treatments-xml/data/03/83/87/03838781FFE9556CFD8F9A9F36F3FCF4.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.7717/peerj.13457" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b49bd2b4-4d73-40a3-9cce-0352db023861" ID-PMC="PMC9206431" ID-PubMed="35726261" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6791689" ID-ZooBank="9FE7C271-9402-4062-B9B5-2087C8ACDC04" approvalRequired="3" approvalRequired_for_bibRefs="2" approvalRequired_for_document="1" checkinTime="1656822801088" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Solé, Floréal, Lesport, Jean-François, Heitz, Antoine &amp; Mennecart, Bastien" docDate="2022" docId="03838781FFE9556CFD8F9A9F36F3FCF4" docLanguage="en" docName="PeerJ.10.e13457.pdf" docOrigin="PeerJ 10" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13457" docTitle="Tartarocyon cazanavei Solé &amp; Lesport &amp; Heitz &amp; Mennecart 2022, nov. gen. &amp; sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="FFBAFFF9FFEF5561FF8498663309FFA0" masterDocTitle="A new gigantic carnivore (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the late middle Miocene of France" masterLastPageNumber="29" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1668138751294" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title>A new gigantic carnivore (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the late middle Miocene of France</mods:title>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Solé, Floréal</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Lesport, Jean-François</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Private, Sainte-Hélène, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Heitz, Antoine</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Basel, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Mennecart, Bastien</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Basel, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2022-06-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number>10</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13457</mods:url>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6791681" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196376460" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6791681" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03838781FFE9556CFD8F9A9F36F3FCF4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03838781FFE9556CFD8F9A9F36F3FCF4" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<subSubSection box="[523,1052,761,788]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="6.[491,1542,562,1903]" box="[523,1052,761,788]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<heading box="[523,1052,761,788]" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Species 
<taxonomicName authority="Solé &amp; Lesport &amp; Heitz &amp; Mennecart, 2022" authorityName="Solé &amp; Lesport &amp; Heitz &amp; Mennecart" authorityYear="2022" box="[614,870,762,787]" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Tartarocyon" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="cazanavei" status="nov. sp." subOrder="Caniformia" tribe="Amphicyonini">
<emphasis box="[614,870,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tartarocyon cazanavei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[877,1052,761,788]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">nov. gen. &amp; sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="6.[491,1542,562,1903]" box="[523,619,801,827]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<figureCitation box="[523,619,801,827]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[507,571,1165,1187]" captionTargetBox="[493,1319,231,1118]" captionTargetId="figure-8@7.[491,1322,229,1120]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3 Holotype (MHNBx 2020.20.1) of Tartarocyon cazanavei nov. gen. &amp; sp. from Sallespisse (MN7/8, Southwest France), in occlusal, lingual, and labial views. Scale bar is 5 cm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-3" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6791697" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6791697/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 3</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[523,701,841,867]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
ZooBank 
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. 
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="etymology">
<paragraph blockId="6.[491,1542,562,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[523,661,881,907]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Etymology.</emphasis>
Dedicated to Mr Alain Cazanave, owner of the locality, who helped with the excavation during many years.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="6.[491,1542,562,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[523,651,960,986]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Large size Amphicyoninae possessing a complete dental formula. The taxon is characterized by the following features: long diastemata between the premolars, low p2 and p3, absent anterior accessory cuspid on p4, large and individualized distal accessory cuspid on p4, and unreduced m2 and m3. The taxon differs from all the European amphicyonids from the Miocene by the individualization of the distal accessory cuspid from the main cuspid on p4 and the extreme reduction of the distal shelf and cingulid.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="6.[491,1542,562,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[523,647,1199,1225]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Specimen.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828170301" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="MHNBx 2020.20.1" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCode box="[656,880,1200,1226]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">MHNBx 2020.20.1</specimenCode>
, right mandible bearing p2-p4, alveoli of 
<date box="[1376,1431,1199,1225]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">i1-i3</date>
, c, p1, m1-m3
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="6.[491,1542,562,1903]" box="[523,868,1279,1306]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[523,708,1279,1305]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Measurements.</emphasis>
<tableCitation box="[715,812,1279,1305]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="8.[507,563,246,267]" captionTargetBox="[514,1515,328,756]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 1 Measurements of the teeth of the holotype (MHNBx 2020.20.1) of Tartarocyon cazanavei nov. gen. &amp; sp. from Sallespisse (MN7/8)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF55661FFFE75569FE7F98903056FE89" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" tableUuid="DF55661FFFE75569FE7F98903056FE89">Tables 1</tableCitation>
&amp; 
<tableCitation box="[847,861,1279,1305]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[507,563,871,892]" captionTargetBox="[514,1513,955,1124]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2 Several measurements of the teeth and mandible of the holotype (MHNBx 2020.20.1) of Tartarocyon cazanavei nov. gen. &amp; sp. from Sallespisse (MN7/8)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF55661FFFE75569FE7F9B013759FC3A" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" tableUuid="DF55661FFFE75569FE7F9B013759FC3A">2</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[491,1542,562,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[523,674,1319,1345]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Description.</emphasis>
The mandible is mesiodistally elongated. Large diastemata are present between the canine, p1, p2, p3, and p4; the longest diastema is between the p2 and p3.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[491,1542,562,1903]" lastBlockId="7.[491,1542,1300,1884]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
The symphysis is oval and nearly horizontally oriented; it is high and extends posteriorly up to the distal root of p2. A mental foramen lies beneath the p1-p2 diastema; it is in a high position on the mandibular ramus. The ramus of the mandible is shallower anteriorly than posteriorly, the highest portion being below the m3. The ventral margin of the ramus below the toothrow is relatively straight, but beneath the anterior extremity of the large, deep masseteric fossa it becomes convex. An incisura vasorum is present on the ventral margin of the mandible anterior to the angular process. The angular process is robust but very short; it projects medially. The mandibular condyle is at the level of the tooth row. It is cylindrical and mediolaterally elongate. The coronoid process is tall and distinctly oriented backwards; it arises at a 50 
<superScript attach="left" box="[907,918,1757,1771]" fontSize="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">◦</superScript>
angle relative to the horizontal ramus. The posterior margin of the coronoid is vertical and straight, while the cranial margin is rounded. The masseteric fossa, on its labial side, is deep and wide. The mandibular foramen is relatively circular, standing at the level of the incisura vasorum, at mid-height between the base of the mandible and the level formed by the toothrow. The mandibular foramen opens midway between the m3 and the mandibular condyle.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6791697" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6791697" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6791697/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[507,571,1165,1187]" targetBox="[493,1319,231,1118]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph blockId="7.[507,1526,1165,1245]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Figure 3 Holotype (MHNBx 2020.20.1) of 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[933,1157,1165,1187]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName authority="Solé &amp; Lesport &amp; Heitz &amp; Mennecart, 2022" authorityName="Solé &amp; Lesport &amp; Heitz &amp; Mennecart" authorityYear="2022" box="[933,1055,1166,1187]" genus="Tartarocyon" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="genus" status="nov. gen.">Tartarocyon</taxonomicName>
cazanavei
</emphasis>
nov. gen. &amp; sp. from Sallespisse (MN7/8, Southwest France), in occlusal, lingual, and labial views. Scale bar is 5 cm.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="7.[507,1526,1165,1245]" box="[1103,1526,1223,1245]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-3</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="7.[491,1542,1300,1884]" lastBlockId="8.[491,1541,1223,1887]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">The lower incisors are not preserved, but the alveoli of the i1, i2, and i3 are visible. Considering the size of the tooth sockets, the i3 seems to have been the largest and the i1 the smallest. The canine is also not preserved. It was ovoid in section and of large size. Its root extends in the mandible to between p2 and p3. The p1 is not preserved; a single alveolus is visible, but it appears that two, mainly fused, roots were present. The other teeth are two-rooted, except the m3, which is single-rooted. The p2 and p3 are very low in height. There is a prominent ridge on the mesial and distal margins of the main cuspid of these teeth. The main cuspid is low and located mesially, which results in an asymmetric morphology in lateral view. Mesial to the main cuspid, the lingual cingulid is thicker, but no individualized anterior cuspid is present. On p3 and p4, the distal shelf forms the widest part of the crown; it is less clear on p2. There is a short distal cingulid, but no cuspid is present. The p4 is distinctly longer and mediolaterally wider than the p2 and p3. However, the main cuspid remains low. The tooth is less asymmetric, the apex of the main cuspid being more mesiodistally centered. No real anterior accessory cuspid is present mesial to the main cuspid. A distal accessory cuspid is present: it is mostly individualized from the main cuspid. The distal accessory cuspid is mediolaterally centered. The distal cingulid is thin on the labial and lingual parts and is almost completely absent at the distal part; it does not form a distal shelf. The molars are not present, but the m1 was the largest tooth of the tooth-row. The m2 is larger than the m3.</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DF55661FFFE75569FE7F98903056FE89" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF55661FFFE75569FE7F98903056FE89" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[507,563,246,267]" targetBox="[514,1515,328,756]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph blockId="8.[507,1519,246,297]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Table 1 Measurements of the teeth of the holotype (MHNBx 2020.20.1) of 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1247,1471,246,267]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName authority="Solé &amp; Lesport &amp; Heitz &amp; Mennecart, 2022" authorityName="Solé &amp; Lesport &amp; Heitz &amp; Mennecart" authorityYear="2022" box="[1247,1369,246,267]" genus="Tartarocyon" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" rank="genus" status="nov. gen.">Tartarocyon</taxonomicName>
cazanavei
</emphasis>
