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<document id="65F1D4A312E793488D24AA558FD9C131" ID-CLB-Dataset="30127" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4418.1.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="95c28982-234e-4798-9f52-fef486feb476" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1242563" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1525603482988" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Molinari, Jesús &amp; Moreno, S. Andrea" docDate="2018" docId="9572879FB03DFF81FF559A28FCEAF94D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4418.1.7.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4418 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera 1920" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="99" masterDocId="694BFFE7B03DFF80FFC29D59FF37FF8A" masterDocTitle="The correct subgeneric name of Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera, 1920 (Euglenozoa: Trypanosomatidae), a human-infective endoparasite of neotropical mammals" masterLastPageNumber="100" masterPageNumber="98" pageNumber="98" updateTime="1698543456819" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4A7CFE99C6C5D37296F2AD8E944DE1EC">The correct subgeneric name of Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera, 1920 (Euglenozoa: Trypanosomatidae), a human-infective endoparasite of neotropical mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="319F4F7933C94E21E9760C776D769A5F">Molinari, Jesús</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="76E92F50096E44CE2AAF26ACAA1F68C6">Moreno, S. Andrea</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="8D3758439109E2A3C970936A5DAD9E86">2018</mods:date>
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<treatment id="9572879FB03DFF81FF559A28FCEAF94D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5971448" ID-GBIF-Taxon="143813701" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5971448" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9572879FB03DFF81FF559A28FCEAF94D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9572879FB03DFF81FF559A28FCEAF94D" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="0" pageNumber="98">
<subSection id="74542F62B03DFF81FF559A28FD4CFCEE" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="0" pageNumber="98" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="55C16502B03DFF80FF559A28FDC8F801" box="[151,767,1905,1931]" pageId="0" pageNumber="98" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="1D643689B03DFF80FF559A28FDC8F801" blockId="0.[151,1436,1905,2031]" box="[151,767,1905,1931]" pageId="0" pageNumber="98">
<heading id="462C81E5B03DFF80FF559A28FDC8F801" bold="true" box="[151,767,1905,1931]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="98" reason="1">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03DFF80FF559A28FDC8F801" bold="true" box="[151,767,1905,1931]" pageId="0" pageNumber="98">
Subgeneric nomenclature of
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03DFF80FE3F9A28FDC8F801" authorityName="Tejera" authorityYear="1920" box="[509,767,1905,1931]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="0" pageNumber="98" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rangeli">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03DFF80FE3F9A28FDC8F801" bold="true" box="[509,767,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="98">Trypanosoma rangeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="55C16502B03DFF81FF559ACAFD4CFCEE" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="0" pageNumber="98" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="1D643689B03DFF80FF559ACAFAABF865" blockId="0.[151,1436,1905,2031]" pageId="0" pageNumber="98">“In the genus group, two or more available names established with the same spelling are homonyms” [Code, Article 53.2], and “A junior homonym … must be rejected and replaced either by an available and potentially valid synonym … or, for lack of such a name, by a new substitute name … with its own author and date” [Code, Articles 60.1, 60.3].</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D643689B03CFF81FF559DC1FE4FFED6" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,868]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">
Surprisingly, trypanosome researchers have failed to notice that: 1) the subgeneric name
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FB8D9DC1FA1EFF25" authority="Anez, 1982" authorityName="Anez" authorityYear="1982" box="[1103,1321,152,175]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Tejeraia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FB8D9DC1FB90FF25" box="[1103,1191,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Tejeraia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="794A4B78B03CFF81FB6C9DC1FA1EFF25" box="[1198,1321,152,175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" refId="ref1691" refString="Anez, N. (1982) StUdies on Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera, 1920. IV-A reconsideration of its systematic position. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 77, 405 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761982000400007" type="journal article">Añez, 1982</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is a junior homonym of the generic name
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FE249DE3FC26FF5B" authority="Diaz-Ungria, 1963" authorityName="Diaz-Ungria" authorityYear="1963" box="[486,785,186,209]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Tejeraia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FE249DE3FD0CFF5B" box="[486,571,186,209]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Tejeraia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="794A4B78B03CFF81FD879DE3FC26FF5B" box="[581,785,186,209]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" refId="ref1738" refString="Diaz-Ungria, C. (1963) Nematodes parasites, noUveaUx oU interessants, dU VenezUela. Annales de Parasitologie, 38, 893 - 914. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 1963386893" type="journal article">Díaz-Ungría, 1963</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, in use for
