1305 lines
179 KiB
XML
1305 lines
179 KiB
XML
<document id="25BEDADA5C9253E4CBE83E26BC5ED037" ID-CLB-Dataset="294497" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5226.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="26aee664-9b1d-4d3e-91aa-ae3c0e616698" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7518230" ID-ZooBank="64AE26DA-B842-459A-A3D4-D689598AE485" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1673308288829" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Lima, Flávio C. T." docDate="2022" docId="1071B261FF9E5146FF291FEEFD3AFADA" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5226.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5226 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5226.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.19:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="19" docTitle="Salminus Agassiz" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="EC48CA19FF9A514CFFBE1A00FFF0FFEB" masterDocTitle="Revision of the smaller-sized dorados (Salminus), with comments on the monophyly of the genus and its biogeography (Characiformes: Bryconidae)" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1713807958368" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="F4D3A0D1F4D9630C136274C4EBF098DF" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="748F118CCDFFEBFD653AF7EA9545B27D">
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<mods:title id="4CC3614CDE3A883E022DA456ED44E5C7">Revision of the smaller-sized dorados (Salminus), with comments on the monophyly of the genus and its biogeography (Characiformes: Bryconidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="E35C17FAF39A79816E28C9438D272786" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9E498373E10A3440EC94E9D7FFEE1ABA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="11C084DF0CFDE928E27C421D0E8AFD8D">Lima, Flávio C. T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="8D01E7F3A5BF7EF8834F501F61D25F38" type="ORCID">0000-0002-7636-5431</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="34A1E1906479D35AC3B98038361FB34E">Museu de Diversidade Biológica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, 13083 - 863, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E4BE1D8278722E988383591273AB4AB0" type="email">fctlima@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:titleInfo id="2E0D5565BC1ECF5138743AD221B1E8AC">
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<mods:title id="044A02154CF7411A8D2173BCB1F8A026">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="DAB09134B28CADA89EA726AFF75A3A66">
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<mods:date id="01027CFDADA3B2CF3138D5A176B91208">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="ACD8450C19AB67FA16EEB034DB03DD7D">2022-12-28</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="2B3F8436BBDE51934DA15DF6E7043413" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="5E5C950A0A23073A522BD1A7A5376732">5226</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="96FFAFDAC428E4A78FEBB961D33EEB27">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="1ABA4E1C73FD12C806B5FBA24B672122">66</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="0133C57EFD619DD5FC470819E492B13A">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5226.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="A1B28AC4FD7437A2BA78D30EA20841D0">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="1071B261FF9E5146FF291FEEFD3AFADA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1071B261FF9E5146FF291FEEFD3AFADA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1071B261FF9E5146FF291FEEFD3AFADA" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection id="D0C250FCFF9E5148FF291FEEFE90F9E2" box="[151,352,1518,1545]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="98670377FF9E5148FF291FEEFE90F9E2" blockId="4.[151,352,1518,1545]" box="[151,352,1518,1545]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9E5148FF291FEEFE90F9E2" bold="true" box="[151,352,1518,1545]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9E5148FF501FEEFE90F9E2" ID-CoL="7BWV" ID-ENA="42583" authority="Agassiz" authorityName="Agassiz" box="[238,352,1518,1545]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9E5148FF501FEEFE90F9E2" bold="true" box="[238,352,1518,1545]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="D0C250FCFF9E5148FF291C33FEC5F981" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="98670377FF9E5148FF291C33FEC5F981" blockId="4.[151,1437,1587,1642]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9E5148FF291C33FEBAF9A0" authority="Agassiz" authorityName="Agassiz" box="[151,330,1587,1611]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9E5148FF291C33FF04F9A0" box="[151,244,1587,1611]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
Agassiz