nov. gen. &amp; sp. from Sallespisse (MN7/8).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<table box="[514,1515,328,756]" gridcols="3" gridrows="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<tr box="[514,1515,328,352]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[514,645,328,352]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tooth locus</th>
<th box="[1006,1083,328,352]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Length</th>
<th box="[1444,1515,328,352]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<tableNote box="[1444,1515,328,352]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[491,1510,366,829]" targetPageId="8">Width</tableNote>
</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[514,1515,366,394]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[514,645,366,394]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">i1</th>
<td box="[1006,1083,366,394]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">7.58*</td>
<td box="[1444,1515,366,394]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3.19*</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[514,1515,402,430]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[514,645,402,430]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">i2</th>
<td box="[1006,1083,402,430]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">9.88*</td>
<td box="[1444,1515,402,430]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5.02*</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[514,1515,438,466]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[514,645,438,466]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">i3</th>
<td box="[1006,1083,438,466]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">11.51*</td>
<td box="[1444,1515,438,466]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5.15*</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[514,1515,474,503]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-1="1">
<th box="[514,645,474,503]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">c</th>
<td box="[1444,1515,474,503]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">18.02*</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[514,1515,510,539]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[514,645,510,539]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">p1</th>
<td box="[1006,1083,510,539]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">7.87*</td>
<td box="[1444,1515,510,539]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3.86*</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[514,1515,551,575]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[514,645,551,575]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">p2</th>
<td box="[1006,1083,551,575]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">8.27</td>
<td box="[1444,1515,551,575]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4.63</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[514,1515,587,611]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[514,645,587,611]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">p3</th>
<td box="[1006,1083,587,611]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">11.14</td>
<td box="[1444,1515,587,611]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6.35</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[514,1515,623,647]" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[514,645,623,647]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">p4</th>
<td box="[1006,1083,623,647]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">18.58</td>
<td box="[1444,1515,623,647]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">9.67</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[514,1515,655,683]" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[514,645,655,683]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">m1</th>
<td box="[1006,1083,655,683]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">34.30*</td>
<td box="[1444,1515,655,683]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">13.88*</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[514,1515,691,719]" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[514,645,691,719]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">m2</th>
<td box="[1006,1083,691,719]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">24.26*</td>
<td box="[1444,1515,691,719]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">14.22*</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[514,1515,727,756]" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[514,645,727,756]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">m3</th>
<td box="[1006,1083,727,756]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">17.21*</td>
<td box="[1444,1515,727,756]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">11.93*</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="8.[491,665,787,829]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<tableNote pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[514,1510,366,756]" targetPageId="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,545,787,803]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Notes.</emphasis>
*based on alveoli.
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="8.[507,1508,870,922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Table 2 Several measurements of the teeth and mandible of the holotype (MHNBx 2020.20.1) of 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName authority="Solé &amp; Lesport &amp; Heitz &amp; Mennecart, 2022" authorityName="Solé &amp; Lesport &amp; Heitz &amp; Mennecart" authorityYear="2022" genus="Tartarocyon" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" rank="genus" status="nov. gen.">Tartarocyon</taxonomicName>
cazanavei
</emphasis>
nov. gen. &amp; sp. from Sallespisse (MN7/8).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<table box="[514,1513,955,1124]" gridcols="2" gridrows="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<tr box="[514,1513,955,979]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[514,674,955,979]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Length p1-p4</th>
<th box="[1456,1513,955,979]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">69.94</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[514,1513,991,1015]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td box="[514,674,991,1015]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Length m1-m3</td>
<td box="[1456,1513,991,1015]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">78.67</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[514,1513,1027,1051]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td box="[514,674,1027,1051]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">MD below p2</td>
<td box="[1456,1513,1027,1051]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">39.69</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[514,1513,1063,1087]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td box="[514,674,1063,1087]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">MD below m1</td>
<td box="[1456,1513,1063,1087]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">48.97</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[514,1513,1100,1124]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td box="[514,674,1100,1124]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">MD below m3</td>
<td box="[1456,1513,1100,1124]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">53.25</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<tableNote pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[514,1513,955,1124]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph blockId="8.[491,711,1153,1195]" box="[491,545,1153,1169]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading bold="true" box="[491,545,1153,1169]" fontSize="7" level="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="6">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,545,1153,1169]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Notes.</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="8.[491,711,1153,1195]" box="[531,711,1178,1195]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">MD, Mandible height.</paragraph>
</tableNote>
<paragraph blockId="8.[491,1541,1223,1887]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[523,682,1462,1488]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Comparison.</emphasis>
The premolars of the typical haplocyonines (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schlosser" authorityYear="1901" box="[1215,1336,1462,1488]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Haplocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1215,1336,1462,1488]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Haplocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hürzeler" authorityYear="1940" box="[1351,1528,1462,1488]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Haplocyonoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1351,1528,1462,1488]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Haplocyonoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Bonis" authorityYear="1973" box="[491,666,1502,1528]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Haplocyonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[491,666,1502,1528]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Haplocyonopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="de Bonis" box="[682,847,1502,1529]" firstAuthor="de Bonis" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="114" refId="ref12185" refString="de Bonis L. 1966. Sur l'evolution du genre Haplocyon Schlosser (Carnivora). Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France 8 (1): 114 117." type="journal article" year="1966">
<emphasis box="[682,847,1502,1529]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">de Bonis, 1966</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Peigne &amp; Heizmann" box="[862,1158,1502,1529]" firstAuthor="Peigne" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1" refId="ref13922" refString="Peigne S, Heizmann EPJ. 2003. The Amphicyonidae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Early Miocene locality of Ulm-Westtangente, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany: systematics and ecomorphology. Stuttgarter Beitrage Zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie Und Palaontologie) 343: 1 133." type="journal article" year="2003">
<emphasis box="[862,1158,1502,1529]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Peigné &amp; Heizmann, 2003</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Morlo" box="[1173,1372,1502,1528]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morlo" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1705848" refId="ref13681" refString="Morlo M, Bastl K, Habersetzer J, Engel T, Lischewsky B, Lutz H, von Berg A, Rabenstein R, Nagel D. 2020. The apex of amphicyonid hypercarnivory: solving the riddle of Agnotherium antiquum Kaup, 1833 (Mammalia, Carnivora). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39 (5): e 1705848 DOI 10.1080 / 02724634.2019.1705848." type="journal article" year="2020">
<emphasis box="[1173,1372,1502,1528]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Morlo et al., 2020</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
) differ from those of MHNBx 2020.20. 
<quantity box="[803,843,1542,1568]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
being high (
<emphasis box="[991,1031,1543,1568]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">i.e.,</emphasis>
high main cuspid) and in the loss of the p4 distal accessory cuspid. Like the typical haplocyonines, the premolars of 
<taxonomicName box="[1342,1531,1582,1608]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Gobicyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serbiae">
<emphasis box="[1342,1531,1582,1608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gobicyon serbiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode box="[500,552,1622,1648]" country="Brazil" name="Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">MN</collectionCode>
6) differ from those of MHNBx 2020.20. 
<quantity box="[1036,1077,1622,1648]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
being high. Moreover, the p2 and p3 of 
<taxonomicName box="[524,634,1661,1688]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Gobicyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serbiae">
<emphasis box="[524,634,1661,1688]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">G. serbiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possesses an individualized and large distal accessory cuspid. Additionally, typical haplocyonines and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Colbert" authorityYear="1939" box="[809,915,1701,1727]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Gobicyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[809,915,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gobicyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a short toothrow lacking diastemata. These amphicyonids are thus relatively short-snouted compared to the taxon from Sallespisse.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="8.[491,1541,1223,1887]" lastBlockId="9.[491,1542,228,1913]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
All the thaumastocyonines differ from MHNBx 2020.20. 
