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<mods:title id="D0F5339CA806E7F45B73A60945CC8F7E">Fossil Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene Tadushi Formation, the Russian Far East, with description of a new genus</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="E30A3275DD6BFFC8DEC8E250E4A0F77E" blockId="1.[151,499,807,834]" box="[151,499,807,834]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
<heading id="B8428519DD6BFFC8DEC8E250E4A0F77E" bold="true" box="[151,499,807,834]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" reason="1">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DEC8E250E4A0F77E" bold="true" box="[151,499,807,834]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DEB1E25FE42EF77E" authority="Makarkin, 2023" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="2023" box="[238,381,807,834]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Archibaldia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DEB1E25FE42EF77E" bold="true" box="[238,381,807,834]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Archibaldia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAF2531CDD6BFFC8DFDAE250E4A0F77E" box="[389,499,808,834]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="ABAF61FEDD6BFFC8DEC8E211E675F7BF" box="[151,806,873,900]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="E30A3275DD6BFFC8DEC8E211E675F7BF" blockId="1.[151,1437,873,2016]" box="[151,806,873,900]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DEC8E211E461F7BF" bold="true" box="[151,306,873,899]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
<typeStatus id="3C0E8CD7DD6BFFC8DEC8E211E581F7BF" box="[151,210,873,899]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DF66E211E670F7BF" authority="Makarkin et al., 2003" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="2003" box="[313,803,873,900]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Cretomerobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wehri">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DF66E211E775F7BF" box="[313,550,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Cretomerobius wehri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="87244F84DD6BFFC8DC72E211E670F7BF" author="Makarkin, V. N. &amp; Archibald, S. B. &amp; Oswald, J. D." box="[557,803,873,900]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" pagination="637 - 653" refId="ref4211" refString="Makarkin, V. N., Archibald, S. B. &amp; Oswald, J. D. (2003) New Early Eocene brown lacewings (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) from western North America. Canadian Entomologist, 135, 637 - 653. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / n 02 - 122" type="journal article" year="2003">
Makarkin
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DCFEE212E781F7BF" box="[673,722,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">et al</emphasis>
., 2003
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="ABAF61FEDD6BFFC8DE98E2F5E709F02F" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="E30A3275DD6BFFC8DE98E2F5E628F7F7" blockId="1.[151,1437,873,2016]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DE98E2F5E41BF79B" bold="true" box="[199,328,909,935]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Etymology</emphasis>
. From the surname of S. Bruce Archibald, in recognition of his gigantic efforts in collecting and study of fossil insects from the Eocene of western North America.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E30A3275DD6BFFC8DE98E2ADE709F02F" blockId="1.[151,1437,873,2016]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DE98E2ADE4DFF7D3" bold="true" box="[199,396,981,1007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Species included</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DFC5E2ADE736F7D3" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Makarkin et al." baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[410,613,981,1007]" class="Bacillariophyceae" genus="Archibaldia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="wehri">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DFC5E2ADE736F7D3" box="[410,613,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Archibaldia wehri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(early Eocene of western North America), and
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DA28E2AEE1BFF7D3" authority="Makarkin, 2023" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="2023" box="[1143,1260,982,1008]" class="Bacillariophyceae" genus="Archibaldia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="aristovi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DA28E2AEE1DBF7CC" box="[1143,1160,982,1008]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DAC9E2AEE1BFF7D3" box="[1174,1260,982,1007]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">aristovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DAACE2ADE01FF7D3" bold="true" box="[1267,1356,981,1007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAF2531CDD6BFFC8DAACE2ADE01FF7D3" box="[1267,1356,981,1007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(early/ middle Eocene of the Russian Far East).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="ABAF61FEDD6BFFC8DE98E565E6F8F0FB" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="E30A3275DD6BFFC8DE98E565E6F8F0FB" blockId="1.[151,1437,873,2016]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DE98E565E411F00B" bold="true" box="[199,322,1053,1079]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Relatively large hemerobiids (forewing