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9E5148FED51C33FD84F9A0" author="Spix, J. B. von & Agassiz, L." box="[363,628,1587,1611]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="49 - 101" refId="ref67365" refString="Spix, J. B. von & Agassiz, L. (1829) Selecta genera et species piscium brasiliensium. s. n., Monachii, 138 pp, pls. 49 - 101." type="book chapter" year="1829">Spix & Agassiz, 1829: 76</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="4763BDD5FF9E5148FDC11C34FD41F9A7" box="[639,689,1588,1612]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9E5148FCB11C33FB85F9A0" authority="Cuvier, 1819" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1819" box="[783,1141,1587,1611]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Hydrocyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9E5148FCB11C33FC17F9A0" box="[783,999,1587,1611]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hydrocyon brevidens</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9E5148FC501C33FB85F9A0" author="Cuvier, M. G." box="[1006,1141,1587,1611]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="351 - 371" refId="ref57131" refString="Cuvier, M. G. (1819) Sur les poissons du sous-genre Hydrocyn, sur deux nouvelles especes de Chalceus, sur trois nouvelles especes de Serrasalmes, et sur l' Argentina glossodonta de Forskahl, qui est l' Albula gonorhynchus de Bloch. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 5, 351 - 371, 2 pls." type="journal article" year="1819">Cuvier, 1819</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="4763BDD5FF9E5148FBC11C34FB41F9A7" box="[1151,1201,1588,1612]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
by monotypy. Gender: masculine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D0C250FCFF9E5148FF291C98FD91F861" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="98670377FF9E5148FF291C98FD91F861" blockId="4.[151,1437,1688,2039]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9E5148FF291C98FEE2F959" bold="true" box="[151,274,1688,1714]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9E5148FE251C98FDF2F959" box="[411,514,1688,1714]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9E5148FE251C98FDF2F959" box="[411,514,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be recognized by the following unique conditions among characiforms:
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9E5148FAC21C98FA6CF959" bold="true" box="[1404,1436,1688,1714]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">(1)</emphasis>
|
||
fourth infraorbital very narrow and straight;
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9E5148FD381CBCFD57F93D" bold="true" box="[646,679,1724,1750]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">(2)</emphasis>
|
||
pedunculated teeth, with a cylindrical base and a roughly triangular crown;
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9E5148FF501CE0FEFFF911" bold="true" box="[238,271,1760,1786]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">(3)</emphasis>
|
||
sphenotic spine well developed, directed both laterally and forward. Additionally, the following characters are unique to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9E5148FE3F1D04FE18F8F5" box="[385,488,1796,1822]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9E5148FE3F1D04FE18F8F5" box="[385,488,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9E5148FDFC1D04FD38F8F5" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[578,712,1796,1822]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bryconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9E5148FD6A1D04FD05F8F5" bold="true" box="[724,757,1796,1822]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">(4)</emphasis>
|
||
presence of an inner teeth row on dentary extending along the entire lingual crest of the replacement teeth trench;
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9E5148FCB31D28FCDEF8A9" bold="true" box="[781,814,1832,1858]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">(5)</emphasis>
|
||
frontoparietal fontanel anteriorly to the epiphyseal bar reduced to a small opening;
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9E5148FE6A1D4CFE05F88D" bold="true" box="[468,501,1868,1894]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">(6)</emphasis>
|
||
presence of a process contacting the anterior ceratohyal to the posterior ceratohyal. All these characters are discussed below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D0C250FCFF9E5145FF791D94FDBAFB03" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="98670377FF9E5149FF791D94FC13FE3A" blockId="4.[151,1437,1688,2039]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,465]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9E5148FF791D94FE17F845" bold="true" box="[199,487,1939,1966]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9E5148FECD1D93FE10F845" box="[371,480,1939,1966]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9E5148FECD1D93FE10F845" bold="true" box="[371,480,1939,1966]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9E5148FD7F1D94FCD8F845" box="[705,808,1940,1966]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9E5148FD7F1D94FCD8F845" box="[705,808,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has never been questioned in the literature, as all species of the genus are very similar to each other morphologically, and recently, has been also supported by molecular data (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9E5148FF211DDCFEAAF81D" author="Abe, K. T. & Mariguela, T. C. & Avelino, G. S. & Foresti, F. & Oliveira, C." box="[159,346,2012,2039]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref53772" refString="Abe, K. T., Mariguela, T. C., Avelino, G. S., Foresti, F. & Oliveira, C. (2014) Systematic and historical biogeography of the Bryconidae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) suggesting a new rearrangement of its genera and an old origin of Mesoamerican ichthyofauna. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14 (152), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 14 - 152" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Abe
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9E5148FF691DDDFEE0F81D" box="[215,272,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9E5148FEDB1DDCFDA9F81D" author="Machado, C. B. & Galetti Jr., P. M. & Carnaval, A. C." box="[357,601,2012,2039]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1313 - 1325" refId="ref62394" refString="Machado, C. B., Galetti Jr., P. M. & Carnaval, A. C. (2018) Bayesian analyses detect a history of both vicariance and geodispersal in Neotropical freshwater fishes. Journal of Biogeography, 45, 1313 - 1325. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 13207" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Machado
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9E5148FE6B1DDDFDFEF81D" box="[469,526,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9E5148FDD21DDCFC7FF81D" author="Mirande, J. M." box="[620,911,2012,2038]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="385 - 568" refId="ref63344" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande (2010: 478–479)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed 14 autapomorphies for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9E5148FB5F1DDCFA8FF81D" box="[1249,1407,2012,2038]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9E5148FB5F1DDCFA8FF81D" box="[1249,1407,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in his phylogenetic morphological analysis of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9F5149FD481A97FC87FF5A" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1825" box="[758,887,151,177]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from which only one is herein cited as a synapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9F5149FEA61ABBFE8FFF3E" box="[280,383,187,213]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9F5149FEA61ABBFE8FFF3E" box="[280,383,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(his character 181, articulation between anterior and posterior ceratohyals). Although many of the remaining autapomorphies may be present in the remaining species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9F5149FBB41ADFFB81FF12" box="[1034,1137,223,249]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9F5149FBB41ADFFB81FF12" box="[1034,1137,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, most of them are present in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9F5149FF461B03FE89FEF6" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[248,377,259,285]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bryconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and as such are not listed herein as unambiguous synapomorphies for the genus. One of the autapomorphies for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9F5149FEC91B27FDE4FEAA" box="[375,532,295,321]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9F5149FEC91B27FDE4FEAA" box="[375,532,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
listed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9F5149FDC11B27FCC2FEAA" author="Mirande, J. M." box="[639,818,295,321]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="385 - 568" refId="ref63344" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the presence of a foramen at the posterior region of the metapterygoid (his character 168, state 1; see
|
||
<figureCitation id="00E31FF2FF9F5149FD201B4BFCE8FE8E" box="[670,792,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1534,1558]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,489,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-176@5.[151,1436,489,1511]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Metapterygoid bone in different Salminus species, showing the presence of a foramen (A–B) or a concavity (C–D) on the posterior margin of the bone. A. Salminus franciscanus, MZUSP 89512, 225.0 mm SL; B. Salminus iquitensis, MZUSP 25949, 119.1 mm SL; C. Salminus. hilarii, MZUSP 40113, 121.4 mm SL; D. Salminus santosi, MZUSP 53620, 154.8 mm SL. Anterior to right. Scale bar: 1 mm (A–C); 2 mm (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518233" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518233/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