<quantity box="[1193,1234,1781,1807]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
having relatively shorter diastemata between the premolars. The p2 and p3 preserved on MHNBx 2020.20.1 are similar to those of the oldest thaumastocyonines (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ginsburg" authorityYear="1966" box="[1077,1196,1862,1887]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Ysengrinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1077,1196,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ysengrinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heizmann &amp; Kordikova" authorityYear="2000" box="[1211,1316,1861,1887]" class="Mammalia" genus="Crassidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1211,1316,1861,1887]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Crassidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in being low (
<emphasis box="[1497,1537,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">i.e.,</emphasis>
their main cuspid is noticeably lower than the p4 main cuspid). The p4 of MHNBx 2020.20.1 also shares with the thaumastocyonines the presence of a strong distal accessory cuspid (
<figureCitation box="[502,566,307,333]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[507,571,1597,1619]" captionTargetBox="[493,1449,232,1549]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[491,1452,229,1553]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Mandible and p4 comparison for several European amphycionids. The red circle indicates the p4 position on the mandible. Modified from Dehm (1950), Kuss (1965), Bergounioux &amp; Crouzel (1973), Viranta (1996), Peigné &amp; Heizmann (2003), Peigné et al. (2008), Nagel, Stefen &amp; Morlo (2009), Morales et al. (2021a) and Morales et al. (2021b). NMB TD1162 (Heizmannocyon steinheimensis), NMB SO4377 (Megamphicyon giganteus). The scale bar is five cm for the mandibles. The p4 are not to scale. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6791699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6791699/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
); the youngest thaumastocyonines (
<emphasis box="[990,1190,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
e.g., 
<taxonomicName authority=", Ammitocyon" authorityName="Ammitocyon" box="[1041,1349,307,333]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Agnotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
Agnotherium, 
<emphasis box="[1204,1349,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ammitocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
) shares with the p4 of MHNBx 2020.20.1 the reduced distal shelf and cingulid (
<figureCitation box="[1200,1261,346,373]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[507,571,1597,1619]" captionTargetBox="[493,1449,232,1549]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[491,1452,229,1553]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Mandible and p4 comparison for several European amphycionids. The red circle indicates the p4 position on the mandible. Modified from Dehm (1950), Kuss (1965), Bergounioux &amp; Crouzel (1973), Viranta (1996), Peigné &amp; Heizmann (2003), Peigné et al. (2008), Nagel, Stefen &amp; Morlo (2009), Morales et al. (2021a) and Morales et al. (2021b). NMB TD1162 (Heizmannocyon steinheimensis), NMB SO4377 (Megamphicyon giganteus). The scale bar is five cm for the mandibles. The p4 are not to scale. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6791699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6791699/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). However, the p4 of the thaumastocyonines differs from that of MHNBx 2020.20. 
<quantity box="[1157,1195,386,412]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
having a leaning backward p4 main cuspid (
<figureCitation box="[653,717,425,452]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[507,571,1597,1619]" captionTargetBox="[493,1449,232,1549]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[491,1452,229,1553]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Mandible and p4 comparison for several European amphycionids. The red circle indicates the p4 position on the mandible. Modified from Dehm (1950), Kuss (1965), Bergounioux &amp; Crouzel (1973), Viranta (1996), Peigné &amp; Heizmann (2003), Peigné et al. (2008), Nagel, Stefen &amp; Morlo (2009), Morales et al. (2021a) and Morales et al. (2021b). NMB TD1162 (Heizmannocyon steinheimensis), NMB SO4377 (Megamphicyon giganteus). The scale bar is five cm for the mandibles. The p4 are not to scale. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6791699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6791699/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The youngest thaumastocyonines 
<emphasis box="[1160,1305,426,452]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ammitocyon</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[1363,1512,425,451]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Agnotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1363,1512,425,451]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Agnotherium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
moreover, differ from MHNBx 2020.20. 
<quantity box="[967,1008,465,491]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
having no p1, p2, and p3 (
<bibRefCitation author="Morlo" box="[1327,1527,465,491]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morlo" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1705848" refId="ref13681" refString="Morlo M, Bastl K, Habersetzer J, Engel T, Lischewsky B, Lutz H, von Berg A, Rabenstein R, Nagel D. 2020. The apex of amphicyonid hypercarnivory: solving the riddle of Agnotherium antiquum Kaup, 1833 (Mammalia, Carnivora). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39 (5): e 1705848 DOI 10.1080 / 02724634.2019.1705848." type="journal article" year="2020">
<emphasis box="[1327,1527,465,491]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Morlo et al., 2020</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Morales" box="[491,725,504,531]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="393" refId="ref13505" refString="Morales J, Abella J, Sanisidro O, Valenciano A. 2021 a. Ammitocyon kainos gen. et sp. nov. a chimerical amphicyonid (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the late Miocene carnivore traps of Cerro de los Batallones (Madrid, Spain). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 19 (5): 393 415 DOI 10.1080 / 14772019.2021.1910868." type="journal article" year="2021" yearSuffix="a">
<emphasis box="[491,725,504,531]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Morales et al., 2021a</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Compared to the fossil from Sallespisse, the thaumastocyonines have a reduced m3 relative to m1; the youngest thaumastocyonines (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stehlin &amp; Helbing" authorityYear="1925" box="[1315,1495,544,570]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Thaumastocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1315,1495,544,570]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Thaumastocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis box="[491,636,584,610]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ammitocyon</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[650,799,583,609]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Agnotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[650,799,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Agnotherium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) have even reduced m2 relative to m 
<quantity box="[1231,1272,583,610]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
addition to lacking m3 (
<bibRefCitation author="Morlo" box="[502,701,623,649]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morlo" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1705848" refId="ref13681" refString="Morlo M, Bastl K, Habersetzer J, Engel T, Lischewsky B, Lutz H, von Berg A, Rabenstein R, Nagel D. 2020. The apex of amphicyonid hypercarnivory: solving the riddle of Agnotherium antiquum Kaup, 1833 (Mammalia, Carnivora). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39 (5): e 1705848 DOI 10.1080 / 02724634.2019.1705848." type="journal article" year="2020">
<emphasis box="[502,701,623,649]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Morlo et al., 2020</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Morales" box="[716,949,623,649]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="393" refId="ref13505" refString="Morales J, Abella J, Sanisidro O, Valenciano A. 2021 a. Ammitocyon kainos gen. et sp. nov. a chimerical amphicyonid (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the late Miocene carnivore traps of Cerro de los Batallones (Madrid, Spain). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 19 (5): 393 415 DOI 10.1080 / 14772019.2021.1910868." type="journal article" year="2021" yearSuffix="a">
<emphasis box="[716,949,623,649]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Morales et al., 2021a</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). As a consequence, MHNBx 2020.20.1 differs in having more developed premolars, a mesially elongated snout (
<emphasis box="[1224,1264,663,688]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">i.e.,</emphasis>
diastemata between the premolars), and less reduced postcarnassial molars.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Three amphicyonines are regarded to be separate from those recorded in the Miocene: 
<taxonomicName authority=", Dehmicyon" authorityName="Dehmicyon" box="[491,737,781,807]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Ictiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[491,592,782,807]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ictiocyon</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis box="[609,737,781,807]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dehmicyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schlosser" authorityYear="1899" box="[806,938,781,807]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Pseudarctos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[806,938,781,807]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pseudarctos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Ginsburg" box="[958,1130,781,807]" firstAuthor="Ginsburg" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="301" refId="ref12650" refString="Ginsburg L. 1992. Les genres Pseudarctos et Ictiocyon, Amphicyonidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) du Miocene europeen. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section C, Sciences de la Terre, Paleontologie, Geologie, Mineralogie 14 (3 4): 301 317." type="journal article" year="1992">
<emphasis box="[958,1130,781,807]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ginsburg, 1992</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Morales" box="[1146,1379,781,807]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="126" refId="ref13627" refString="Morales J, Fejfar O, Heizmann E, Wagner J, Valenciano A, Abella J. 2021 b. The Amphicyoninae (Amphicyonidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) of the early Miocene from Tuchorice, the Czech Republic. Fossil Imprint 77: 126 144 DOI 10.37520 / fi. 2021.011." type="journal article" year="2021" yearSuffix="b">
<emphasis box="[1146,1379,781,807]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Morales et al., 2021b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). They are all included among Pseudarctini (
<bibRefCitation author="Morales" box="[894,1127,820,846]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="126" refId="ref13627" refString="Morales J, Fejfar O, Heizmann E, Wagner J, Valenciano A, Abella J. 2021 b. The Amphicyoninae (Amphicyonidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) of the early Miocene from Tuchorice, the Czech Republic. Fossil Imprint 77: 126 144 DOI 10.37520 / fi. 2021.011." type="journal article" year="2021" yearSuffix="b">
<emphasis box="[894,1127,820,846]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Morales et al., 2021b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). These small amphicyonids are short-snouted (
<emphasis box="[677,717,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">i.e.,</emphasis>
short diastemata between the premolars) and the p2 and p3 are distinctly taller than on MHNBx 2020.20.1. Moreover, the distal accessory cuspid on p4 is reduced to lost in 
<emphasis box="[730,858,939,965]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dehmicyon</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[873,974,940,965]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Ictiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[873,974,940,965]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ictiocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schlosser" authorityYear="1899" box="[1041,1173,939,965]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Pseudarctos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1041,1173,939,965]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pseudarctos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Ginsburg" box="[1191,1363,939,965]" firstAuthor="Ginsburg" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="301" refId="ref12650" refString="Ginsburg L. 1992. Les genres Pseudarctos et Ictiocyon, Amphicyonidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) du Miocene europeen. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section C, Sciences de la Terre, Paleontologie, Geologie, Mineralogie 14 (3 4): 301 317." type="journal article" year="1992">