<quantity id="244D9F90DD6BFFC8DD4FE565E6D9F004" box="[784,906,1053,1080]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" unit="mm" value="12.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="10.0">1014 mm</quantity>
long), which may be distinguished from other genera by possession of all of the following forewing character states: (1) crossvein 1r-m present; (2) one to three crossveins between RA and RP1 or RP2; (3) RP1 (=ORB1) with anteriorly directed pectinate branches; (4) M dichotomously branched,
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DFE8E5F2E480F09F" box="[439,467,1162,1187]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">i.e</emphasis>
., three or more long branches originating proximad third gradate series; (5) CuP forked proximad first gradate series; (6) crossveins between branches of CuP.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="ABAF61FEDD6BFFCBDE98E5A9E4A3F4C5" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="E30A3275DD6BFFC8DE98E5A9E04DF2A7" blockId="1.[151,1437,873,2016]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DE98E5A9E468F0D7" bold="true" box="[199,315,1233,1259]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Remarks.</emphasis>
The new genus is most closely related to the Eocene genus
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DDAFE5AAE0CBF0D7" authority="Makarkin et al., 2016" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="2016" box="[1008,1432,1233,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Proneuronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DDAFE5AAE1C5F0D7" box="[1008,1174,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Proneuronema</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="87244F84DD6BFFC8DAC1E5A9E0CBF0D7" author="Makarkin, V. N. &amp; Wedmann, S. &amp; Weiterschan, T." box="[1182,1432,1233,1260]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" pagination="345 - 370" refId="ref4379" refString="Makarkin, V. N., Wedmann, S. &amp; Weiterschan, T. (2016) A new genus of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with a critical review of the Cenozoic Megalomus - like taxa and remarks on the wing venation variability of the family. Zootaxa, 4179 (3), 345 - 370. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4179.3.2" type="journal article" year="2016">
Makarkin
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DB4BE5AAE014F0D7" box="[1300,1351,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">et al</emphasis>
., 2016
</bibRefCitation>
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, which includes five species (
<bibRefCitation id="87244F84DD6BFFC8DFB8E58DE66CF133" author="Perkovsky, E. E. &amp; Makarkin, V. N." box="[487,831,1269,1295]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" pagination="196 - 203" refId="ref5077" refString="Perkovsky, E. E. &amp; Makarkin, V. N. (2020) A new species of Sympherobius Banks (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) from the late Eocene Rovno amber. Palaeoentomology, 3, 196 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / palaeoentomology. 3.2.9" type="journal article" year="2020">Makarkin &amp; Perkovsky 2020</bibRefCitation>
):
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DD0AE58EE6E7F133" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Makarkin et al." baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[853,948,1269,1295]" class="Bacillariophyceae" genus="Archibaldia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="wehri">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DD0AE58EE6E7F133" box="[853,948,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">P. wehri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, an undescribed species from the Tadushi Formation (
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DF42E462E4C7F10F" authority="Makarkin, 2023" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="2023" box="[285,404,1306,1332]" class="Bacillariophyceae" genus="Archibaldia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="aristovi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DF42E462E47DF108" box="[285,302,1306,1332]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DF61E462E4C7F10F" box="[318,404,1306,1331]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">aristovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DFC3E461E4A5F10F" bold="true" box="[412,502,1305,1331]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAF2531CDD6BFFC8DFC3E461E4A5F10F" box="[412,502,1305,1331]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DC50E462E6C5F10F" authority="Makarkin et al., 2016" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="2016" box="[527,918,1305,1332]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Proneuronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gradatum">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DC50E462E7CAF10F" box="[527,665,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">P. gradatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="87244F84DD6BFFC8DCFEE461E6C5F10F" author="Makarkin, V. N. &amp; Wedmann, S. &amp; Weiterschan, T." box="[673,918,1305,1332]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" pagination="345 - 370" refId="ref4379" refString="Makarkin, V. N., Wedmann, S. &amp; Weiterschan, T. (2016) A new genus of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with a critical review of the Cenozoic Megalomus - like taxa and remarks on the wing venation variability of the family. Zootaxa, 4179 (3), 345 - 370. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4179.3.2" type="journal article" year="2016">
Makarkin