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FC4B9DE3FA21FF5B" authority="(Molin, 1860)" authorityName="Molin" authorityYear="1860" baseAuthorityName="Molin" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[905,1302,186,209]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Tejeraia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="mediospiralis">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FC4B9DE3FB4EFF5B" box="[905,1145,186,209]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Tejeraia mediospiralis</emphasis>
(Molin, 1860)
</taxonomicName>
(Nematoda: Secernentea:
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FEE89D84FEA6FF7E" box="[298,401,221,244]" class="Chromadorea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Nematoda" rank="order">Spirurida</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FE5D9D84FD01FF7E" authorityName="Chitwood &amp; Wehr" authorityYear="1932" box="[415,566,221,244]" class="Chromadorea" family="Spirocercidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Nematoda" rank="family">Spirocercidae</taxonomicName>
), a parasitic roundworm infecting the stomach wall of the neotropical rodent,
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FF559C59FEC8FE9D" authority="(Linnaeus, 1776)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1776" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[151,511,256,279]" class="Mammalia" family="Cuniculidae" genus="Cuniculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paca">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FF559C59FE08FE9D" box="[151,319,256,279]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Cuniculus paca</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1776)
</taxonomicName>
(Mammalia:
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FD509C59FDC0FE9D" authorityName="" authorityYear="1821" box="[658,759,256,279]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FCC09C59FCB3FE9D" authorityName="Miller &amp; Gidley" authorityYear="1918" box="[770,900,256,279]" class="Mammalia" family="Cuniculidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cuniculidae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="794A4B78B03CFF81FC599C59FB55FE9D" box="[923,1122,256,279]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" refId="ref1738" refString="Diaz-Ungria, C. (1963) Nematodes parasites, noUveaUx oU interessants, dU VenezUela. Annales de Parasitologie, 38, 893 - 914. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 1963386893" type="journal article">Díaz-Ungría 1963</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="794A4B78B03CFF81FBAD9C59FBC9FE9D" box="[1135,1278,256,279]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" refId="ref2700" refString="Smales, L. R. (2004) Spirosprattus scyphiformis n. g., n. sp. (Nematoda: SpirUrida), from the Cape York Rat, Rattus leucopus (Gray, 1867) (Rodentia: MUridae), in Cape York, AUstralia. Comparative Parasitology, 71, 184 - 189. https: // doi. org / 10.1654 / 4108" type="journal article">Smales 2004</bibRefCitation>
); and 2) based on the provisions of the Code (Articles 53.2, 60.1, 60.3),
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FCCC9C7BFB3BFEB3" authority="Ozdikmen, 2009" authorityName="Ozdikmen" authorityYear="2009" box="[782,1036,290,313]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Aneza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FCCC9C7BFC78FEB3" box="[782,847,290,313]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Aneza</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="794A4B78B03CFF81FC9B9C7BFB3BFEB3" box="[857,1036,290,313]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" refId="ref2670" refString="Ozdikmen, H. (2009) SUbstitUte names for some UnicellUlar animal taxa (Protozoa). Munis Entomology &amp; Zoology Journal, 4, 233 - 256." type="journal article">Özdikmen, 2009</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is the mandatory substitute name of
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FF559C1CFE43FED6" authority="Anez, 1982" authorityName="Anez" authorityYear="1982" box="[151,372,325,348]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Tejeraia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FF559C1CFFD8FED6" box="[151,239,325,348]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Tejeraia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="794A4B78B03CFF81FF379C1CFE43FED6" box="[245,372,325,348]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" refId="ref1691" refString="Anez, N. (1982) StUdies on Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera, 1920. IV-A reconsideration of its systematic position. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 77, 405 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761982000400007" type="journal article">Añez, 1982</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D643689B03CFF81FF059C31FB2AFDC5" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,868]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">
“If there is in the original publication itself … clear evidence of an inadvertent error, such as a lapsus calami or a copyist’s or printer’s error, it must be corrected” [Code, Article 32.5.1]. The genus-group name
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FB799CD3FBCBFE2B" authorityName="Ozdikmen" authorityYear="2009" box="[1211,1276,394,417]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Aneza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FB799CD3FBCBFE2B" box="[1211,1276,394,417]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Aneza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a patronym “dedicated to N. Anez who is the author of the preexisting subgenus
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FCBD9CF4FCE3FE4E" authority="Ozdikmen 2009" authorityName="Anez" authorityYear="1982" box="[895,980,429,452]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Tejeraia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FCBD9CF4FCE3FE4E" box="[895,980,429,452]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Tejeraia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” (