<emphasis box="[1191,1363,939,965]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ginsburg, 1992</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Morales" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="126" refId="ref13627" refString="Morales J, Fejfar O, Heizmann E, Wagner J, Valenciano A, Abella J. 2021 b. The Amphicyoninae (Amphicyonidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) of the early Miocene from Tuchorice, the Czech Republic. Fossil Imprint 77: 126 144 DOI 10.37520 / fi. 2021.011." type="journal article" year="2021" yearSuffix="b">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Morales et al., 2021b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation box="[589,653,978,1004]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[507,571,1597,1619]" captionTargetBox="[493,1449,232,1549]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[491,1452,229,1553]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Mandible and p4 comparison for several European amphycionids. The red circle indicates the p4 position on the mandible. Modified from Dehm (1950), Kuss (1965), Bergounioux &amp; Crouzel (1973), Viranta (1996), Peigné &amp; Heizmann (2003), Peigné et al. (2008), Nagel, Stefen &amp; Morlo (2009), Morales et al. (2021a) and Morales et al. (2021b). NMB TD1162 (Heizmannocyon steinheimensis), NMB SO4377 (Megamphicyon giganteus). The scale bar is five cm for the mandibles. The p4 are not to scale. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6791699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6791699/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
The hypercarnivorous 
<taxonomicName authority="(Peigne et al., 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Peigne" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[795,1161,1018,1044]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Magericyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[795,927,1019,1044]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Magericyon</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Peigne" box="[947,1151,1018,1044]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Peigne" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="943" refId="ref13970" refString="Peigne S, Salesa MJ, Anton M, Morales J. 2008. A new amphicyonine (Carnivora: Amphicyonidae) from the upper Miocene of Batallones- 1, Madrid, Spain. Palaeontology 51 (4): 943 965 DOI 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2008.00788. x." type="journal article" year="2008">
<emphasis box="[947,1151,1018,1044]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Peigné et al., 2008</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, which belongs to the tribe 
<taxonomicName authority="(Morales et al., 2021 b)" baseAuthorityName="Morales" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[491,926,1057,1084]" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="tribe" tribe="Magericyonini">
Magericyonini (
<bibRefCitation author="Morales" box="[681,915,1057,1083]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="126" refId="ref13627" refString="Morales J, Fejfar O, Heizmann E, Wagner J, Valenciano A, Abella J. 2021 b. The Amphicyoninae (Amphicyonidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) of the early Miocene from Tuchorice, the Czech Republic. Fossil Imprint 77: 126 144 DOI 10.37520 / fi. 2021.011." type="journal article" year="2021" yearSuffix="b">
<emphasis box="[681,915,1057,1083]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Morales et al., 2021b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
differs from MHNBx 2020.20. 
<quantity box="[1296,1337,1057,1083]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
the absence of p2, in having a single-rooted p3, a p4 relatively shorter compared to the m1 (
<tableCitation box="[1415,1502,1097,1123]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="11.[106,162,310,331]" captionTargetBox="[108,1515,365,1757]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Table 3 Ratios estimated based on premolars and molars for several amphicyonines and thaumastocyonines known in the Miocene of Europe." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF55661FFFE4556AFFEE995036E3FEEB" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" tableUuid="DF55661FFFE4556AFFEE995036E3FEEB">Table 3</tableCitation>
) and in the absence of a distal cuspid on p4 (
<figureCitation box="[1021,1086,1136,1162]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[507,571,1597,1619]" captionTargetBox="[493,1449,232,1549]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[491,1452,229,1553]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Mandible and p4 comparison for several European amphycionids. The red circle indicates the p4 position on the mandible. Modified from Dehm (1950), Kuss (1965), Bergounioux &amp; Crouzel (1973), Viranta (1996), Peigné &amp; Heizmann (2003), Peigné et al. (2008), Nagel, Stefen &amp; Morlo (2009), Morales et al. (2021a) and Morales et al. (2021b). NMB TD1162 (Heizmannocyon steinheimensis), NMB SO4377 (Megamphicyon giganteus). The scale bar is five cm for the mandibles. The p4 are not to scale. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6791699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6791699/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The genus 
<taxonomicName box="[1243,1374,1136,1162]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Pseudocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1243,1374,1136,1162]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pseudocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is probably close to 
<taxonomicName box="[585,717,1177,1202]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Magericyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[585,717,1177,1202]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Magericyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
according to 
<bibRefCitation author="Morales" box="[876,1124,1176,1202]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="126" refId="ref13627" refString="Morales J, Fejfar O, Heizmann E, Wagner J, Valenciano A, Abella J. 2021 b. The Amphicyoninae (Amphicyonidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) of the early Miocene from Tuchorice, the Czech Republic. Fossil Imprint 77: 126 144 DOI 10.37520 / fi. 2021.011." type="journal article" year="2021" yearSuffix="b">
<emphasis box="[876,1124,1176,1202]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Morales et al. (2021b)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
. MHNBx 2020.20.1 is similar to the species of 
<taxonomicName box="[611,742,1215,1241]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Pseudocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[611,742,1215,1241]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pseudocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the presence of very long diastemata between the premolars and of low p2, p3. However, the p4 is relatively mesiodistally shorter (compared to the m1) in the 
<taxonomicName box="[536,755,1294,1320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis box="[536,667,1294,1320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pseudocyon</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
than in MHNBx 2020.20.1; moreover, the distal part of the p4 of 
<taxonomicName box="[491,622,1334,1360]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Pseudocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[491,622,1334,1360]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pseudocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widened compared to that of the p4 of MHNBx 2020.20.1 (
<figureCitation box="[1350,1414,1334,1360]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[507,571,1597,1619]" captionTargetBox="[493,1449,232,1549]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[491,1452,229,1553]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Mandible and p4 comparison for several European amphycionids. The red circle indicates the p4 position on the mandible. Modified from Dehm (1950), Kuss (1965), Bergounioux &amp; Crouzel (1973), Viranta (1996), Peigné &amp; Heizmann (2003), Peigné et al. (2008), Nagel, Stefen &amp; Morlo (2009), Morales et al. (2021a) and Morales et al. (2021b). NMB TD1162 (Heizmannocyon steinheimensis), NMB SO4377 (Megamphicyon giganteus). The scale bar is five cm for the mandibles. The p4 are not to scale. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6791699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6791699/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[491,1542,228,1913]" lastBlockId="12.[491,1542,1404,1869]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
The Miocene 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1885" box="[690,859,1373,1399]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Amphicyonini">Amphicyonini</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jourdan" authorityYear="1862" box="[868,955,1373,1399]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynelos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[868,955,1373,1399]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cynelos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[972,1101,1373,1399]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Amphicyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[972,1101,1373,1399]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Amphicyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[1118,1291,1373,1399]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Megamphicyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1118,1291,1373,1399]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Megamphicyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority=", Paludocyon, and Heizmannocyon" authorityName="Paludocyon, and Heizmannocyon" class="Mammalia" genus="Euroamphicyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1308,1487,1373,1399]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Euroamphicyon</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis box="[491,622,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Paludocyon</emphasis>
, and 
<emphasis box="[693,877,1414,1439]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Heizmannocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share with MHNBx 2020.20.1 the presence of very long diastemata between the premolars, the presence of low p2, p3, and p4, and the unreduced m3 (the m3 indeed tends to reduce and is even absent in hypercarnivorous amphicyonids; 
<tableCitation box="[672,760,1531,1557]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="11.[106,162,310,331]" captionTargetBox="[108,1515,365,1757]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Table 3 Ratios estimated based on premolars and molars for several amphicyonines and thaumastocyonines known in the Miocene of Europe." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF55661FFFE4556AFFEE995036E3FEEB" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" tableUuid="DF55661FFFE4556AFFEE995036E3FEEB">Table 3</tableCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation author="Kuss" box="[790,912,1532,1558]" firstAuthor="Kuss" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1" refId="ref13223" refString="Kuss SE. 1965. Revision der europaischen Amphicyonidae (Canidae, Carnivora, Mamm.) ausschliesslich der voroberstampischen Formen. Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschafthiche Klasse 1: 1 168." type="journal article" year="1965">
<emphasis box="[790,912,1532,1558]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Kuss, 1965</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Peigne &amp; Heizmann" box="[927,1224,1531,1558]" firstAuthor="Peigne" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1" refId="ref13922" refString="Peigne S, Heizmann EPJ. 2003. The Amphicyonidae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Early Miocene locality of Ulm-Westtangente, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany: systematics and ecomorphology. Stuttgarter Beitrage Zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie Und Palaontologie) 343: 1 133." type="journal article" year="2003">
<emphasis box="[927,1224,1531,1558]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Peigné &amp; Heizmann, 2003</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Viranta" box="[1239,1397,1532,1558]" firstAuthor="Viranta" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref12555" refString="H, Viranta S. 1996. Provinciality, diversity, turnover and paleoecology in land mammal faunas of the later Miocene of western Eurasia. In: Bernor RL, Fahlbusch" type="book" year="1996">
<emphasis box="[1239,1397,1532,1558]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Viranta, 1996</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Despite sharing a characteristically slender ramus of the mandible, the p4 of MHNBx 2020.20.1 differs from that of the 
<taxonomicName box="[775,951,1610,1636]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis box="[775,862,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cynelos</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
by the absence of an anterior accessory cuspid (even if this structure is not individualized in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jourdan" authorityYear="1862" box="[1034,1121,1650,1676]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynelos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1034,1121,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cynelos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and a much more reduced distal shelf (
<figureCitation box="[564,628,1689,1715]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[507,571,1597,1619]" captionTargetBox="[493,1449,232,1549]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[491,1452,229,1553]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Mandible and p4 comparison for several European amphycionids. The red circle indicates the p4 position on the mandible. Modified from Dehm (1950), Kuss (1965), Bergounioux &amp; Crouzel (1973), Viranta (1996), Peigné &amp; Heizmann (2003), Peigné et al. (2008), Nagel, Stefen &amp; Morlo (2009), Morales et al. (2021a) and Morales et al. (2021b). NMB TD1162 (Heizmannocyon steinheimensis), NMB SO4377 (Megamphicyon giganteus). The scale bar is five cm for the mandibles. The p4 are not to scale. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6791699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6791699/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The case of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jourdan" authorityYear="1862" box="[792,879,1689,1715]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynelos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[792,879,1689,1715]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cynelos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is interesting because its p4 does not display a widening of its distal part; in this regard, its p4 is similar to that of MHNBx 2020.20. 
<quantity box="[1383,1424,1729,1755]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
occlusal view (
<figureCitation box="[565,632,1768,1794]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[507,571,1597,1619]" captionTargetBox="[493,1449,232,1549]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[491,1452,229,1553]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Mandible and p4 comparison for several European amphycionids. The red circle indicates the p4 position on the mandible. Modified from Dehm (1950), Kuss (1965), Bergounioux &amp; Crouzel (1973), Viranta (1996), Peigné &amp; Heizmann (2003), Peigné et al. (2008), Nagel, Stefen &amp; Morlo (2009), Morales et al. (2021a) and Morales et al. (2021b). NMB TD1162 (Heizmannocyon steinheimensis), NMB SO4377 (Megamphicyon giganteus). The scale bar is five cm for the mandibles. The p4 are not to scale. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6791699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6791699/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). MHNBx 2020.20.1 shares with the species of 
<emphasis box="[1207,1338,1768,1794]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Paludocyon</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName authority=", Heizmannocyon" authorityName="Heizmannocyon" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Amphicyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1355,1484,1768,1794]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Amphicyon</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis box="[491,675,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Heizmannocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[690,863,1808,1834]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Megamphicyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[690,863,1808,1834]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Megamphicyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName box="[931,1062,1808,1834]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Pseudocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[931,1062,1808,1834]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pseudocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the reduction of the anterior accessory cuspid compared to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jourdan" authorityYear="1862" box="[730,817,1847,1873]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynelos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[730,817,1847,1873]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cynelos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the distal shelf of the p4 is more developed in these amphicyonines than in MHNBx 2020.20.1 and none of the above-mentioned species has a p4 that displays a distal accessory cuspid separated from the main cuspid as it is on the p4 of MHNBx 2020.20.1. Moreover, these amphicyonine genera (see 
<taxonomicName box="[1235,1536,1443,1469]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Megamphicyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carnutense">
<emphasis box="[1235,1536,1443,1469]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Megamphicyon carnutense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis box="[543,799,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Paludocyon bohemicus</emphasis>
in 
<bibRefCitation author="Morales" box="[839,1072,1483,1509]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="126" refId="ref13627" refString="Morales J, Fejfar O, Heizmann E, Wagner J, Valenciano A, Abella J. 2021 b. The Amphicyoninae (Amphicyonidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) of the early Miocene from Tuchorice, the Czech Republic. Fossil Imprint 77: 126 144 DOI 10.37520 / fi. 2021.011." type="journal article" year="2021" yearSuffix="b">
<emphasis box="[839,1072,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Morales et al., 2021b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
) possess a p4 that is characterized by a widening of the distal part. Additionally, the mandible of 
<taxonomicName box="[1170,1299,1523,1549]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Amphicyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1170,1299,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Amphicyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[1358,1531,1523,1549]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Megamphicyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1358,1531,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Megamphicyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears more massive than that of MHNBx 2020.20.1 (
<bibRefCitation author="Kuss" box="[1147,1269,1564,1590]" firstAuthor="Kuss" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1" refId="ref13223" refString="Kuss SE. 1965. Revision der europaischen Amphicyonidae (Canidae, Carnivora, Mamm.) ausschliesslich der voroberstampischen Formen. Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschafthiche Klasse 1: 1 168." type="journal article" year="1965">
<emphasis box="[1147,1269,1564,1590]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Kuss, 1965</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Peigne &amp; Heizmann" firstAuthor="Peigne" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1" refId="ref13922" refString="Peigne S, Heizmann EPJ. 2003. The Amphicyonidae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Early Miocene locality of Ulm-Westtangente, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany: systematics and ecomorphology. Stuttgarter Beitrage Zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie Und Palaontologie) 343: 1 133." type="journal article" year="2003">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Peigné &amp; Heizmann, 2003</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Viranta" box="[560,718,1604,1630]" firstAuthor="Viranta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref12555" refString="H, Viranta S. 1996. Provinciality, diversity, turnover and paleoecology in land mammal faunas of the later Miocene of western Eurasia. In: Bernor RL, Fahlbusch" type="book" year="1996">
<emphasis box="[560,718,1604,1630]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Viranta, 1996</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<figureCitation box="[732,796,1603,1629]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[507,571,1597,1619]" captionTargetBox="[493,1449,232,1549]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[491,1452,229,1553]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Mandible and p4 comparison for several European amphycionids. The red circle indicates the p4 position on the mandible. Modified from Dehm (1950), Kuss (1965), Bergounioux &amp; Crouzel (1973), Viranta (1996), Peigné &amp; Heizmann (2003), Peigné et al. (2008), Nagel, Stefen &amp; Morlo (2009), Morales et al. (2021a) and Morales et al. (2021b). NMB TD1162 (Heizmannocyon steinheimensis), NMB SO4377 (Megamphicyon giganteus). The scale bar is five cm for the mandibles. The p4 are not to scale. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6791699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6791699/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6791699" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6791699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6791699/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[507,571,1597,1619]" targetBox="[493,1449,232,1549]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph blockId="10.[507,1525,1597,1766]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[507,1258,1597,1619]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 4 Mandible and p4 comparison for several European amphycionids.</emphasis>
The red circle indicates the p4 position on the mandible. Modified from 
<bibRefCitation author="Dehm" box="[973,1098,1627,1648]" firstAuthor="Dehm" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1" refId="ref12300" refString="Dehm R. 1950. Die Raubtiere aus dem Mittel-Miocan (Burdigalium) von Wintershof- West bei Eichstatt in Bayern. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse) N. F. 58: 1 141." type="book chapter" year="1950">
<emphasis box="[973,1098,1627,1648]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Dehm (1950)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Kuss" box="[1109,1221,1627,1649]" firstAuthor="Kuss" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1" refId="ref13223" refString="Kuss SE. 1965. Revision der europaischen Amphicyonidae (Canidae, Carnivora, Mamm.) ausschliesslich der voroberstampischen Formen. Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschafthiche Klasse 1: 1 168." type="journal article" year="1965">
<emphasis box="[1109,1221,1627,1649]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Kuss (1965)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Bergounioux &amp; Crouzel" box="[1232,1519,1627,1649]" firstAuthor="Bergounioux" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1" refId="ref11483" refString="Bergounioux F-M, Crouzel F-C. 1973. Amphicyon major Blainville du Miocene moyen de Sansan (Gers). Annales de Paleontologie, Vertebres 59 (1): 1 52." type="journal article" year="1973">
<emphasis box="[1232,1519,1627,1649]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bergounioux &amp; Crouzel (1973)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
, 
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<emphasis box="[507,648,1656,1678]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Viranta (1996)</emphasis>
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, 
<bibRefCitation author="Peigne &amp; Heizmann" box="[659,915,1656,1678]" firstAuthor="Peigne" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1" refId="ref13922" refString="Peigne S, Heizmann EPJ. 2003. The Amphicyonidae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Early Miocene locality of Ulm-Westtangente, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany: systematics and ecomorphology. Stuttgarter Beitrage Zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie Und Palaontologie) 343: 1 133." type="journal article" year="2003">
<emphasis box="[659,915,1656,1678]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Peigné &amp; Heizmann (2003)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Peigne" box="[926,1105,1656,1678]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Peigne" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="943" refId="ref13970" refString="Peigne S, Salesa MJ, Anton M, Morales J. 2008. A new amphicyonine (Carnivora: Amphicyonidae) from the upper Miocene of Batallones- 1, Madrid, Spain. Palaeontology 51 (4): 943 965 DOI 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2008.00788. x." type="journal article" year="2008">
<emphasis box="[926,1105,1656,1678]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Peigné et al. (2008)</emphasis>
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, 
<bibRefCitation author="Nagel, Stefen &amp; Morlo" box="[1116,1391,1656,1677]" firstAuthor="Nagel" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="151" refId="ref13797" refString="Nagel D, Stefen C, Morlo M. 2009. The carnivoran community from the Miocene of Sandelzhausen (Germany). Palaontologische Zeitschrift 83: 151 174." type="journal article" year="2009">
<emphasis box="[1116,1391,1656,1677]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nagel, Stefen &amp; Morlo (2009)</emphasis>
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, 
<bibRefCitation author="Morales" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="393" refId="ref13505" refString="Morales J, Abella J, Sanisidro O, Valenciano A. 2021 a. Ammitocyon kainos gen. et sp. nov. a chimerical amphicyonid (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the late Miocene carnivore traps of Cerro de los Batallones (Madrid, Spain). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 19 (5): 393 415 DOI 10.1080 / 14772019.2021.1910868." type="journal article" year="2021" yearSuffix="a">
Morales 
<emphasis box="[507,631,1685,1707]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al. (2021a)</emphasis>
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and 