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DD49E462E61BF10F" box="[790,840,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">et al</emphasis>
., 2016
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DD90E462E07EF10F" authority="Makarkin et al., 2016" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="2016" box="[975,1325,1305,1332]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Proneuronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DD90E462E17CF10F" box="[975,1071,1306,1331]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">P. minor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="87244F84DD6BFFC8DA68E461E07EF10F" author="Makarkin, V. N. &amp; Wedmann, S. &amp; Weiterschan, T." box="[1079,1325,1305,1332]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" pagination="345 - 370" refId="ref4379" refString="Makarkin, V. N., Wedmann, S. &amp; Weiterschan, T. (2016) A new genus of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with a critical review of the Cenozoic Megalomus - like taxa and remarks on the wing venation variability of the family. Zootaxa, 4179 (3), 345 - 370. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4179.3.2" type="journal article" year="2016">
Makarkin
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DAF3E462E18CF10F" box="[1196,1247,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">et al</emphasis>
., 2016
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from late Eocene of Baltic amber, and
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DFBFE446E689F16B" authority="Makarkin &amp; Perkovsky, 2020" authorityName="Makarkin &amp; Perkovsky" authorityYear="2020" box="[480,986,1341,1367]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Proneuronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sidorchukae">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DFBFE446E7D6F16B" box="[480,645,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">P. sidorchukae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="87244F84DD6BFFC8DCD3E445E689F16B" author="Perkovsky, E. E. &amp; Makarkin, V. N." box="[652,986,1341,1367]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" pagination="196 - 203" refId="ref5077" refString="Perkovsky, E. E. &amp; Makarkin, V. N. (2020) A new species of Sympherobius Banks (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) from the late Eocene Rovno amber. Palaeoentomology, 3, 196 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / palaeoentomology. 3.2.9" type="journal article" year="2020">Makarkin &amp; Perkovsky, 2020</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from late Eocene of Rovno amber. The authors believed that the forewing venation of two former species (
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DD28E41AE682F147" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Makarkin et al." baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[887,977,1377,1403]" class="Bacillariophyceae" genus="Archibaldia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="wehri">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DD28E41AE682F147" box="[887,977,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">P. wehri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the Tadushi species) are more similar to each other than either is to the European Eocene species, except
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DDDEE4FEE143F1A3" box="[897,1040,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DDDEE4FEE15FF1A3" box="[897,1036,1413,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Proneuronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gradatum">P. gradatum</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which is more or less similar to the former by the presence of character states (3) to (6). These character states occur rather often in some genera of the
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DEC8E4B5E449F1DB" box="[151,282,1485,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Megalomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DEC8E4B5E449F1DB" box="[151,282,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Megalomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group (see
<bibRefCitation id="87244F84DD6BFFC8DFC1E4B5E7C0F1DB" author="Makarkin, V. N. &amp; Wedmann, S. &amp; Weiterschan, T." box="[414,659,1485,1512]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" pagination="345 - 370" refId="ref4379" refString="Makarkin, V. N., Wedmann, S. &amp; Weiterschan, T. (2016) A new genus of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with a critical review of the Cenozoic Megalomus - like taxa and remarks on the wing venation variability of the family. Zootaxa, 4179 (3), 345 - 370. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4179.3.2" type="journal article" year="2016">
Makarkin
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DC4DE4B6E711F1DB" box="[530,578,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">et al</emphasis>
., 2016
</bibRefCitation>
), but their complete set is present only in the new genus,
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DB52E4B6E0C6F1DB" box="[1293,1429,1485,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Proneuronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gradatum">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DB52E4B6E0C6F1DB" box="[1293,1429,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">P. gradatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the mid-Cretaceous