<bibRefCitation id="794A4B78B03CFF81FC339CF4FB93FE4E" box="[1009,1188,429,452]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" refId="ref2670" refString="Ozdikmen, H. (2009) SUbstitUte names for some UnicellUlar animal taxa (Protozoa). Munis Entomology &amp; Zoology Journal, 4, 233 - 256." type="journal article">Özdikmen 2009</bibRefCitation>
). It was constructed by adding the suffix -a instead of the usual -ia to Anez (= Añez). The original publication (
<bibRefCitation id="794A4B78B03CFF81FBBC9C89FA07FE6D" box="[1150,1328,464,487]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" refId="ref2670" refString="Ozdikmen, H. (2009) SUbstitUte names for some UnicellUlar animal taxa (Protozoa). Munis Entomology &amp; Zoology Journal, 4, 233 - 256." type="journal article">Özdikmen 2009</bibRefCitation>
) contains numerous mistakes and inconsistencies (e.g., “
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FD569CABFC17FD83" authorityName="Stiles &amp; Hassall" authorityYear="1925" box="[660,800,498,521]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Tripanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FD569CABFC17FD83" box="[660,800,498,521]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Tripanosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” instead of
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FC689CABFB0CFD83" authorityName="Gruby" authorityYear="1843" box="[938,1083,498,521]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FC689CABFB0CFD83" box="[938,1083,498,521]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, “N. Anez” instead of N. Añez, referring to Protozoa as “animals”, use of the suffix -ia for other substitute names), which represent a latent temptation for subsequent authors to emend [Code, Article 33.2]
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FD179F61FC21FDC5" authorityName="Ozdikmen" authorityYear="2009" box="[725,790,568,591]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Aneza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FD179F61FC21FDC5" box="[725,790,568,591]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Aneza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by replacing -a with -ia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D643689B03CFF81FF059F03FD4CFCEE" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,868]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">
The spiny subject of emendation of scientific names [Code, Article 33.2.3], which in countless cases has resulted in unjustified changes, has been lucidly discussed elsewhere (
<bibRefCitation id="794A4B78B03CFF81FCD99F24FCD1FD1E" box="[795,998,637,660]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" refId="ref2631" refString="Moore, R. C., Weller, J. M. &amp; Knight, J. B. (1942) ErroneoUs emendation of generic names. Journal of Paleontology, 16, 250 - 261." type="journal article">
Moore
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FCAF9F24FC92FD1E" box="[877,933,637,660]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">et al.</emphasis>
1942
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="794A4B78B03CFF81FC319F24FBB4FD1E" box="[1011,1155,637,660]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" refId="ref1777" refString="DUbois, A. (2007) Genitives of species and sUbspecies nomina derived from personal names shoUld not be emended. Zootaxa, 1550, 49 - 68." type="journal article">Dubois 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Two conclusions can be reached. First, any word (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FE2A9FF9FD1EFD3D" authorityName="Ozdikmen" authorityYear="2009" box="[488,553,672,695]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Aneza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FE2A9FF9FD1EFD3D" box="[488,553,672,695]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Aneza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) may be used for a genus-group name provided that: a) it contains two or more letters, the first one in upper-case, all of them taken from the Roman alphabet; b) it is printed in a type-face font (normally italics) different from that of the text; and c) it is treated as a Latin noun in the nominative singular [Code, Appendix B6, Articles 11.2, 11.8]. Second, an ‛inadvertent error’ [Code, Article 32.5.1] must be of such nature that it is equally evident to all readers, which certainly is not the case of Özdikmen’s (2009) work. Hence,
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FB2A9E73FA1EFCCB" authorityName="Ozdikmen" authorityYear="2009" box="[1256,1321,810,833]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Aneza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FB2A9E73FA1EFCCB" box="[1256,1321,810,833]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Aneza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a valid genus-group name that shall not be emended.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
<subSection id="74542F62B03CFF81FF559EECFCEAF94D" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="1D643689B03CFF81FF559EECFCC7FC45" blockId="1.[151,1437,949,1735]" box="[151,1008,949,975]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">
<heading id="462C81E5B03CFF81FF559EECFCC7FC45" bold="true" box="[151,1008,949,975]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" reason="1">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FF559EECFCC7FC45" bold="true" box="[151,1008,949,975]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">
Should the name combination
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FDD69EECFC4BFC45" authorityName="Tejera" authorityYear="1920" box="[532,892,949,975]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rangeli" subGenus="Aneza">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FDD69EECFD8EFC45" bold="true" box="[532,697,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FD089EECFC22FC45" bold="true" box="[714,789,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Aneza</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FCE49EECFC4BFC45" bold="true" box="[806,892,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">rangeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
be used?
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D643689B03CFF81FF559E81FE11FB6B" blockId="1.[151,1437,949,1735]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">
Because from the nomenclatural perspective
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FDB99E81FB2FFC65" authority="Tejera, 1920" authorityName="Tejera" authorityYear="1920" box="[635,1048,984,1007]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rangeli" subGenus="Herpetosoma">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FDB99E81FDBAFC65" box="[635,653,984,1007]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">T.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FD5C9E81FC1AFC65" box="[670,813,984,1007]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Herpetosoma</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FCFC9E81FCBCFC65" box="[830,907,984,1007]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">rangeli</emphasis>
Tejera, 1920
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FB8F9E81FAABFC65" authority="Tejera, 1920" authorityName="Tejera" authorityYear="1920" box="[1101,1436,984,1007]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rangeli" subGenus="Aneza">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FB8F9E81FB57FC65" box="[1101,1120,984,1007]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">T.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FBB39E81FB85FC65" box="[1137,1202,984,1007]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Aneza</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FB009E81FA38FC65" box="[1218,1295,984,1007]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">rangeli</emphasis>
Tejera, 1920
</taxonomicName>
are available name combinations, the decision on which one to use does not depend on the Code, but on evolutionary and taxonomic considerations. Phylogenetic studies based on genetic markers (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="794A4B78B03CFF81FBED9944FA23FBBE" box="[1071,1300,1053,1076]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" refId="ref2844" refString="Stevens, J. R., Teixeira, M. M. G., Bingle, L. E. H. &amp; Gibson, W. C. (1999) The taxonomic position and evolUtionary relationships of Trypanosoma rangeli. International Journal for Parasitology, 29, 749 - 757. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0020 - 7519 (99) 00016 - 8" type="journal article">
Stevens
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FB529944FBF9FBBE" box="[1168,1230,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">et al.</emphasis>
1999
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="794A4B78B03CFF81FAE59944FE62FBDD" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" refId="ref2150" refString="HUghes, A. L. &amp; Piontkivska, H. (2003) Phylogeny of Trypanosomatidae and Bodonidae (Kinetoplastida) based on 18 S rRNA: evidence for paraphyly of Trypanosoma and six other genera. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 20, 644 - 652. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / molbev / msg 062" type="journal article">Hughes &amp; Piontkivska 2003</bibRefCitation>
; Maia da
<bibRefCitation id="794A4B78B03CFF81FE069919FD4AFBDD" box="[452,637,1088,1111]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" refId="ref2454" refString="Maia da Silva, F., Noyes, H., Campaner, M., JUnqUeira, A. C. V., CoUra, J. R., Anez, N., Shaw, J. J., Stevens, J. R. &amp; Teixeira, M. M. (2004) Phylogeny, taxonomy and groUping of Trypanosoma rangeli isolates from man, triatomines and sylvatic mammals from widespread geographical origin based on SSU and ITS ribosomal seqUences. Parasitology, 129, 549 - 561. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182004005931" type="journal article">
Silva
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FDC69919FD0CFBDD" box="[516,571,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="794A4B78B03CFF81FD4B9919FC72FBDD" box="[649,837,1088,1111]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" refId="ref1807" refString="Fraga, J., Fernandez-Calienes, A., Montalvo, A. M., Maes, I., Deborggraeve, S., Buscher, P., DUjardin, J. - C. &amp; Van der AUwera, G. (2016) Phylogenetic analysis of the Trypanosoma genUs based on the heat-shock protein 70 gene. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 43, 165 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. meegid. 2016.05.016" type="journal article">
Fraga
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FD0C9919FC31FBDD" box="[718,774,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
) have shown
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FC1C9919FB7FFBDD" authorityName="Tejera" authorityYear="1920" box="[990,1096,1088,1111]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rangeli">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FC1C9919FB7FFBDD" box="[990,1096,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">T. rangeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and members of the subgenus
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FF55993BFE11FBF3" box="[151,294,1122,1145]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Herpetosoma</emphasis>
Doflein, 1901, to be more closely related to
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FCD4993BFC5FFBF3" authorityName="Chagas" authorityYear="1909" box="[790,872,1122,1145]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="cruzi">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FCD4993BFC5FFBF3" box="[790,872,1122,1145]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">T. cruzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than to salivarian trypanosomes (i.e., the salivarian condition of
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FEEE99DCFEADFB16" authorityName="Tejera" authorityYear="1920" box="[300,410,1157,1180]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rangeli">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FEEE99DCFEADFB16" box="[300,410,1157,1180]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">T. rangeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
most likely is independently evolved). These studies have also shown that
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FACE99DCFAACFB16" box="[1292,1435,1157,1180]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Herpetosoma</emphasis>
(subsuming
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FED899F1FEB6FB35" authorityName="Tejera" authorityYear="1920" box="[282,385,1192,1215]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rangeli">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FED899F1FEB6FB35" box="[282,385,1192,1215]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">T. rangeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is polyphyletic, with
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FDB199F1FDEDFB35" authorityName="Tejera" authorityYear="1920" box="[627,730,1192,1215]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rangeli">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FDB199F1FDEDFB35" box="[627,730,1192,1215]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">T. rangeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being more closely related to
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FBDC99F1FB5AFB35" authorityName="Chagas" authorityYear="1909" box="[1054,1133,1192,1215]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="cruzi">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FBDC99F1FB5AFB35" box="[1054,1133,1192,1215]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">T. cruzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than to
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FB0799F1FE15FB6B" authority="(Kent, 1880)" authorityName="Kent" authorityYear="1880" baseAuthorityName="Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1880" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="lewisi">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FB0799F1FAACFB35" box="[1221,1435,1192,1215]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Trypanosoma lewisi</emphasis>
(Kent, 1880)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D643689B03CFF81FF0599B4FE5BFA7D" blockId="1.[151,1437,949,1735]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">
The
<typeStatus id="C260882BB03CFF81FF3499B4FE13FA8E" box="[246,292,1261,1284]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">type</typeStatus>
species of the subgenus
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FDE899B4FD8EFA8E" box="[554,697,1261,1284]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Herpetosoma</emphasis>
is precisely
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FCFC99B4FCA3FA8E" baseAuthorityName="Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[830,916,1261,1284]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="lewisi">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FCFC99B4FCA3FA8E" box="[830,916,1261,1284]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">T. lewisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, an obligatory endoparasite of rodents (though it sometimes infects humans) transmitted by rat fleas (
<bibRefCitation id="794A4B78B03CFF81FD199849FCBFFAAD" box="[731,904,1296,1319]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" refId="ref2242" refString="Lin, R. H., Lai, D. H., Zheng, L. L., WU, J ,, LUkes, J., Hide, G. &amp; LUn, Z. R. (2015) Analysis of the mitochondrial maxicircle of Trypanosoma lewisi, a neglected hUman pathogen. Parasites &amp; Vectors, 8, 665. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 015 - 1281 - 8" type="journal article">
Lin
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FCCE9849FC72FAAD" box="[780,837,1296,1319]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
). The polyphyly of
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FBAA9849FBCFFAAD" box="[1128,1272,1296,1319]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Herpetosoma</emphasis>
(subsuming
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FA4A9849FFD3FAC3" authorityName="Tejera" authorityYear="1920" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rangeli">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FA4A9849FFD3FAC3" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">T. rangeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) motivated
<bibRefCitation id="794A4B78B03CFF81FEA1986BFD0FFAC3" box="[355,568,1330,1353]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" refId="ref2844" refString="Stevens, J. R., Teixeira, M. M. G., Bingle, L. E. H. &amp; Gibson, W. C. (1999) The taxonomic position and evolUtionary relationships of Trypanosoma rangeli. International Journal for Parasitology, 29, 749 - 757. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0020 - 7519 (99) 00016 - 8" type="journal article">
Stevens
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FE7E986BFEC6FAC3" box="[444,497,1330,1353]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">et al.</emphasis>
(1999
</bibRefCitation>
; see also
<bibRefCitation id="794A4B78B03CFF81FD5E986BFC66FAC3" box="[668,849,1330,1353]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" refId="ref1807" refString="Fraga, J., Fernandez-Calienes, A., Montalvo, A. M., Maes, I., Deborggraeve, S., Buscher, P., DUjardin, J. - C. &amp; Van der AUwera, G. (2016) Phylogenetic analysis of the Trypanosoma genUs based on the heat-shock protein 70 gene. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 43, 165 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. meegid. 2016.05.016" type="journal article">
Fraga
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FD1D986BFC23FAC3" box="[735,788,1330,1353]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
) to propose the subgenus to be ‛discontinued’ owing to ‛lack of evolutionary and taxonomic relevance’. This conclusion appears to be based on the perception that all species originally assigned to a genus (or subgenus) are its inseparable members. In fact, the
<typeStatus id="C260882BB03CFF81FB459821FB82FA05" box="[1159,1205,1400,1423]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">type</typeStatus>
species is the only indispensable member of supraspecific taxa [Code, Article 61.1]. Other species can be and customarily are transferred among genera and subgenera based on evolutionary and taxonomic considerations, the most important of which is avoiding polyphyly.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D643689B03CFF81FF059B5BFCEAF94D" blockId="1.[151,1437,949,1735]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">
Based on current phylogenetic evidence,
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FD759B5BFC1EF993" authorityName="Tejera" authorityYear="1920" box="[695,809,1538,1561]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rangeli">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FD759B5BFC1EF993" box="[695,809,1538,1561]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">T. rangeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
must be excluded from the therefore monophyletic
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FF559B7CFE11F9B6" box="[151,294,1573,1596]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Herpetosoma</emphasis>
. This subgenus (excluding
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FD9E9B7CFDF0F9B6" authorityName="Tejera" authorityYear="1920" box="[604,711,1573,1596]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rangeli">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FD9E9B7CFDF0F9B6" box="[604,711,1573,1596]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">T. rangeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) designates a deep-rooted, thus evolutionarily and taxonomically relevant clade within the genus
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FE339B11FDB5F9D5" authorityName="Gruby" authorityYear="1843" box="[497,642,1608,1631]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FE339B11FDB5F9D5" box="[497,642,1608,1631]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Regarding
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FCCA9B11FC46F9D5" authorityName="Tejera" authorityYear="1920" box="[776,881,1608,1631]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rangeli">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FCCA9B11FC46F9D5" box="[776,881,1608,1631]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">T. rangeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, users of trypanosome taxonomy have two options for its subgenus:
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FE909B33FC26F90B" authority="Tejera, 1920" authorityName="Tejera" authorityYear="1920" box="[338,785,1642,1665]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rangeli" subGenus="Schizotrypanum">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FE909B33FE52F90B" box="[338,357,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">T.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FEB49B33FD15F90B" box="[374,546,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Schizotrypanum</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FDF19B33FDB7F90B" box="[563,640,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">rangeli</emphasis>
Tejera, 1920
</taxonomicName>
, if the close phylogenetic relationship of the species with
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FA4A9B33FFFBF92E" authorityName="Chagas" authorityYear="1909" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="cruzi">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FA4A9B33FFFBF92E" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">T. cruzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
needs to be emphasized (see
<bibRefCitation id="794A4B78B03CFF81FDEB9BD4FC05F92E" box="[553,818,1677,1700]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" refId="ref2770" refString="Stevens, J. R. &amp; Brisse, S. (2004) Systematics of trypanosomes of medical and veterinary importance. In: MaUdlin, I., Holmes, P. H. &amp; Miles, M. A. (Eds.), The trypanosomiases. CABI PUblishing, Cambridge, MA, pp. 1 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9780851994758.0001" type="book chapter">Stevens &amp; Brisse 2004</bibRefCitation>
); or
<taxonomicName id="DADB4D0AB03CFF81FCAF9BD4FB0EF92E" authorityName="Tejera" authorityYear="1920" box="[877,1081,1677,1700]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rangeli" subGenus="Aneza">
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FCAF9BD4FCB7F92E" box="[877,896,1677,1700]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">T.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FC579BD4FCE1F92E" box="[917,982,1677,1700]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">Aneza</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="2FAFEA9BB03CFF81FC2E9BD4FB0EF92E" box="[1004,1081,1677,1700]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="99">rangeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, if the species is judged to be sufficiently divergent from other neotropical trypanosomes (see
<bibRefCitation id="794A4B78B03CFF81FC869BE9FCE6F94D" box="[836,977,1712,1735]" pageId="1" pageNumber="99" refId="ref1896" refString="Gibson, W. (2016) Kinetoplastea. In: Archibald, J. M., Simpson, A. G. B., Slamovits, C. H., MargUlis, L., Melkonian, M., Chapman, D. J. &amp; Corliss, J. O. (Eds.), Handbook of the Protists. Springer, Cham, pp. 1 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 32669 - 6 _ 7 - 1" type="book chapter">Gibson 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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