<bibRefCitation author="Morales" box="[678,882,1685,1707]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="126" refId="ref13627" refString="Morales J, Fejfar O, Heizmann E, Wagner J, Valenciano A, Abella J. 2021 b. The Amphicyoninae (Amphicyonidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) of the early Miocene from Tuchorice, the Czech Republic. Fossil Imprint 77: 126 144 DOI 10.37520 / fi. 2021.011." type="journal article" year="2021" yearSuffix="b">
<emphasis box="[678,882,1685,1707]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Morales et al. (2021b)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
. NMB TD1162 (
<taxonomicName box="[1044,1334,1685,1707]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Heizmannocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="steinheimensis">
<emphasis box="[1044,1334,1685,1707]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heizmannocyon steinheimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), NMB SO4377 (
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[516,751,1715,1736]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Megamphicyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteus">
<emphasis box="[516,751,1715,1736]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Megamphicyon giganteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The scale bar is five cm for the mandibles. The p4 are not to scale. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-4
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DF55661FFFE4556AFFEE995036E3FEEB" box="[106,1514,309,331]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF55661FFFE4556AFFEE995036E3FEEB" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[106,162,310,331]" targetBox="[108,1515,365,1757]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph blockId="11.[106,1514,309,331]" box="[106,1514,309,331]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Table 3 Ratios estimated based on premolars and molars for several amphicyonines and thaumastocyonines known in the Miocene of Europe.</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<table box="[108,1515,365,1757]" colsContinueIn="12.[107,1515,267,1275]" gridcols="7" gridrows="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<tr box="[108,1515,365,389]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th box="[108,466,365,389]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Taxon</th>
<th box="[533,678,365,389]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Stratigraphic</th>
<th box="[742,842,365,389]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ratio</th>
<th box="[907,1007,365,389]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ratio</th>
<th box="[1071,1171,365,389]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ratio</th>
<th box="[1236,1343,365,389]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ratio</th>
<th box="[1408,1515,365,389]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1408,1480,365,389]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ratiov</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[108,1515,397,421]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[533,678,397,421]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">distribution</td>
<td box="[742,842,397,421]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lp2/Lm1</td>
<td box="[907,1007,397,421]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lp3/Lm1</td>
<td box="[1071,1171,397,421]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lp4/Lm1</td>
<td box="[1236,1343,397,421]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lm2/Lm1</td>
<td box="[1408,1515,397,421]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<tableNote box="[1408,1515,397,421]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[108,1453,439,1757]" targetPageId="11">Lm3/Lm1</tableNote>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[108,1515,439,495]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th box="[108,466,439,495]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pomel" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[113,311,439,463]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynelos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lemanensis">
<emphasis box="[113,311,439,463]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cynelos lemanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MNHNL-La85
</th>
<td box="[533,678,439,495]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">MN1-MN2</td>
<td box="[742,842,439,495]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.43</td>
<td box="[1071,1171,439,495]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.67</td>
<td box="[1236,1343,439,495]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.63</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[108,1515,534,590]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th box="[108,466,534,590]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName authority="SMNS" authorityName="SMNS" class="Mammalia" genus="Crassidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis box="[108,322,534,558]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Crassidia intermedia</emphasis>
SMNS
</taxonomicName>
46684
</th>
<td box="[533,678,534,590]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">MN1-MN2</td>
<td box="[742,842,534,590]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.47</td>
<td box="[907,1007,534,590]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.43</td>
<td box="[1071,1171,534,590]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.63</td>
<td box="[1236,1343,534,590]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.58</td>
<td box="[1408,1515,534,590]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.38</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[108,1515,628,685]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th box="[108,466,628,685]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName authority="FSL" authorityName="FSL" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Ysengrinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gerandiana">
<emphasis box="[108,339,628,652]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ysengrinia gerandiana</emphasis>
FSL
</taxonomicName>
213828
</th>
<td box="[533,678,628,685]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">MN1-MN2</td>
<td box="[742,842,628,685]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.44</td>
<td box="[907,1007,628,685]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.47</td>
<td box="[1071,1171,628,685]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.62</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[108,1515,719,779]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th box="[108,466,719,779]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName box="[113,307,723,747]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynelos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosidens">
<emphasis box="[113,307,723,747]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cynelos rugosidens</emphasis>
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BSP-1881-IX-14, 581
</th>
<td box="[533,678,719,779]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">MN2</td>
<td box="[1071,1171,719,779]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.67*</td>
<td box="[1236,1343,719,779]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.65</td>
<td box="[1408,1515,719,779]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.42</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[108,1515,817,874]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th box="[108,466,817,874]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis box="[108,324,817,841]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Peignecyon felinoides</emphasis>
TU 7391147
</th>
<td box="[533,678,817,874]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">MN3</td>
<td box="[1071,1171,817,874]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.55</td>
<td box="[1236,1343,817,874]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.49</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[108,1515,912,968]" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-6="1">
<th box="[108,466,912,968]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName authority="Fs" authorityName="Fs" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Megamphicyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carnutense">
<emphasis box="[113,388,912,936]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Megamphicyon carnutense</emphasis>
Fs
</taxonomicName>
6953
</th>
<td box="[533,678,912,968]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">MN3</td>
<td box="[742,842,912,968]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.35</td>
<td box="[907,1007,912,968]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.53</td>
<td box="[1071,1171,912,968]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.59</td>
<td box="[1236,1343,912,968]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.71</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[108,1515,1003,1063]" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th box="[108,466,1003,1063]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName box="[113,281,1007,1031]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynelos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="helbingi">
<emphasis box="[113,281,1007,1031]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cynelos helbingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
BSP-II-1937-12293
</th>
<td box="[533,678,1003,1063]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">MN3-MN4</td>
<td box="[1071,1171,1003,1063]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.57*</td>
<td box="[1236,1343,1003,1063]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.64</td>
<td box="[1408,1515,1003,1063]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.39</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[108,1515,1101,1158]" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName authority="Ginsburg (1992, p. 311) MN" authorityName="Ginsburg" authorityYear="1992" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Ictiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="socialis">
<th box="[108,466,1101,1158]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Ictiocyon socialis 
<bibRefCitation author="Ginsburg" box="[113,274,1133,1158]" firstAuthor="Ginsburg" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="301" refId="ref12650" refString="Ginsburg L. 1992. Les genres Pseudarctos et Ictiocyon, Amphicyonidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) du Miocene europeen. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section C, Sciences de la Terre, Paleontologie, Geologie, Mineralogie 14 (3 4): 301 317." type="journal article" year="1992">
Ginsburg (
<emphasis box="[224,274,1133,1157]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1992</emphasis>
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, p. 311)
</th>
<td box="[533,678,1101,1158]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">MN3-MN4</td>
</taxonomicName>
<td box="[742,842,1101,1158]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.41</td>
<td box="[907,1007,1101,1158]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.51</td>
<td box="[1071,1171,1101,1158]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.62</td>
<td box="[1236,1343,1101,1158]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.72</td>
<td box="[1408,1515,1101,1158]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis box="[1408,1453,1102,1126]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.42</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[108,1515,1196,1252]" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th box="[108,466,1196,1252]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName authority="MSNO." authorityName="MSNO." class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Ysengrinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="depereti">
<emphasis box="[108,304,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ysengrinia depereti</emphasis>
MSNO.
</taxonomicName>
785
</th>
<td box="[533,678,1196,1252]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">MN3-MN4</td>
<td box="[742,842,1196,1252]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.25</td>
<td box="[907,1007,1196,1252]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.43</td>
<td box="[1071,1171,1196,1252]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.48</td>
<td box="[1236,1343,1196,1252]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.62</td>
<td box="[1408,1515,1196,1252]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.34</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[108,1515,1290,1347]" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th box="[108,466,1290,1347]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis box="[113,331,1290,1314]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Dehmicyon schlosseri</emphasis>
BSP 13562
</th>
<td box="[533,678,1290,1347]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">MN3-MN5</td>
<td box="[742,842,1290,1347]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.37</td>
<td box="[907,1007,1290,1347]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.48</td>
<td box="[1071,1171,1290,1347]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.61</td>
<td box="[1236,1343,1290,1347]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.59</td>
<td box="[1408,1515,1290,1347]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.37</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[108,1515,1385,1441]" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th box="[108,466,1385,1441]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Paludocyon bohemicus NM-PV 11723</th>
<td box="[533,678,1385,1441]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">MN3-MN5</td>
<td box="[742,842,1385,1441]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.43</td>
<td box="[907,1007,1385,1441]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.49</td>
<td box="[1071,1171,1385,1441]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.59</td>
<td box="[1236,1343,1385,1441]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.65</td>
<td box="[1408,1515,1385,1441]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis box="[1408,1453,1385,1409]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.37</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[108,1515,1479,1536]" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-6="1">
<th box="[108,466,1479,1536]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName authority="MNHN. F. Sa" authorityName="MNHN. F. Sa" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Pseudocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sansaniensis">
<emphasis box="[113,364,1479,1503]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Pseudocyon sansaniensis</emphasis>
MNHN.F.Sa
</taxonomicName>
207
</th>
<td box="[533,678,1479,1536]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">MN3-MN9</td>
<td box="[742,842,1479,1536]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.28</td>
<td box="[907,1007,1479,1536]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.29</td>
<td box="[1071,1171,1479,1536]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.51</td>
<td box="[1236,1343,1479,1536]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.6</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[108,1515,1575,1630]" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th box="[108,466,1575,1630]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName authority="UCBL-FSL" authorityName="UCBL-FSL" class="Mammalia" genus="Tomocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grivense">
<emphasis box="[108,304,1575,1598]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Tomocyon grivense</emphasis>
UCBL-FSL
</taxonomicName>
213797
</th>
<td box="[533,678,1575,1630]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">MN3-MN9</td>
<td box="[1236,1343,1575,1630]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.6</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[108,1515,1669,1757]" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-6="1">
<th box="[108,466,1669,1757]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[113,374,1669,1693]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Megamphicyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteus">
<emphasis box="[113,374,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Megamphicyon giganteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Specimen from Vienna &amp; Basel SO6521 (
<bibRefCitation author="Hunt Jr" box="[213,355,1733,1757]" firstAuthor="Hunt Jr" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="77" refId="ref12956" refString="Hunt Jr RM. 2003. Intercontinental Migration of Large Mammalian Carnivores: earliest Occurrence of the Old World Beardog Amphicyon (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) in North America. Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences 545: 77 115." type="journal article" year="2003">
<emphasis box="[213,355,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Hunt Jr, 2003</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
, table 4.7)
</th>
<td box="[533,678,1669,1757]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">MN4-MN7/8</td>
<td box="[742,842,1669,1757]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.3</td>
<td box="[907,1007,1669,1757]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.42</td>
<td box="[1071,1171,1669,1757]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.58</td>
<td box="[1236,1343,1669,1757]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.71</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[1309,1541,1796,1818]" box="[1309,1541,1796,1818]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<tableNote box="[1309,1541,1796,1818]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[108,1515,365,1757]" targetPageId="11">
(
<emphasis box="[1318,1531,1796,1818]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">continued on next page</emphasis>
)
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="12.[91,279,223,246]" box="[91,279,223,246]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[91,163,223,245]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Table 3</emphasis>
(
<emphasis box="[176,268,224,245]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">continued</emphasis>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<table box="[107,1515,267,1275]" colsContinueFrom="11.[108,1515,365,1757]" gridcols="7" gridrows="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<tr box="[107,1515,267,323]" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<th box="[107,398,267,323]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Taxon</th>
<th box="[470,615,267,323]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Stratigraphic distribution</th>
<th box="[692,792,267,323]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ratio Lp2/Lm1</th>
<th box="[869,969,267,323]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ratio Lp3/Lm1</th>
<th box="[1046,1146,267,323]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ratio Lp4/Lm1</th>
<th box="[1222,1330,267,323]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ratio Lm2/Lm1</th>
<th box="[1407,1515,267,323]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ratiov Lm3/Lm1</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[107,1515,341,397]" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-4="1">
<taxonomicName authority="Cast MNHN MN" authorityName="Cast MNHN MN" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Thaumastocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bourgeoisi">
<th box="[107,398,341,397]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis box="[107,382,341,365]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Thaumastocyon bourgeoisi</emphasis>
Cast MNHN
</th>
<td box="[470,615,341,397]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MN5</td>
</taxonomicName>
<td box="[692,792,341,397]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">?</td>
<td box="[869,969,341,397]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">?</td>
<td box="[1222,1330,341,397]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.45</td>
<td box="[1407,1515,341,397]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">No m3</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[107,1515,433,489]" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th box="[107,398,433,489]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName authority="SMNS" authorityName="SMNS" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Pseudocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="steinheimensis">
<emphasis box="[113,385,433,457]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pseudocyon steinheimensis</emphasis>
SMNS
</taxonomicName>
4808
</th>
<td box="[470,615,433,489]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MN5-MN7/8</td>
<td box="[1046,1146,433,489]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.44</td>
<td box="[1222,1330,433,489]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.64</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[107,1515,527,584]" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<taxonomicName authority="Ginsburg (1992, p. 309) MN" authorityName="Ginsburg" authorityYear="1992" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Pseudarctos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bavaricus">
<th box="[107,398,527,584]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Pseudarctos bavaricus 
<bibRefCitation author="Ginsburg" box="[113,273,559,584]" firstAuthor="Ginsburg" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="301" refId="ref12650" refString="Ginsburg L. 1992. Les genres Pseudarctos et Ictiocyon, Amphicyonidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) du Miocene europeen. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section C, Sciences de la Terre, Paleontologie, Geologie, Mineralogie 14 (3 4): 301 317." type="journal article" year="1992">
Ginsburg (
<emphasis box="[223,273,559,583]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1992</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
, p. 309)
</th>
<td box="[470,615,527,584]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MN5-MN7/8</td>
</taxonomicName>
<td box="[1046,1146,527,584]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.61</td>
<td box="[1222,1330,527,584]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.71</td>
<td box="[1407,1515,527,584]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis box="[1407,1452,528,552]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.61</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[107,1515,622,678]" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<th box="[107,398,622,678]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName authority="MNHN. F. Sa" authorityName="MNHN. F. Sa" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Amphicyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis box="[113,298,622,646]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Amphicyon major</emphasis>
MNHN.F.Sa
</taxonomicName>
844
</th>
<td box="[470,615,622,678]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MN6-MN9</td>
<td box="[692,792,622,678]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.31</td>
<td box="[869,969,622,678]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.36</td>
<td box="[1046,1146,622,678]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.54</td>
<td box="[1222,1330,622,678]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.7</td>
<td box="[1407,1515,622,678]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.56</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[107,1515,717,773]" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<th box="[107,398,717,773]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis box="[113,347,717,740]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName authority="Solé &amp; Lesport &amp; Heitz &amp; Mennecart, 2022" authorityName="Solé &amp; Lesport &amp; Heitz &amp; Mennecart" authorityYear="2022" box="[113,240,717,740]" genus="Tartarocyon" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" pageId="12" pageNumber="22" rank="genus" status="nov. gen.">Tartarocyon</taxonomicName>
cazanavei
</emphasis>
MHNBx 2020.20.1
</th>
<td box="[470,615,717,773]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MN7/8</td>
<td box="[692,792,717,773]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.24</td>
<td box="[869,969,717,773]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.32</td>
<td box="[1046,1146,717,773]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.54</td>