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DFEEE48AE688F237" authority="Liu et al., 2022" authorityName="Liu" authorityYear="2022" box="[433,987,1521,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Cretoneuronema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jarzembowskii">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DFEEE48AE64AF237" box="[433,793,1521,1548]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Cretoneuronema jarzembowskii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="87244F84DD6BFFC8DD7DE489E688F237" author="Liu, X. Y. &amp; Chen, Z. L. &amp; Zhuo, D." box="[802,987,1521,1548]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" pagination="226 - 232" refId="ref4110" refString="Liu, X. Y., Chen, Z. L. &amp; Zhuo, D. (2022) Cretoneuronema gen. nov. (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae), a new brown lacewing genus from the mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber. Palaeoentomology, 5, 226 - 232. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / palaeoentomology. 5.3.4" type="journal article" year="2022">
Liu
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DD0CE48AE6DBF237" box="[851,904,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">et al</emphasis>
., 2022
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. By this reason,
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DAFFE48AE078F237" box="[1184,1323,1521,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Proneuronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gradatum">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DAFFE48AE078F237" box="[1184,1323,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">P. gradatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may also belong to
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DF59E76DE4D8F213" authority="Makarkin, 2023" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="2023" box="[262,395,1557,1583]" class="Bacillariophyceae" genus="Archibaldia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DF59E76DE4D8F213" box="[262,395,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Archibaldia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DFCDE76DE4A9F213" bold="true" box="[402,506,1557,1583]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAF2531CDD6BFFC8DFCDE76DE4A9F213" box="[402,506,1557,1583]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, except that it lacks crossvein 1r-m and those between RA and RP1/RP2. However, their absence might be explained by secondary reduction. Futhermore, the maculation of
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DA31E742E1A6F26F" box="[1134,1269,1593,1619]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Proneuronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gradatum">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DA31E742E1A6F26F" box="[1134,1269,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">P. gradatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DB76E742E0CEF26F" authority="Makarkin, 2023" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="2023" box="[1321,1437,1594,1620]" class="Bacillariophyceae" genus="Archibaldia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="aristovi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DB76E742E0CEF26F" box="[1321,1437,1594,1620]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">A. aristovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DEC8E725E5A3F24B" bold="true" box="[151,240,1629,1655]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAF2531CDD6BFFC8DEC8E725E5A3F24B" box="[151,240,1629,1655]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is similar.
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DF36E725E66CF24B" authority="Henriksen, 1922" authorityName="Henriksen" authorityYear="1922" box="[361,831,1629,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Megalomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="densistriatus">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DF36E725E7D3F24B" box="[361,640,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Megalomus densistriatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="87244F84DD6BFFC8DCD8E725E66CF24B" author="Henriksen, K. L." box="[647,831,1629,1655]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref3775" refString="Henriksen, K. L. (1922) Eocene insects from Denmark. Danmarks Geologiske Undersogelse, 2 (37), 1 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.34194 / raekke 2. v 37.6823" type="journal article" year="1922">Henriksen, 1922</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the earliest Eocene of
<collectingCountry id="9BA272E5DD6BFFC8DA27E725E1B3F24B" box="[1144,1248,1629,1655]" name="Denmark" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Denmark</collectingCountry>
may also belong to
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DEEBE7F9E46AF2A7" authority="Makarkin, 2023" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="2023" box="[180,313,1665,1691]" class="Bacillariophyceae" genus="Archibaldia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DEEBE7F9E46AF2A7" box="[180,313,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Archibaldia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DF1FE7F9E4FAF2A7" bold="true" box="[320,425,1665,1691]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAF2531CDD6BFFC8DF1FE7F9E4FAF2A7" box="[320,425,1665,1691]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, but this would require reexamination of the
<typeStatus id="3C0E8CD7DD6BFFC8DDFCE7F9E156F2A7" box="[931,1029,1665,1691]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">holotype</typeStatus>
or additional specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E30A3275DD6BFFC8DE98E7DDE013F2DF" blockId="1.[151,1437,873,2016]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