), is actually variable within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9F5149FBE71B4BFB30FE8E" box="[1113,1216,331,357]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9F5149FBE71B4BFB30FE8E" box="[1113,1216,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with some species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9F5149FF1F1B6FFEF3FE62" authorityName=", Steindachner" authorityYear="1880" box="[161,259,367,393]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9F5149FF1F1B6FFEF3FE62" box="[161,259,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. affinis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9F5149FEAF1B6FFE83FE62" baseAuthorityName="Gery & Lauzanne" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[273,371,367,393]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hilarii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9F5149FEAF1B6FFE83FE62" box="[273,371,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. hilarii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9F5149FE0F1B6FFDECFE63" authorityName="Lima" authorityYear="2022" box="[433,540,367,393]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="santosi">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9F5149FE0F1B6FFDECFE63" box="[433,540,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. santosi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) presenting the state 2 (“in form of an incomplete arch, bordered posteriorly by hyomandibula”) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="00E31FF2FF9F5149FEE51B93FE25FE46" box="[347,469,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1534,1558]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,489,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-176@5.[151,1436,489,1511]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Metapterygoid bone in different Salminus species, showing the presence of a foramen (A–B) or a concavity (C–D) on the posterior margin of the bone. A. Salminus franciscanus, MZUSP 89512, 225.0 mm SL; B. Salminus iquitensis, MZUSP 25949, 119.1 mm SL; C. Salminus. hilarii, MZUSP 40113, 121.4 mm SL; D. Salminus santosi, MZUSP 53620, 154.8 mm SL. Anterior to right. Scale bar: 1 mm (A–C); 2 mm (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518233" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518233/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1C–D</figureCitation>
|
||
). See further comments on the variation of this character in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9F5149FBD41B93FB21FE46" box="[1130,1233,403,429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9F5149FBD41B93FB21FE46" box="[1130,1233,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Discussion, below. A list of synapomorphies for the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9F5149FD211BB7FCF6FE3A" box="[671,774,439,465]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9F5149FD211BB7FCF6FE3A" box="[671,774,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is presented below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="CCA753FFFF9F5149FF291FFEFD5EF969" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518233" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7518233" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518233/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[151,250,1534,1558]" targetBox="[151,1436,489,1511]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="98670377FF9F5149FF291FFEFD5EF969" blockId="5.[151,1437,1534,1666]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9F5149FF291FFEFEE3F9FD" bold="true" box="[151,275,1534,1558]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Metapterygoid bone in different
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9F5149FDDF1FFEFCE0F9FD" box="[609,784,1534,1558]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9F5149FDDF1FFEFD4EF9FD" box="[609,702,1534,1558]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, showing the presence of a foramen (A–B) or a concavity (C–D) on the posterior margin of the bone. A.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9F5149FD961C22FC9EF9D1" authority=", MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" box="[552,878,1570,1594]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="franciscanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9F5149FD961C22FCFDF9D1" box="[552,781,1570,1594]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Salminus franciscanus</emphasis>
|
||
, MZUSP
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
89512, 225.0 mm SL; B.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9F5149FBC91C22FA6DF9D1" authority=", MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" box="[1143,1437,1570,1594]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iquitensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9F5149FBC91C22FACCF9D1" box="[1143,1340,1570,1594]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Salminus iquitensis</emphasis>
|
||
, MZUSP
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
25949, 119.1 mm SL; C.
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9F5149FE271C46FE0DF9B5" box="[409,509,1606,1630]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9F5149FE271C46FE09F9B5" box="[409,505,1606,1630]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Salminus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9F5149FDBD1C46FD53F9B5" authority=", MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" box="[515,675,1606,1630]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hilarii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9F5149FDBD1C46FDB2F9B5" box="[515,578,1606,1630]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">hilarii</emphasis>
|
||
, MZUSP
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
40113, 121.4 mm SL; D.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9F5149FC121C46FB48F9B5" authority=", MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" box="[940,1208,1606,1630]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="santosi">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9F5149FC121C46FBA8F9B5" box="[940,1112,1606,1630]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Salminus santosi</emphasis>
|
||
, MZUSP
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
53620, 154.8 mm SL. Anterior to right. Scale bar: 1 mm (A–C); 2 mm (D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="98670377FF9F5149FF291CB0FE21F8F8" blockId="5.[151,1437,1712,1955]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9F5149FF291CB0FF5DF921" bold="true" box="[151,173,1712,1738]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1.</emphasis>
|
||
Shape of fourth infraorbital bone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9F5149FD881CB0FC85F920" author="Vari, R. P. & Harold, A. S." box="[566,885,1712,1739]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 239" refId="ref68343" refString="Vari, R. P. & Harold, A. S. (2001) Phylogenetic study of the Neotropical fish genera Creagrutus G ¸ nther and Piabina Reinhardt (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes), with a revision of the Cis-Andean species. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 613, 1 - 239. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.613" type="journal article" year="2001">Vari & Harold, 2001: 27–28</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, character 31;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9F5149FBA71CB1FADAF920" author="Zanata, A. M. & Vari, R. P." box="[1049,1322,1712,1739]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 144" refId="ref69236" refString="Zanata, A. M. & Vari, R. P. (2005) The family Alestidae (Ostariophysi, Characiformes): a phylogenetic analysis of a trans-Atlantic clade. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 1 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Zanata & Vari, 2005: 11</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, character 13;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9F5149FF4D1CD4FE29F904" author="Mirande, J. M." box="[243,473,1748,1775]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="385 - 568" refId="ref63344" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010: 408</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, character 67;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9F5149FD3D1CD5FBFBF904" author="Mattox, G. M. T. & Toledo-Piza, M." box="[643,1035,1748,1775]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="809 - 815" refId="ref62917" refString="Mattox, G. M. T. & Toledo-Piza, M. (2012) Phylogenetic study of the Characinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 165, 809 - 815. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00830. x" type="journal article" year="2012">Mattox & Toledo-Piza, 2012: 844</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: character 60;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9F5149FB0B1CD4FEDCF8F8" author="Ribeiro, A. C. & Menezes, N. A." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="41 - 81" refId="ref65663" refString="Ribeiro, A. C. & Menezes, N. A. (2015) Phylogenetic relationships of the species and biogeography of the characid genus Oligosarcus G ¸ nther, 1864 (Ostariophysi, Characiformes, Characidae). Zootaxa, 3949 (1), 41 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3949.1.2" type="journal article" year="2015">Ribeiro & Menezes, 2015: 44</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, character 10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="98670377FF9F5149FF781D1CFAAFF849" blockId="5.[151,1437,1712,1955]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The fourth infraorbital bone is quite variable in shape among characiforms. Specifically for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9F5149FB4E1D1CFA84F8DD" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[1264,1396,1820,1846]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bryconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, its shape ranges from roughly square-shaped to rectangular (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9F5149FC3C1D40FB95F8B1" author="Weitzman, S. H." box="[898,1125,1856,1882]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref68799" refString="Weitzman, S. H. (1962) The osteology of Brycon meeki, a generalized characid fish, with an osteological definition of the family. Stanford Ichthyiological Bulletin, 8 (1), 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="1962">Weitzman, 1962: 64</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 8;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9F5149FB021D40FA9AF8B0" author="Lima, F. C. T." box="[1212,1386,1856,1883]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 189" refId="ref61310" refString="Lima, F. C. T. (2017) A revision of the cis-andean species of the genus Brycon M ¸ ller & Troschel (Characiformes: Characidae). Zootaxa, 4222 (1), 1 - 189 https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4222.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5A1CCD95FF9F5149FB021D40FB0AF8B1" box="[1212,1274,1856,1882]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lima</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 2017: 13