<td box="[1222,1330,717,773]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.71</td>
<td box="[1407,1515,717,773]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.5</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[107,1515,811,867]" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th box="[107,398,811,867]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName box="[113,398,811,835]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Amphicyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eppelsheimensis">
<emphasis box="[113,398,811,835]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Amphicyon eppelsheimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Holotype
</th>
<td box="[470,615,811,867]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MN9</td>
<td box="[1046,1146,811,867]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.47</td>
<td box="[1222,1330,811,867]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.67</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[107,1515,906,962]" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th box="[107,398,906,962]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName authority="LVF" authorityName="LVF" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Magericyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castellanus">
<emphasis box="[113,350,906,930]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Magericyon castellanus</emphasis>
LVF
</taxonomicName>
206y
</th>
<td box="[470,615,906,962]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MN9</td>
<td box="[692,792,906,962]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">No p2</td>
<td box="[1046,1146,906,962]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.42</td>
<td box="[1222,1330,906,962]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.45</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[107,1515,1000,1088]" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<th box="[107,398,1000,1088]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName authority="NMB CM" authorityName="NMB CM" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Agnotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiquum">Agnotherium antiquum NMB CM</taxonomicName>
242 &amp; MNHM Epp 117-2017
</th>
<td box="[470,615,1000,1088]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MN9/10</td>
<td box="[692,792,1000,1088]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">No p2</td>
<td box="[869,969,1000,1088]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">No p3</td>
<td box="[1046,1146,1000,1088]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.62</td>
<td box="[1222,1330,1000,1088]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.37</td>
<td box="[1407,1515,1000,1088]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis box="[1407,1482,1001,1025]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">No m3</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[107,1515,1124,1180]" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<th box="[107,398,1124,1180]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis box="[107,312,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ammitocyon kainos</emphasis>
BAT-3008 604
</th>
<td box="[470,615,1124,1180]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MN10</td>
<td box="[692,792,1124,1180]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">No p2</td>
<td box="[869,969,1124,1180]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">No p3</td>
<td box="[1046,1146,1124,1180]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.71</td>
<td box="[1222,1330,1124,1180]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.54</td>
<td box="[1407,1515,1124,1180]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">No m3</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[107,1515,1219,1275]" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-6="1">
<taxonomicName authority="Mean MN" authorityName="Mean MN" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Magericyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anceps">
<th box="[107,398,1219,1275]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis box="[113,307,1219,1242]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Magericyon anceps</emphasis>
Mean
</th>
<td box="[470,615,1219,1275]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MN10</td>
</taxonomicName>
<td box="[692,792,1219,1275]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">No p2</td>
<td box="[869,969,1219,1275]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.15</td>
<td box="[1046,1146,1219,1275]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.38</td>
<td box="[1222,1330,1219,1275]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0.54</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<tableNote pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[107,1515,267,1275]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph blockId="12.[91,605,1330,1373]" box="[91,144,1330,1346]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<heading bold="true" box="[91,144,1330,1346]" fontSize="7" level="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="6">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[91,144,1330,1346]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Notes.</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="12.[91,605,1330,1373]" box="[131,605,1356,1373]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Grey font, Thaumastocyonina; white font, Amphicyoninae.</paragraph>
</tableNote>
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="12.[491,1542,1404,1869]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828170302" country="France" location="Rimbez" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCount="1">
A canine has been described from the locality of 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03838781FFE9556CFD8F9A9F36F3FCF4:8EF5604CFFE3556DFBBC9E0D3798F925" box="[1080,1169,1643,1669]" country="France" name="Rimbez" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Rimbez</location>
(
<collectingCountry box="[1183,1267,1643,1669]" name="France" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">France</collectingCountry>
, MN5), a locality that is located 
<locationDeviation box="[583,1039,1683,1709]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<quantity box="[583,670,1683,1709]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
to the north-west of Sallespisse
</locationDeviation>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Ginsburg" box="[1057,1229,1683,1709]" firstAuthor="Ginsburg" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="5" refId="ref12613" refString="Ginsburg L. 1967. Une faune de Mammiferes dans I'Helvetien marin de Sos (Lot-et- Garonne) et de Rimbez (Landes). Societe Geologique de France 7 (IX): 5 18." type="journal article" year="1967">
<emphasis box="[1057,1229,1683,1709]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ginsburg, 1967</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
); this locality is the closest one that has provided a 
<geologicalTimeScale box="[773,874,1722,1748]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Miocene</geologicalTimeScale>
amphicyonid 
<specimenCount box="[1043,1156,1722,1748]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="generic">specimen</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="12.[491,1542,1404,1869]" lastBlockId="13.[491,1542,228,852]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
This canine has been referred to 
<taxonomicName box="[491,766,1762,1788]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Pseudocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sansaniensis">
<emphasis box="[491,766,1762,1788]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pseudocyon sansaniensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, an 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1885" box="[818,1003,1762,1788]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amphicyonidae</taxonomicName>
of similar size to MHNBx 2020.20.1. It is at the moment impossible to compare this canine with MHNBx 2020.20.1, but one can note that this tooth is close in size to the alveolus of the canine of MHNBx 2020.20.1. Despite that the canine is much older than MHNBx 2020.20.1, one can imagine that the taxon from Rimbez could also be closely related to the taxon from Sallespisse.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="13.[491,1542,228,852]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
To conclude, the fossil from Sallespisse shows striking similarities with the much older and clearly smaller 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jourdan" authorityYear="1862" box="[720,807,347,373]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynelos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[720,807,347,373]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Cynelos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a genus not yet known from the Middle Miocene of Europe (
<emphasis box="[502,542,388,413]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">i.e.,</emphasis>
presence of long diastemata between the premolars, unreduced premolars and m3, low p2 and p3, no widening of the distal part of the p4). The general morphology of the p4 remains relatively stable within the Amphicyoninae having a distal accessory cuspid more or less individualized and a distal shelf present (
<figureCitation box="[1062,1128,507,533]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[507,571,1597,1619]" captionTargetBox="[493,1449,232,1549]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[491,1452,229,1553]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Mandible and p4 comparison for several European amphycionids. The red circle indicates the p4 position on the mandible. Modified from Dehm (1950), Kuss (1965), Bergounioux &amp; Crouzel (1973), Viranta (1996), Peigné &amp; Heizmann (2003), Peigné et al. (2008), Nagel, Stefen &amp; Morlo (2009), Morales et al. (2021a) and Morales et al. (2021b). NMB TD1162 (Heizmannocyon steinheimensis), NMB SO4377 (Megamphicyon giganteus). The scale bar is five cm for the mandibles. The p4 are not to scale. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6791699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6791699/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). MHNBx 2020.20.1 presents an unique morphology among the Amphicyoninae in having an individualized distal accessory cuspid on p4 and a distal shelf extremely reduced, extending the morphological range of the p 
<quantity box="[549,594,626,653]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
this subfamily (
<figureCitation box="[780,843,626,653]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[507,571,1597,1619]" captionTargetBox="[493,1449,232,1549]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[491,1452,229,1553]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Mandible and p4 comparison for several European amphycionids. The red circle indicates the p4 position on the mandible. Modified from Dehm (1950), Kuss (1965), Bergounioux &amp; Crouzel (1973), Viranta (1996), Peigné &amp; Heizmann (2003), Peigné et al. (2008), Nagel, Stefen &amp; Morlo (2009), Morales et al. (2021a) and Morales et al. (2021b). NMB TD1162 (Heizmannocyon steinheimensis), NMB SO4377 (Megamphicyon giganteus). The scale bar is five cm for the mandibles. The p4 are not to scale. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6791699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6791699/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Therefore, we erect the new genus and species 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName authority="Solé &amp; Lesport &amp; Heitz &amp; Mennecart, 2022" authorityName="Solé &amp; Lesport &amp; Heitz &amp; Mennecart" authorityYear="2022" box="[1402,1541,627,652]" genus="Tartarocyon" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" pageId="13" pageNumber="22" rank="genus" status="nov. gen.">Tartarocyon</taxonomicName>
cazanavei
</emphasis>
nov. gen. &amp; sp. for MHNBx 2020.20.1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="13.[491,1542,228,852]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">One can think that the basis for erecting a new taxon on this fragmentary material is not strong. However, because we are unable to discern which genus it most closely resembles and that given the originality of the morphology of the p4, we hypothesize that this specimen represents a new genus that will be further confirmed or not by future finds.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>