The forewing of
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DFDBE7DEE7A2F283" authority="Liu et al., 2022" authorityName="Liu" authorityYear="2022" box="[388,753,1701,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Cretoneuronema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DFDBE7DEE713F2FC" box="[388,576,1702,1728]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Cretoneuronema</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="87244F84DD6BFFC8DC19E7DDE7A2F283" author="Liu, X. Y. &amp; Chen, Z. L. &amp; Zhuo, D." box="[582,753,1701,1728]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" pagination="226 - 232" refId="ref4110" refString="Liu, X. Y., Chen, Z. L. &amp; Zhuo, D. (2022) Cretoneuronema gen. nov. (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae), a new brown lacewing genus from the mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber. Palaeoentomology, 5, 226 - 232. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / palaeoentomology. 5.3.4" type="journal article" year="2022">
Liu
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DC2BE7DEE7F6F283" box="[628,677,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">et al</emphasis>
., 2022
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is also very similar to that of the new genus, but differs from it by the distal fusion of Sc and RA, and by the absence of crossvein 1r-m and those between RA and RP1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E30A3275DD6BFFC8DE98E795E4A0F34F" blockId="1.[151,1437,873,2016]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
The crossvein between RA and RP1 is present only in
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DD7FE796E62DF33B" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Makarkin et al." baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[800,894,1773,1800]" class="Bacillariophyceae" genus="Archibaldia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="wehri">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DD7FE796E62DF33B" box="[800,894,1773,1800]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">A. wehri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DDD4E796E153F33B" authority="Makarkin, 2023" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="2023" box="[907,1024,1774,1800]" class="Bacillariophyceae" genus="Archibaldia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="aristovi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DDD4E796E6CFF334" box="[907,924,1774,1800]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DDF5E796E153F33B" box="[938,1024,1774,1799]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">aristovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DA5AE795E10DF33B" bold="true" box="[1029,1118,1773,1799]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAF2531CDD6BFFC8DA5AE795E10DF33B" box="[1029,1118,1773,1799]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, and three extant genera, the Australian
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DF4AE669E741F317" authority="Banks, 1909" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1909" box="[277,530,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Carobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DF4AE669E42FF317" box="[277,380,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Carobius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="87244F84DD6BFFC8DFDAE669E741F317" author="Banks, N." box="[389,530,1809,1835]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" pagination="76 - 81" refId="ref3639" refString="Banks, N. (1909) Hemerobiidae from Queensland, Australia [Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae.] Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 11, 76 - 81." type="journal article" year="1909">Banks, 1909</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DC13E669E60AF317" authority="New, 1988" authorityName="New" authorityYear="1988" box="[588,857,1809,1836]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Notherobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DC13E669E786F317" box="[588,725,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Notherobius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="87244F84DD6BFFC8DC81E66AE60AF317" author="New, T. R." box="[734,857,1809,1836]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" pagination="339 - 411" refId="ref4559" refString="New, T. R. (1988) A revision of the Australian Hemerobiidae (Insecta: Neuroptera). Invertebrate Taxonomy, 2, 339 - 411. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IT 9880339" type="journal article" year="1988">New, 1988</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Carobiinae), and the mainly Oriental
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DB49E669E476F373" authority="Banks, 1920" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1920" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Zachobiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DB49E669E0CFF317" box="[1302,1436,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Zachobiella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="87244F84DD6BFFC8DEC8E64DE476F373" author="Banks, N." box="[151,293,1845,1871]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" pagination="299 - 362" refId="ref3671" refString="Banks, N. (1920) New neuropteroid insects. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 64, 299 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 28705" type="journal article" year="1920">Banks, 1920</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Zachobiellinae). It is strange but this crossvein is absent in other genera of the
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DA97E64DE018F373" box="[1224,1355,1845,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Megalomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DA97E64DE018F373" box="[1224,1355,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Megalomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group, which have rich crossvenation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E30A3275DD6BFFCBDE98E606E4A3F4C5" blockId="1.[151,1437,873,2016]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,249]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
In
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DEB8E605E4DAF3AB" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[231,393,1917,1943]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hemerobiidae</taxonomicName>
, the crossvein 1r-m is present only in
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DD64E606E6C8F3AB" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Makarkin et al." baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[827,923,1917,1944]" class="Bacillariophyceae" genus="Archibaldia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="wehri">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DD64E606E6C8F3AB" box="[827,923,1917,1944]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">A. wehri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DD8CE606E119F3AB" authority="Makarkin, 2023" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="2023" box="[979,1098,1918,1944]" class="Bacillariophyceae" genus="Archibaldia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="aristovi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DD8CE606E6B7F3A4" box="[979,996,1918,1944]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DDABE606E119F3AB" box="[1012,1098,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">aristovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DA0EE605E1FFF3AB" bold="true" box="[1105,1196,1917,1943]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAF2531CDD6BFFC8DA0EE605E1FFF3AB" box="[1105,1196,1917,1943]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
In the
<typeStatus id="3C0E8CD7DD6BFFC8DAA1E605E033F3AB" box="[1278,1376,1917,1943]" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD6BFFC8DBD7E606E584F387" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Makarkin et al." baseAuthorityYear="2003" class="Bacillariophyceae" genus="Archibaldia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="wehri">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD6BFFC8DBD7E606E584F387" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">P. wehri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there are two thin crossveins connecting the basal stem of M and RA before the origin of RP1, either of which might be considered 1r-m (or 1r-m and 1
<superScript id="14C09F3DDD6BFFC8DC31E6BDE7F3F3E3" attach="right" box="[622,672,1989,2015]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">br-m</superScript>
) (
<figureCitation id="7B8E2EF0DD6BFFC8DCE6E6BDE7AFF3E3" box="[697,764,1989,2015]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1479,1503]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,270,1453]" captionTargetId="figure-71@2.[151,1436,270,1453]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Archibaldia wehri (Makarkin et al., 2003), comb. nov., holotype UWBM77543 (wetted with ethanol).A, forewing; B, its basal part; C, same, taken under different lighting. a, two basal crossveins between R and M; b, crossveins between RA and RP2. Scale bars = 1 mm (B is not to scale)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7989497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7989497/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). These are poorly discernible and were overlooked in the original description (
<bibRefCitation id="87244F84DD68FFCBDFDEE1EFE726F48D" author="Makarkin, V. N. &amp; Archibald, S. B. &amp; Oswald, J. D." box="[385,629,151,177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" pagination="637 - 653" refId="ref4211" refString="Makarkin, V. N., Archibald, S. B. &amp; Oswald, J. D. (2003) New Early Eocene brown lacewings (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) from western North America. Canadian Entomologist, 135, 637 - 653. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / n 02 - 122" type="journal article" year="2003">
Makarkin
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD68FFCBDFA7E1EFE762F48D" box="[504,561,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">et al.</emphasis>
2003
</bibRefCitation>
). Therefore, this character state may be interpreted as an autapomorphy of
<taxonomicName id="24B549F6DD68FFCBDEEAE1C3E469F4E9" authority="Makarkin, 2023" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="2023" box="[181,314,187,213]" class="Bacillariophyceae" genus="Archibaldia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD68FFCBDEEAE1C3E469F4E9" box="[181,314,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Archibaldia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D1C1EE67DD68FFCBDF1EE1C3E4F9F4E9" bold="true" box="[321,426,187,213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAF2531CDD68FFCBDF1EE1C3E4F9F4E9" box="[321,426,187,213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Unfortunately, it cannot be reliably identified in impression fossils, and its presence in the oldest hemerobiids is possible.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>