384,1410]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">B. thomsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that has different sclerite forms, including the presence of warty spheroids. We believe the Indian specimen represents a new species and is closely related to USNM 43159.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |