treatments-xml/data/90/AB/C0/90ABC0F28AD8E67E2C30154DCC95B8B1.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fc0de51-2536-45b8-8be2-d8b860355539" ID-PMC="PMC6554266" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-123-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" ID-PubMed="31198402" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240750" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1314-2003-123-1" ModsDocOrigin="PhytoKeys 123" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean" checkinTime="1559283366142" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra, Barboza, Gloria E., Bohs, Lynn &amp; Saerkinen, Tiina" docDate="2019" docId="90ABC0F28AD8E67E2C30154DCC95B8B1" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 123: 1-144" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 123" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" docTitle="Solanum triflorum Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 128. 1818" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" id="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" lastPageNumber="100" masterDocId="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" masterDocTitle="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean" masterLastPageNumber="144" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="97" updateTime="1668139316858" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Bohs, Lynn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Saerkinen, Tiina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number>123</mods:number>
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17. 
<taxonomicName LSID="90ABC0F2-8AD8-E67E-2C30-154DCC95B8B1" authority="Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 128. 1818" authorityName="Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 128." authorityYear="1818" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triflorum">Solanum triflorum Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 128. 1818</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 51" captionStartId="F51" captionText="Figure 51. Solanum triflorum Nutt. A Flowering habit B fruiting habit C flowering branch D detail of adaxial leaf surface E detail of adaxial leaf surface F bud G dissected flower H fruit (A, C, F, G Donat 55; B, D, E, H Baker 577). Drawing by R. Wise (previously published in &quot; PhytoKeys 106 &quot;)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure51" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305350" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Figure 51</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 52" captionStartId="F52" captionText="Figure 52. Solanum triflorum Nutt. A Habit B flowering habit C flower and flower bud D flower. (A, D Barboza et al. 2345 B, C Sersic 5040). Photos by G. Barboza and A. Sersic (previously published in &quot; PhytoKeys 106 &quot;)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure52" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305351" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">, 52</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName authority="Nutt." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum var. majus" order="Solanales" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="triflorum" variety="majus">Solanum triflorum Nutt. var. majus</taxonomicName>
Hook., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 90. 1837, as 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“major”">
&quot; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">major</emphasis>
&quot;
</normalizedToken>
. Type. Canada. Saskatchewan: &quot;Carleton House Fort, Saskatchewan River&quot;, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">J. Richardson s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 167: BM [BM000934745]; isolectotype: K [K001159656, large plants]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName authority="Nutt." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum var. minus" order="Solanales" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="triflorum" variety="minus">Solanum triflorum Nutt. var. minus</taxonomicName>
Hook., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 90. 1837, as 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“minor”">
&quot; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">minor</emphasis>
&quot;
</normalizedToken>
. Type. Canada. Saskatchewan: &quot;In the Garden (a weed) of Carleton House Fort, entrance of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Badger’s">Badger's</normalizedToken>
Hole, and Saskatchewan River to Edmonton House [protologue]&quot;, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">T. Drummond s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 167: E [E00526685]; isolectotypes: BM [BM000934744], K [K001159656]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Phil" authorityYear="1862" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum mendocinum" order="Solanales" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mendocinum">Solanum mendocinum</taxonomicName>
Phil., Anales Univ. Chile 21(2): 403. 1862. Type. Argentina. Mendoza: Mendoza, 1860-1861, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
W. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Díaz">Diaz</normalizedToken>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Barboza, GE" journalOrPublisher="D'Arcy: the legacy of a taxonomist, Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 104. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" refId="B12" refString="Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, Saerkinen, T, 2013. Grupo VII. Moreloide. In Anton AM, Zuloaga FO (Eds), Barboza GE (coord.) Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IBODA-IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina, 231-264." title="Grupo VII. Moreloide. In Anton AM, Zuloaga FO (Eds), Barboza GE (coord.) Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IBODA-IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina, 231 - 264." year="2013">Barboza et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 260: SGO [SGO000004580]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Phil" authorityYear="1862" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum calophyllum" order="Solanales" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calophyllum">Solanum calophyllum</taxonomicName>
Phil., Anales Univ. Chile 21(2): 403. 1862. Type. Argentina. Mendoza: Mendoza, 1860-1861, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">R. Philippi s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 167 [cited as holotype in 
<bibRefCitation author="Barboza, GE" journalOrPublisher="D'Arcy: the legacy of a taxonomist, Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 104. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" refId="B12" refString="Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, Saerkinen, T, 2013. Grupo VII. Moreloide. In Anton AM, Zuloaga FO (Eds), Barboza GE (coord.) Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IBODA-IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina, 231-264." title="Grupo VII. Moreloide. In Anton AM, Zuloaga FO (Eds), Barboza GE (coord.) Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IBODA-IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina, 231 - 264." year="2013">Barboza et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
]: SGO [SGO000004552]; isolectotype: G [G00343450]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Griseb" authorityYear="1879" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pyrethrifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrethrifolium">Solanum pyrethrifolium</taxonomicName>
Griseb., Abh. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Königl">Koenigl</normalizedToken>
. Ges. Wiss. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Göttingen">Goettingen</normalizedToken>
24: 250. 1879. Type. Argentina. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tucumán">Tucuman</normalizedToken>
: Lules, Dec 1873, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">P. G. Lorentz &amp; G. Hieronymus</emphasis>
1132 (lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Morton, CV" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refId="B164" refString="Morton, CV, 1976. A revision of the Argentine species of Solanum. Cordoba: Academia Nacional de Ciencias." title="A revision of the Argentine species of Solanum. Cordoba: Academia Nacional de Ciencias." year="1976">Morton 1976</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 102: CORD [CORD00006111]; isolectotype: GOET [GOET003594]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName authority="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum gaudichaudii var. pyrethrifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="gaudichaudii" variety="pyrethrifolium">Solanum gaudichaudii Dunal var. pyrethrifolium</taxonomicName>
(Griseb.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 226. 1898. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Griseb" authorityYear="1879" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pyrethrifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrethrifolium">Solanum pyrethrifolium</taxonomicName>
Griseb.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName authority="Nutt." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum var. calophyllum" order="Solanales" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="triflorum" variety="calophyllum">Solanum triflorum Nutt. var. calophyllum</taxonomicName>
(Phil.) Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereine Bremen 23: 144. 1914. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Phil" authorityYear="1862" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum calophyllum" order="Solanales" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calophyllum">Solanum calophyllum</taxonomicName>
Phil.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName authority="Nutt." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum var. pyrethrifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="triflorum" variety="pyrethrifolium">Solanum triflorum Nutt. var. pyrethrifolium</taxonomicName>
(Griseb.) Bitter ex Probst, Mitteil. Naturfor. Gesellsch. Solothurn 9: 41. 1932. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Griseb" authorityYear="1879" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pyrethrifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrethrifolium">Solanum pyrethrifolium</taxonomicName>
Griseb.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Type.8</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
United States of America. North Dakota: nr. Fort Mandan, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Anon. [Lewis &amp; Clark] s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Barboza, GE" journalOrPublisher="D'Arcy: the legacy of a taxonomist, Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 104. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" refId="B12" refString="Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, Saerkinen, T, 2013. Grupo VII. Moreloide. In Anton AM, Zuloaga FO (Eds), Barboza GE (coord.) Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IBODA-IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina, 231-264." title="Grupo VII. Moreloide. In Anton AM, Zuloaga FO (Eds), Barboza GE (coord.) Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IBODA-IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina, 231 - 264." year="2013">Barboza et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 260: PH [PH00030496]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="97" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="97" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
Annual herbs to 40 cm tall, much branched at the base, to 70 cm in diameter. Stems terete, green, decumbent and prostrate, forming adventitious roots at the nodes, not markedly hollow; new growth glabrous to sparsely pubescent with eglandular simple, uniseriate (3-)4-10-celled spreading trichomes 0.5-2.0 mm long, occasionally with a few glandular trichomes with a 1-many-celled apical gland; older stems glabrescent. Sympodial units difoliate or trifoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple and shallowly lobed to deeply pinnatifid, (0.5-)2.0-4.0(-5.0) cm long, 0.2-2.9 cm wide, narrowly elliptic to oblong or ovate-elliptic, fleshy in texture, green to dark green; adaxial surface glabrous to sparsely pubescent with simple, uniseriate trichomes like those on stem, scattered along lamina and more densely along the veins; abaxial surface more densely pubescent on veins and lamina; major veins 3-6 pairs, not clearly evident abaxially; base cuneate, decurrent on the petiole; sinuate-lobate to deeply pinnatifid to near-pinnate, with 3-6 linear to triangular pairs of lobes; apex acute; petioles (0.5-)1.0-2.0(-2.4) cm long, pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems. Inflorescences 1.0-2.0 cm long, internodal, unbranched, with 1 
<normalizedToken originalValue="–5(–">-5(-</normalizedToken>
6) flowers clustered near the tips (sub-umbelliform), glabrous to sparsely pubescent with spreading trichomes like those of the stems; peduncle 0.8-3.5 cm long, often with apical leafy 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“bracteoles”">&quot;bracteoles&quot;</normalizedToken>
(small, leaf-like structures amongst the pedicels); pedicels 3-12 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter at the base and 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter at the apex, straight and spreading, articulated at the base; pedicel scars spaced 0(-0.5) mm apart. Buds narrowly ellipsoid or occasionally narrowly ovoid, the corolla exserted 1/5-2/5 from the calyx tube before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, all perfect. Calyx tube 1.0-1.5 mm long, conical, the lobes 2.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="–3.5(–">-3.5(-</normalizedToken>
7.0) mm long, 0.8 
<normalizedToken originalValue="–1.0(–">-1.0(-</normalizedToken>
4.0) mm wide, triangular-oblong with acute apices, densely pubescent with simple, uniseriate eglandular trichomes like those of the stem. Corolla 10-14 mm in diameter, white to lilac with a yellow-green central eye with black-purple coloration at the base, deeply stellate, lobed 1/2-3/4 of the way to the base, the lobes 4.0-5.0 mm long, 1.8-2.2 mm wide, reflexed at anthesis, densely pubescent abaxially with short simple uniseriate eglandular trichomes like those on stems and leaves. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments 0.6-1.0 mm long, adaxially sparsely pubescent with tangled simple, uniseriate trichomes; anthers 2.8 
<normalizedToken originalValue="–3.1(–">-3.1(-</normalizedToken>
4) mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm wide, narrowly ellipsoid, pale yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age and drying. Ovary globose, glabrous; style 2.5-3.5 mm long, densely pubescent with 2-3-celled simple uniseriate trichomes to 1/2 from the base, not exserted beyond the 
<pageBreakToken pageId="97" pageNumber="98" start="start">anther</pageBreakToken>
cone; stigma capitate, minutely papillate, green in live plants. Fruit a globose berry, 8-10(-20) mm in diameter, dark green at maturity, opaque, the surface of the pericarp usually shiny; fruiting pedicels 12-17 mm long, 0.5-1.0 mm in diameter at the base, 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter at the apex, spaced 0 
<normalizedToken originalValue="–0.5(–">-0.5(-</normalizedToken>
1.0) mm apart, reflexed and becoming woody, dropping with mature fruits, not persistent; fruiting calyx elongating in fruit, but not becoming papery nor covering the entire fruit, the tube 2.5-3.0 mm long, the lobes (4.0-)4.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="–5.5(–">-5.5(-</normalizedToken>
8.0) mm long and 2.2-3.5 mm wide, strongly reflexed to spreading. Seeds 40-60 per berry, 2.0-2.5 mm long, 1.7-2.0 mm wide, subglobose, yellow, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells pentagonal in outline. Stone cells 13-30, 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter. Chromosome number: 2 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">n</emphasis>
=2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
=24 (South American populations only, see 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240852" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure51" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305350" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" start="Figure 51" startId="F51">
<paragraph pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Figure 51.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Solanum triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nutt. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">A</emphasis>
Flowering habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">B</emphasis>
fruiting habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">C</emphasis>
flowering branch 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">D</emphasis>
detail of adaxial leaf surface 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">E</emphasis>
detail of adaxial leaf surface 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">F</emphasis>
bud 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">G</emphasis>
dissected flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">H</emphasis>
fruit (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">A, C, F,G</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Donat 55</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">B, D, E, H</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Baker 577</emphasis>
). Drawing by R. Wise (previously published in &quot;PhytoKeys 106&quot;).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240854" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure52" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305351" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" start="Figure 52" startId="F52">
<paragraph pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Figure 52.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Solanum triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nutt. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">A</emphasis>
Habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">B</emphasis>
flowering habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">C</emphasis>
flower and flower bud 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">D</emphasis>
flower. (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">A, D</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Barboza et al. 2345</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">B, C</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sérsic">Sersic</normalizedToken>
5040
</emphasis>
). Photos by G. Barboza and A. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sérsic">Sersic</normalizedToken>
(previously published in &quot;PhytoKeys 106&quot;).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
(Figure 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 53" captionStartId="F53" captionText="Figure 53. Distribution of Solanum triflorum Nutt." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure53" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305352" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">53</figureCitation>
) 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Solanum triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is native to the Americas with a disjunct (amphitropical) distribution between temperate South and North America. In North America it occurs in the United States of America from New Mexico and California north to Canada. The species has been introduced outside its native range in temperate areas of Europe, South Africa and Australia (see 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240856" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure53" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305352" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" start="Figure 53" startId="F53">
<paragraph pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Figure 53.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Solanum triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nutt.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
<pageBreakToken pageId="98" pageNumber="99" start="start">Ecology</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
In temperate and boreal regions 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">S. triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows broad ecological lability, growing along road sides, sandy soils, in cultivation, and in salt plains between (0-)700 and 2,900 m elevation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="common names">
<paragraph pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Common names.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
Canada. Wild tomato (
<bibRefCitation author="Moss, EH" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refId="B165" refString="Moss, EH, 1983. Flora of Alberta: a manual for flowering plants, conifers, ferns, and fern allies growing without cultivation in the province of Alberta, Canada. 2nd edition (revised by JG Packer). University of Toronto Press, Toronto." title="Flora of Alberta: a manual for flowering plants, conifers, ferns, and fern allies growing without cultivation in the province of Alberta, Canada. 2 nd edition (revised by JG Packer). University of Toronto Press, Toronto." year="1983">Moss 1983</bibRefCitation>
). United States of America. Cut-leaf nightshade (many sources; 
<bibRefCitation author="USDA Plants" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" publicationUrl="http://plants.usda.gov" refId="B181" refString="USDA Plants, 2017. USDA- NCRS The PLANTS Database National Plant Data Team, Greensboro [http://plants.usda.gov" title="USDA- NCRS The PLANTS Database National Plant Data Team, Greensboro [" url="http://plants.usda.gov" year="2017">USDA Plants 2017</bibRefCitation>
), Husk tomato (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Coombs &amp; Bundy 2456</emphasis>
), Three-flowered nightshade (
<bibRefCitation author="Peck, ME" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the American Society of Sugarcane Technologists" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" refId="B177" refString="Peck, ME, 1941. A manual of the higher plants of Oregon. Binfords and Mort, Portland." title="A manual of the higher plants of Oregon. Binfords and Mort, Portland." year="1941">Peck 1941</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="uses">
<paragraph pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
Berries eaten in times of food shortages and famine (Acoma, Keres, Laguna peoples); fruit boiled and ground for use in a condiment (Zuni people); decoction of the berries taken for diarrhoea (Blackfoot people), stomach aches (Lakota people), used as lotion for sores on horses (Navajo people); planted with watermelons to make them more prolific and ripen earlier (Keres and Navajo peoples)(
<bibRefCitation author="Moerman, DE" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refId="B162" refString="Moerman, DE, 1998. Native American ethnobotany. Timber, Press, Portland." title="Native American ethnobotany. Timber, Press, Portland." year="1998">Moerman 1998</bibRefCitation>
and references therein).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="preliminary conservation status (iucn 2017)">
<paragraph pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
Preliminary conservation status (
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Alaska Park Science" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B115" refString="IUCN, 2017. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2017">IUCN 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
Least Concern (LC); 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Solanum triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is weedy and common where it occurs (see 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
). For EOO see Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Preliminary conservation assessments for morelloid species from the Caribbean and North and Central America. For details see Materials and Methods and individual species treatments. Preliminary assessments are based on EOO only (see Materials and Methods) and have been calculated for worldwide ranges for each species. The EOO and conservation status of species known to be solely cultivated, introduced or adventive in the region has been assessed in Saerkinen et al. (2018)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C3922CEBD29B29D2373D9CB546F06573" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" tableUuid="C3922CEBD29B29D2373D9CB546F06573">6</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="99" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Solanum triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a distinctive species with a prostrate habit, fleshy, usually pinnatifid, leaves, and deeply stellate flowers with long, thin anthers. The inflorescences usually have a small bracetole at the apex, and berry size varies from small (ca. 10 mm) to very large (ca. 20 mm), but usually a given plant has either small or large berries. Numerous stone cells are found in the berries, sometimes almost outnumbering seeds, and large berries can have as many as 30 stone cells. Pubescence of 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">S. triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is quite variable (e.g., Subils 1983), and some plants have a few glandular trichomes, but for the most part plants from North America are either glabrous or very sparsely pubescent with spreading and often somewhat tangled simple trichomes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="99" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Solanum triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a classic American Amphitropical Distribution (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.62342" author="Gray, A" journalOrPublisher="United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories Bulletin" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="1 - 77" refId="B100" refString="Gray, A, Hooker, JD, 1880. The vegetation of the Rocky Mountain region and a comparison with that of other parts of the world. United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories Bulletin 6: 1 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.62342" title="The vegetation of the Rocky Mountain region and a comparison with that of other parts of the world." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.62342" volume="6" year="1880">Gray and Hooker 1880</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1086/403797" author="Raven, PH" journalOrPublisher="The Quarterly Review of Biology" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" pagination="151 - 177" refId="B186" refString="Raven, PH, 1963. Amphitropical relationships in the floras of North and South America. The Quarterly Review of Biology 38 (2): 151 - 177, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/403797" title="Amphitropical relationships in the floras of North and South America." url="https://doi.org/10.1086/403797" volume="38" year="1963">Raven 1963</bibRefCitation>
; AAD sensu 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308" author="Simpson, MG" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" pagination="1600 - 1650" refId="B214" refString="Simpson, MG, Johnson, LA, Villaverde, T, Guilliams, CM, 2017. American amphitropical disjuncts: Perspectives from vascular plant analyses and prospects for future research. American Journal of Botany 104 (11): 1600 - 1650, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308" title="American amphitropical disjuncts: Perspectives from vascular plant analyses and prospects for future research." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308" volume="104" year="2017">Simpson et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
), with populations oc 
<pageBreakToken pageId="99" pageNumber="100" start="start">curing</pageBreakToken>
in North and South America, but not between (see also 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nitidibaccatum" order="Solanales" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="nitidibaccatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S. nitidibaccatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Because of its weedy nature, it is often assumed to be introduced to North America (e.g., https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SOTR), but the amphitropical distribution pattern is found in other 
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanaceae" order="Pinales" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
native to both regions such as 
<taxonomicName class="Eudicots" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycium" order="Solanales" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Lycium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.9" author="Levin, RA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="B144" refString="Levin, RA, Shak, JR, Miller, JS, Bernardello, G, Venter, AM, 2007. Evolutionary relationships in the tribe Lycieae (Solanaceae). Acta Horticulturae (745): 225-240. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.9" title="Evolutionary relationships in the tribe Lycieae (Solanaceae). Acta Horticulturae (745): 225 - 240." url="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.9" year="2007">Levin et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
), and groups of solanums such as the Carolinense (subsection 
<taxonomicName class="Eudicots" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus" subsection="Lathyrocarpum">Lathyrocarpum</taxonomicName>
G.Don, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364415X689302" author="Wahlert, GA" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" pagination="843 - 887" refId="B255" refString="Wahlert, GA, Chiarini, FE, Bohs, L, 2015. A revision of Solanum section Lathryocarpum (the Carolinense clade, Solanaceae). Systematic Botany 40 (3): 843 - 887, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364415X689302" title="A revision of Solanum section Lathryocarpum (the Carolinense clade, Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364415X689302" volume="40" year="2015">Wahlert et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“section”">&quot;section&quot;</normalizedToken>
) and Elaeagnifolium (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/664.21" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" pagination="988 - 989" refId="B138" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Saerkinen, T, 2017. (2546-2547) Proposals to reject the name Solanum rubrum and to conserve the name S. alatum with a conserved type (Solanaceae). Taxon 66 (4): 988 - 989, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/664.21" title="(2546 - 2547) Proposals to reject the name Solanum rubrum and to conserve the name S. alatum with a conserved type (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/664.21" volume="66" year="2017">Knapp et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
) clades. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum elaeagnifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elaeagnifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Solanum elaeagnifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cav. (Elaeagnifolium clade, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/664.21" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" pagination="988 - 989" refId="B138" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Saerkinen, T, 2017. (2546-2547) Proposals to reject the name Solanum rubrum and to conserve the name S. alatum with a conserved type (Solanaceae). Taxon 66 (4): 988 - 989, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/664.21" title="(2546 - 2547) Proposals to reject the name Solanum rubrum and to conserve the name S. alatum with a conserved type (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/664.21" volume="66" year="2017">Knapp et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
) has an almost identical amphitropical distribution (sensu 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308" author="Simpson, MG" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" pagination="1600 - 1650" refId="B214" refString="Simpson, MG, Johnson, LA, Villaverde, T, Guilliams, CM, 2017. American amphitropical disjuncts: Perspectives from vascular plant analyses and prospects for future research. American Journal of Botany 104 (11): 1600 - 1650, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308" title="American amphitropical disjuncts: Perspectives from vascular plant analyses and prospects for future research." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308" volume="104" year="2017">Simpson et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
) AAD, and is similarly weedy; it has also been assumed to be introduced. Distribution of these disjunct groups is more likely to be the result of long distance dispersal than of vicariance (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700369" author="Guilliams, CM" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="1717 - 1728" refId="B101" refString="Guilliams, CM, Hasenstab-Lehmann, KE, Mabry, ME, Simpson, MG, 2017. Memoirs of a frequent flyer: Phylogenomics reveals 18 long-distance dispersals between North America and South America in the popcorn flowers (Amsinckiinae). American Journal of Botany 104 (11): 1717 - 1728, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700369" title="Memoirs of a frequent flyer: Phylogenomics reveals 18 long-distance dispersals between North America and South America in the popcorn flowers (Amsinckiinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700369" volume="104" year="2017">Guilliams et al 2017</bibRefCitation>
), with dispersal after being eaten and passed through an 
<normalizedToken originalValue="animal’s">animal's</normalizedToken>
gut (endozoochory) being less common than disperal via attachment to an 
<normalizedToken originalValue="animal’s">animal's</normalizedToken>
fur or feathers (epizoochory) (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700178" author="Schenk, JJ" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" pagination="1756 - 1764" refId="B206" refString="Schenk, JJ, Saunders, K, 2017. Inferring long-distance dispersal modes in American amphitropically disjunct species through adaptive dispersal structures. American Journal of Botany 104 (11): 1756 - 1764, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700178" title="Inferring long-distance dispersal modes in American amphitropically disjunct species through adaptive dispersal structures." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700178" volume="104" year="2017">Schenk and Saunders 2017</bibRefCitation>
); soft juicy berries make endozoochory more likely as a distribution mechanism, although there is no information on frugivores or fruit dispersal for 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S. triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The distribution of 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S. triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in temperate areas, but also at higher elevations in deserts and into the more boreal regions of North America places it in the temperate AAD category of 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308" author="Simpson, MG" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" pagination="1600 - 1650" refId="B214" refString="Simpson, MG, Johnson, LA, Villaverde, T, Guilliams, CM, 2017. American amphitropical disjuncts: Perspectives from vascular plant analyses and prospects for future research. American Journal of Botany 104 (11): 1600 - 1650, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308" title="American amphitropical disjuncts: Perspectives from vascular plant analyses and prospects for future research." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308" volume="104" year="2017">Simpson et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
; annuals like 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S. triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
predominate in this category. Amongst temperate AAD species the most common direction for distribution is from North to South America, but we suspect that like 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" rank="family">Verbenaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700292" author="Frost, LA" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="1708 - 1716" refId="B92" refString="Frost, LA, McAdams Tyson, S, Lu-Irving, P, O'Leary, N, Olmstead, RG, 2017. Origins of North American Verbenaceae: More than one way to skin a cat. American Journal of Botany 104 (11): 1708 - 1716, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700292" title="Origins of North American Verbenaceae: More than one way to skin a cat." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700292" volume="104" year="2017">Frost et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName class="Eudicots" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycium" order="Solanales" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Lycium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.9" author="Levin, RA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="B144" refString="Levin, RA, Shak, JR, Miller, JS, Bernardello, G, Venter, AM, 2007. Evolutionary relationships in the tribe Lycieae (Solanaceae). Acta Horticulturae (745): 225-240. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.9" title="Evolutionary relationships in the tribe Lycieae (Solanaceae). Acta Horticulturae (745): 225 - 240." url="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.9" year="2007">Levin et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
), most 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
disjunctions will have a South America to North America directionality. To date, only North American populations of 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S. triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been included in molecular phylogenetic studies (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/645.5" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="Revista Peruana de Biologia" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" refId="B203" refString="Saerkinen, T, Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, 2015b. True Black nightshades: Phylogeny and delimitation of the Morelloid clade of Solanum. Taxon 64(5): 945-958. https://doi.org/10.12705/645.5" title="True Black nightshades: Phylogeny and delimitation of the Morelloid clade of Solanum. Taxon 64 (5): 945 - 958." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/645.5" year="2015 b">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2015b
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
Typification details for the synonyms of 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S. triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be found in 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. (2018)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="99" pageNumber="100">See Suppl. materials 1 and 3.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>