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<mods:title id="46BA1FA1ABCF33C870237204DDC4CF4B">Towards resolving the problematic status of the digenean genus Astiotrema Looss 1900: Taxa excluded from Astiotrema (sensu stricto) with special reference to plagiorchioid genera closely related to the restricted concept of Astiotrema</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="E64D8309FFBDFFEE74ECFD68C7F5FD23" blockId="24.[151,710,654,717]" box="[151,710,654,681]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">
<heading id="BD053465FFBDFFEE74ECFD68C7F5FD23" bold="true" box="[151,710,654,681]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" reason="1">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE74ECFD68C7F5FD23" bold="true" box="[151,710,654,681]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE7495FD68C7F5FD23" ID-CoL="8FYYX" authority="Boeger &amp; Thatcher, 1983" authorityName="Boeger &amp; Thatcher" authorityYear="1983" box="[238,710,654,681]" class="Trematoda" genus="Kalipharynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus" superFamily="Plagiorchioidea">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE7495FD68C4B5FD22" bold="true" box="[238,390,654,681]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Kalipharynx</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8263FEF8FFBDFFEE75F6FD69C7F5FD23" author="Boeger, W. A. &amp; Thatcher, V. E." box="[397,710,654,681]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" pagination="171 - 175" refId="ref32796" refString="Boeger, W. A., Thatcher, V. E. (1983) Kalipharynx piramboae gen. et sp. n. (Trematoda: Fellodistomidae) parasita do peixe pulmonado amazonico Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger. Acta Amazonica, 13, 171 - 175. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921983131171" type="journal article" year="1983">Boeger &amp; Thatcher, 1983</bibRefCitation>
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<subSubSection id="AEE8D082FFBDFFEE74ECFD55C5C9FD46" box="[151,250,691,717]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" type="description">
<paragraph id="E64D8309FFBDFFEE74ECFD55C5C9FD46" blockId="24.[151,710,654,717]" box="[151,250,691,717]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">
(
<figureCitation id="7EC99F8CFFBDFFEE74E4FD55C5C2FD46" box="[159,241,691,717]" captionStart="FIGURES 2123" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1302,1326]" captionTargetBox="[157,1417,157,1272]" captionTargetId="figure-354@28.[151,1436,151,1285]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 2123. Kalipharynx piramboae Boeger &amp; Thatcher, 1983 and intra-specific variation observed in Pseudoparamacroderoides seenghali Gupta &amp; Agrawal, 1968. 21. K. piramboae Boeger &amp; Thatcher, 1983, ventral view, redrawn from Boeger &amp; Thatcher (1983, fig. 1). 22. P. seenghali, ventral view, redrawn from Gupta &amp; Agrawal (1968, p. 71). 23. P. seenghali (syn. Pseudoparamacroderoides vittati Kakaji, 1969), dorsal view, redrawn from Kakaji (1969, fig. 10). Abbreviations: AT, anterior testis; BS, body spines; Ce, cecum; CP, cirrus-pouch; ED, ejaculatory duct; EP, excretory pore; Es, esophagus; EV, excretory vesicle; GP, genital pore; LT, left testis; MG, Mehlis gland; OS, oral sucker; Ov, ovary; PC, prostatic cells; Ph, pharynx; PP, pars prostatica; PT, posterior testis; RT, right testis; SR, seminal receptacle; SV, seminal vesicle; Ut, uterus; VD, vitelline duct; VF, vitelline follicle; VS, ventral sucker. Scale bars: Fig. 21 = 500 µm; Fig. 22 = 500 µm; Fig. 23 = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7929535" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7929535/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="AEE8D082FFBDFFEE74ECFD1DC1F2F8C6" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="E64D8309FFBDFFEE74ECFD1DC5D3FA86" blockId="24.[151,1437,763,1869]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE74ECFD1DC410FC9E" authorityName="Boeger &amp; Thatcher" authorityYear="1983" box="[151,291,763,789]" class="Trematoda" genus="Kalipharynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE74ECFD1DC410FC9E" box="[151,291,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Kalipharynx</emphasis>
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was erected by
<bibRefCitation id="8263FEF8FFBDFFEE759DFD1DC629FC9E" author="Boeger, W. A. &amp; Thatcher, V. E." box="[486,794,763,789]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" pagination="171 - 175" refId="ref32796" refString="Boeger, W. A., Thatcher, V. E. (1983) Kalipharynx piramboae gen. et sp. n. (Trematoda: Fellodistomidae) parasita do peixe pulmonado amazonico Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger. Acta Amazonica, 13, 171 - 175. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921983131171" type="journal article" year="1983">Boeger &amp; Thatcher (1983)</bibRefCitation>
for its type-species,
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE706AFD1DC477FCB2" authority="Boeger &amp; Thatcher, 1983" authorityName="Boeger &amp; Thatcher" authorityYear="1983" class="Trematoda" genus="Kalipharynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="piramboae">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE706AFD1DC013FC9E" box="[1041,1312,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Kalipharynx piramboae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8263FEF8FFBDFFEE7150FD1DC477FCB2" author="Boeger, W. A. &amp; Thatcher, V. E." pageId="24" pageNumber="469" pagination="171 - 175" refId="ref32796" refString="Boeger, W. A., Thatcher, V. E. (1983) Kalipharynx piramboae gen. et sp. n. (Trematoda: Fellodistomidae) parasita do peixe pulmonado amazonico Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger. Acta Amazonica, 13, 171 - 175. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921983131171" type="journal article" year="1983">Boeger &amp; Thatcher, 1983</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, to accommodate specimens collected from the intestine of a freshwater fish, the South American lungfish,
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<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE757AFCA5C4CBFCD6" box="[257,504,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Lepidosiren paradoxa</emphasis>
Fitzinger
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(Ceratodontiformes:
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE772CFCA5C123FCD6" box="[855,1040,835,861]" class="Sarcopterygii" family="Lepidosirenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidosireniformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lepidosirenidae</taxonomicName>
), from Xiborena Hole, off Manaus,
<collectingRegion id="24364DEBFFBDFFEE74ECFC81C423FC0A" box="[151,272,871,897]" country="Brazil" name="Amazonas" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Amazonas</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="9EE5C399FFBDFFEE7567FC81C457FC0A" box="[284,356,871,897]" name="Brazil" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="8263FEF8FFBDFFEE7514FC81C7A9FC0A" author="Boeger, W. A. &amp; Thatcher, V. E." box="[367,666,871,897]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" pagination="171 - 175" refId="ref32796" refString="Boeger, W. A., Thatcher, V. E. (1983) Kalipharynx piramboae gen. et sp. n. (Trematoda: Fellodistomidae) parasita do peixe pulmonado amazonico Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger. Acta Amazonica, 13, 171 - 175. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921983131171" type="journal article" year="1983">Boeger &amp; Thatcher (1983)</bibRefCitation>
emphasized the similarity of their new genus to
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE70B9FC81C5FCFC2E" authority="Baylis, 1915" authorityName="Baylis" authorityYear="1915" class="Trematoda" genus="Heterorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE70B9FC81C075FC0A" box="[1218,1350,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Heterorchis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8263FEF8FFBDFFEE7135FC81C5FCFC2E" author="Baylis, H. A." pageId="24" pageNumber="469" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref32271" refString="Baylis, H. A. (1915) A trematode from Protopterus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931508693692" type="journal article" year="1915">Baylis, 1915</bibRefCitation>
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from which it differs mainly by possessing a unipartite sacciform seminal vesicle and a submedian genital pore (see
<bibRefCitation id="8263FEF8FFBDFFEE757DFC49C711FC42" author="Boeger, W. A. &amp; Thatcher, V. E." box="[262,546,943,969]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" pagination="171 - 175" refId="ref32796" refString="Boeger, W. A., Thatcher, V. E. (1983) Kalipharynx piramboae gen. et sp. n. (Trematoda: Fellodistomidae) parasita do peixe pulmonado amazonico Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger. Acta Amazonica, 13, 171 - 175. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921983131171" type="journal article" year="1983">Boeger &amp; Thatcher 1983</bibRefCitation>
) whereas
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE76EDFC49C629FC42" authorityName="Baylis" authorityYear="1915" box="[662,794,943,969]" class="Trematoda" genus="Heterorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE76EDFC49C629FC42" box="[662,794,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Heterorchis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by its bipartite seminal vesicle and submarginal genital pore (see
<bibRefCitation id="8263FEF8FFBDFFEE75B8FC35C77EFC66" author="Baylis, H. A." box="[451,589,978,1005]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref32271" refString="Baylis, H. A. (1915) A trematode from Protopterus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931508693692" type="journal article" year="1915">Baylis 1915</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8263FEF8FFBDFFEE7622FC35C66BFC66" author="Pojmanska, T. &amp; Tkach, V. V. &amp; Gibson, D. I." box="[601,856,979,1005]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" refId="ref38625" refString="Pojmanska, T., Tkach, V. V. &amp; Gibson, D. I. (2008) Genera incertae sedis, genera inquirenda, nomina nuda, larval or collective names and recently erected genera. In: Bray, R. A., Gibson, D. I. &amp; Jones, A. (Eds.), Keys to the Trematoda. Vol. 3. CABI Publishing and the Natural History Museum, Wallingford, pp. 735 - 755. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9780851995885.0735" type="book" year="2008">
Pojmańska
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE76A0FC35C63EFC66" box="[731,781,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
). Although
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE77A0FC35C16CFC66" authorityName="Baylis" authorityYear="1915" box="[987,1119,979,1005]" class="Trematoda" genus="Heterorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE77A0FC35C16CFC66" box="[987,1119,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Heterorchis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
underwent some taxonomic displacements between the
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE75A9FC11C747FB9A" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1901" box="[466,628,1015,1041]" class="Trematoda" family="Plagiorchiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Plagiorchiidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8263FEF8FFBDFFEE76FEFC11C620FB9A" author="Baylis, H. A." box="[645,787,1014,1041]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref32271" refString="Baylis, H. A. (1915) A trematode from Protopterus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931508693692" type="journal article" year="1915">Baylis 1915</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8263FEF8FFBDFFEE7759FC11C112FB9A" author="Prudhoe, S. &amp; Bray, R. A." box="[802,1057,1015,1041]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" refId="ref38807" refString="Prudhoe, S. &amp; Bray, R. A. (1982) Platyhelminth Parasites of the Amphibia. British Museum (Natural History), London, 217 pp. ̕" type="book" year="1982">Prudhoe &amp; Bray 1982</bibRefCitation>
) and the
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE70EAFC11C5FCFBBE" authority="Nicoll, 1909" authorityName="Nicoll" authorityYear="1909" class="Trematoda" family="Fellodistomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Fellodistomidae Nicoll, 1909</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8263FEF8FFBDFFEE74A5FBFDC72EFBBE" author="Vassiliades, G. &amp; Richard, J." box="[222,541,1051,1077]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" pagination="1261 - 1265" refId="ref41014" refString="Vassiliades, G. &amp; Richard, J. (1970) Paraconcinnum hylomisci n. gen., n. sp. (Trematoda: Dicrocoeliidae), parasite of Hylomiscus Stella Peters (Muridae). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 41, 1261 - 1265." type="journal article" year="1970">Vassiliades &amp; Richard 1970</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8263FEF8FFBDFFEE7653FBFDC7E5FBBE" author="Yamaguti, S." box="[552,726,1051,1077]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" refId="ref41463" refString="Yamaguti, S. (1971) Synopsis of Digenetic Trematodes of Vertebrates. Vols. I &amp; II. Keigaku Publishing Company, Tokyo, 1423 pp." type="book" year="1971">Yamaguti 1971</bibRefCitation>
), which settled on allocating
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE705AFBFDC196FBBE" authorityName="Baylis" authorityYear="1915" box="[1057,1189,1051,1077]" class="Trematoda" genus="Heterorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE705AFBFDC196FBBE" box="[1057,1189,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Heterorchis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE7088FBFDC48DFBD2" authority=", Boeger &amp; Thatcher (1983)" authorityName=", Boeger &amp; Thatcher" authorityYear="1983" class="Trematoda" family="Plagiorchiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">
Plagiorchiidae,
<bibRefCitation id="8263FEF8FFBDFFEE74ECFBD9C48DFBD2" author="Boeger, W. A. &amp; Thatcher, V. E." box="[151,446,1087,1113]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" pagination="171 - 175" refId="ref32796" refString="Boeger, W. A., Thatcher, V. E. (1983) Kalipharynx piramboae gen. et sp. n. (Trematoda: Fellodistomidae) parasita do peixe pulmonado amazonico Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger. Acta Amazonica, 13, 171 - 175. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921983131171" type="journal article" year="1983">Boeger &amp; Thatcher (1983)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
seemed unaware of the opinion of
<bibRefCitation id="8263FEF8FFBDFFEE7739FBD9C17BFBD2" author="Prudhoe, S. &amp; Bray, R. A." box="[834,1096,1087,1113]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" refId="ref38807" refString="Prudhoe, S. &amp; Bray, R. A. (1982) Platyhelminth Parasites of the Amphibia. British Museum (Natural History), London, 217 pp. ̕" type="book" year="1982">Prudhoe &amp; Bray (1982)</bibRefCitation>
and placed
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE70B7FBD9C06BFBD2" authorityName="Boeger &amp; Thatcher" authorityYear="1983" box="[1228,1368,1087,1113]" class="Trematoda" genus="Kalipharynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE70B7FBD9C06BFBD2" box="[1228,1368,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Kalipharynx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE74ECFB85C478FBF6" authorityName="Nicoll" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,331,1123,1149]" class="Trematoda" family="Fellodistomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Fellodistomidae</taxonomicName>
based on its close morphology with
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE7691FB85C65DFBF6" authorityName="Baylis" authorityYear="1915" box="[746,878,1123,1149]" class="Trematoda" genus="Heterorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE7691FB85C65DFBF6" box="[746,878,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Heterorchis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="8263FEF8FFBDFFEE7707FB85C1BBFBF6" author="Pojmanska, T. &amp; Tkach, V. V. &amp; Gibson, D. I." box="[892,1160,1123,1149]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" refId="ref38625" refString="Pojmanska, T., Tkach, V. V. &amp; Gibson, D. I. (2008) Genera incertae sedis, genera inquirenda, nomina nuda, larval or collective names and recently erected genera. In: Bray, R. A., Gibson, D. I. &amp; Jones, A. (Eds.), Keys to the Trematoda. Vol. 3. CABI Publishing and the Natural History Museum, Wallingford, pp. 735 - 755. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9780851995885.0735" type="book" year="2008">
Pojmańska
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE7785FB85C11CFBF6" box="[1022,1071,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">et al</emphasis>
. (2008)
</bibRefCitation>
considered
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE716BFB85C0AFFBF6" authorityName="Boeger &amp; Thatcher" authorityYear="1983" box="[1296,1436,1123,1149]" class="Trematoda" genus="Kalipharynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE716BFB85C0AFFBF6" box="[1296,1436,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Kalipharynx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE74BEFB61C47AFB2A" authorityName="Baylis" authorityYear="1915" box="[197,329,1159,1185]" class="Trematoda" genus="Heterorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE74BEFB61C47AFB2A" box="[197,329,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Heterorchis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE7517FB61C735FB2A" box="[364,518,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">incertae sedis</emphasis>
in the
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE7634FB61C7CCFB2A" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1901" box="[591,767,1159,1185]" class="Trematoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="494" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Plagiorchioidea">Plagiorchioidea</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE7775FB61C64DFB2A" box="[782,894,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">sensu lato</emphasis>
) on the basis of an absence of information on the structure of the excretory vesicle in the former (see
<bibRefCitation id="8263FEF8FFBDFFEE769BFB4DC6CAFB4E" author="Boeger, W. A. &amp; Thatcher, V. E." box="[736,1017,1195,1221]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" pagination="171 - 175" refId="ref32796" refString="Boeger, W. A., Thatcher, V. E. (1983) Kalipharynx piramboae gen. et sp. n. (Trematoda: Fellodistomidae) parasita do peixe pulmonado amazonico Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger. Acta Amazonica, 13, 171 - 175. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921983131171" type="journal article" year="1983">Boeger &amp; Thatcher 1983</bibRefCitation>
) and the highly unusual organization of the excretory vesicle observed in the type-species of the latter,
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE7707FB29C02BFB62" authority="Baylis, 1915" authorityName="Baylis" authorityYear="1915" box="[892,1304,1230,1257]" class="Trematoda" genus="Heterorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="crumenifer">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE7707FB29C1B0FB62" box="[892,1155,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Heterorchis crumenifer</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8263FEF8FFBDFFEE70F1FB29C02BFB62" author="Baylis, H. A." box="[1162,1304,1230,1257]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref32271" refString="Baylis, H. A. (1915) A trematode from Protopterus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931508693692" type="journal article" year="1915">Baylis, 1915</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="8263FEF8FFBDFFEE712EFB29C5E0FA86" author="Baylis, H. A." pageId="24" pageNumber="469" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref32271" refString="Baylis, H. A. (1915) A trematode from Protopterus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931508693692" type="journal article" year="1915">Baylis 1915</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E64D8309FFBDFFEE74BCFAF1C1F2F8C6" blockId="24.[151,1437,763,1869]" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">
As stated earlier, the change in nature of the seminal vesicle (unipartite
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE7792FAF1C133FABB" box="[1001,1024,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">vs</emphasis>
bipartite; saccate
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE70B7FAF1C1D0FABB" box="[1228,1251,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">vs</emphasis>
tubular; straight
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE74ECFADDC59DFADF" box="[151,174,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">vs</emphasis>
coiled) represents a strong morphological character for differentiating taxa not only at the genus level but also at family and even superfamily levels. Accordingly, we believe
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE7736FAB9C6E2FAF2" authorityName="Baylis" authorityYear="1915" box="[845,977,1375,1401]" class="Trematoda" genus="Heterorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE7736FAB9C6E2FAF2" box="[845,977,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Heterorchis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE7072FAB9C1A6FAF2" authorityName="Boeger &amp; Thatcher" authorityYear="1983" box="[1033,1173,1375,1401]" class="Trematoda" genus="Kalipharynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE7072FAB9C1A6FAF2" box="[1033,1173,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Kalipharynx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do not represent members in the same group. Thus,
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE7597FA65C743FA16" authorityName="Baylis" authorityYear="1915" box="[492,624,1411,1437]" class="Trematoda" genus="Heterorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE7597FA65C743FA16" box="[492,624,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Heterorchis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
probably represents a member of the
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE7067FA65C18DFA16" authorityName=", Boeger &amp; Thatcher" authorityYear="1983" box="[1052,1214,1411,1437]" class="Trematoda" family="Plagiorchiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Plagiorchiidae</taxonomicName>
or a closely related family, whereas,
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE752CFA41C4D0FA4A" authorityName="Boeger &amp; Thatcher" authorityYear="1983" box="[343,483,1447,1473]" class="Trematoda" genus="Kalipharynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE752CFA41C4D0FA4A" box="[343,483,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Kalipharynx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is apparently closer to that group of genera that have a unipartite, sacciform seminal vesicle:
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE7489FA2DC45FFA6E" authorityName="Looss" authorityYear="1900" box="[242,364,1483,1509]" class="Trematoda" family="Opisthorchiidae" genus="Astiotrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE7489FA2DC45FFA6E" box="[242,364,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Astiotrema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE7507FA2DC73BFA6F" box="[380,520,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">sensu stricto</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE7665FA2DC7D5FA6F" authorityName="Karar &amp; Blend &amp; Dronen &amp; Adel" authorityYear="2023" box="[542,742,1483,1508]" class="Reptilia" family="Trionychidae" genus="Homeoastiotrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE7665FA2DC7D5FA6F" box="[542,742,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Homeoastiotrema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE7688FA2DC683FA6E" authorityName="Karar &amp; Blend &amp; Dronen &amp; Adel" authorityYear="2023" box="[755,944,1483,1509]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Ichthyastiotrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE7688FA2DC683FA6E" box="[755,944,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Ichthyastiotrema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE77C6FA2DC103FA6E" authorityName="Qiu, Zhang &amp; Li" authorityYear="1983" box="[957,1072,1483,1509]" class="Trematoda" genus="Longigula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE77C6FA2DC103FA6E" box="[957,1072,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Longigula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE701FFA2DC012FA6E" authorityName="Karar &amp; Blend &amp; Dronen &amp; Adel" authorityYear="2023" box="[1124,1313,1483,1509]" class="Trematoda" family="Plagiorchiidae" genus="Plesioastiotrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE701FFA2DC012FA6E" box="[1124,1313,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Plesioastiotrema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE7155FA2DC58DF983" authorityName="Boeger &amp; Thatcher" authorityYear="1983" class="Trematoda" genus="Kalipharynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE7155FA2DC58DF983" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Kalipharynx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
easily can be characterized by the combination of the following features: ventral sucker large, about three times size of oral one; ceca overlap ventral sucker dorsally; pharynx papillate; posterior extent of cirrus-pouch does not surpass ventral sucker level; posterior extent of vitelline fields extends well into post-testicular area; esophagus extremely short; genital pore submedian, extracaecal; and its ovary is equatorial. In addition,
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE70BFF9BDC0B2F9FE" authorityName="Karar &amp; Blend &amp; Dronen &amp; Adel" authorityYear="2023" box="[1220,1409,1627,1653]" class="Trematoda" family="Plagiorchiidae" genus="Plesioastiotrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE70BFF9BDC0B2F9FE" box="[1220,1409,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Plesioastiotrema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically closest to
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE75B3F999C767F912" authorityName="Boeger &amp; Thatcher" authorityYear="1983" box="[456,596,1663,1689]" class="Trematoda" genus="Kalipharynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE75B3F999C767F912" box="[456,596,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Kalipharynx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, particularly in that both share in having an extracaecal genital pore. However, the former differs by having (i) a ventral sucker of roughly equal size with the oral one or slightly smaller, (ii) the intestinal bifurcation overlaps the ventral sucker dorsally, (iii) a pharynx that is not papillate, (iv) the posterior extent of the cirrus-pouch exceeds the ventral sucker, reaching ovarian level, (v) the posterior extent of the vitellarium never surpasses the testicular zone, (vi) an esophagus that is fairly long, (vii) a median genital pore (viii) a pre-equatorial ovary, (ix) and records of
<taxonomicName id="21F2F88AFFBDFFEE7625F8D5C628F8C6" authorityName="Karar &amp; Blend &amp; Dronen &amp; Adel" authorityYear="2023" box="[606,795,1843,1869]" class="Trematoda" family="Plagiorchiidae" genus="Plesioastiotrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="469" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4865F1BFFBDFFEE7625F8D5C628F8C6" box="[606,795,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="469">Plesioastiotrema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are from reptilians and not from fish.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>