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 6). The fourth infraorbital bone in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9F5149FDEF1D64FD48F895" box="[593,696,1892,1918]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9F5149FDEF1D64FD48F895" box="[593,696,1892,1918]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although rectangular in shape, is much more elongated and narrower than in any other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9F5149FE6C1D88FDA3F849" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[466,595,1928,1954]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bryconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="00E31FF2FF9F5149FDDD1D88FD57F848" box="[611,679,1928,1955]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1304,1328]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,192,1269]" captionTargetId="figure-17@6.[154,1434,181,1280]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Infraorbital series of Salminus brasiliensis, MZUSP 89521, 437 mm SL, infraorbital series, showing the elongated fourth infraorbital. Abbreviations: ANT, antorbital; i01–06, infraorbitals one to six; SUP, supraorbital. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518235/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), and apparently, also unique among characiforms as a whole.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="CCA753FFFF9C514AFF291F18FAAEFAB8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518235" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7518235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518235/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[151,250,1304,1328]" targetBox="[162,1424,192,1269]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="98670377FF9C514AFF291F18FAAEFAB8" blockId="6.[151,1436,1304,1364]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9C514AFF291F18FEE3FADB" bold="true" box="[151,275,1304,1328]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Infraorbital series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9C514AFE531F18FCD6FADB" authority=", MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" box="[493,806,1304,1328]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9C514AFE531F18FD35FADB" box="[493,709,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Salminus brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
, MZUSP
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
89521, 437 mm SL, infraorbital series, showing the elongated fourth infraorbital. Abbreviations: ANT, antorbital; i01–06, infraorbitals one to six; SUP, supraorbital. Scale bar: 20 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="98670377FF9C514AFF291F82FDE7FA2B" blockId="6.[151,1437,1410,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9C514AFF291F82FF5DFA77" bold="true" box="[151,173,1410,1436]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2.</emphasis>
|
||
Teeth shape (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9C514AFEE91F82FDDEFA77" author="Buckup, P. A." box="[343,558,1410,1436]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="123 - 144" refId="ref55982" refString="Buckup, P. A. (1998) Relationships of the Characidiinae and phylogeny of Characiform fishes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). In: Malabarba, L. R., Reis, R. E., Vari, R. P., Lucena, Z. M. & Lucena, C. A. S. (Eds.), Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, pp. 123 - 144." type="book chapter" year="1998">Buckup, 1998: 133</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, character 72;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9C514AFD711F82FC5EFA77" author="Mirande, J. M." box="[719,942,1410,1436]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="385 - 568" refId="ref63344" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010: 419</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, characters 118–119;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9C514AFB221F83FE81FA2B" author="Mattox, G. M. T. & Toledo-Piza, M." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="809 - 815" refId="ref62917" refString="Mattox, G. M. T. & Toledo-Piza, M. (2012) Phylogenetic study of the Characinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 165, 809 - 815. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00830. x" type="journal article" year="2012">Mattox & Toledo-Piza, 2012: 848–849</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, character 71).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="98670377FF9C514BFF781FCAFB21FE8E" blockId="6.[151,1437,1410,2013]" lastBlockId="7.[198,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Characiforms are renowned for possessing a wide range of variation in their teeth morphology, and the importance of this character in the systematics of the group has been compared to its importance in mammals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9C514AFADC1FEEFEC8F9C6" author="Roberts, T. R." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="259 - 271" refId="ref66115" refString="Roberts, T. R. (1975) Characoid fishes teeth from Miocene deposits in the Cuenca Basin, Ecuador. Journal of Zoology, 175, 259 - 271. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1975. tb 01400. x" type="journal article" year="1975">Roberts, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Characiform teeth can be either unicuspid or multicuspid (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9C514AFC6B1C12FB87F9C7" author="Buckup, P. A." box="[981,1143,1554,1580]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="123 - 144" refId="ref55982" refString="Buckup, P. A. (1998) Relationships of the Characidiinae and phylogeny of Characiform fishes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). In: Malabarba, L. R., Reis, R. E., Vari, R. P., Lucena, Z. M. & Lucena, C. A. S. (Eds.), Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, pp. 123 - 144." type="book chapter" year="1998">Buckup, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Multicuspidate teeth can be either pedunculate or presenting a broad base (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9C514AFD581C36FC38F9BB" author="Mirande, J. M." box="[742,968,1590,1616]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="385 - 568" refId="ref63344" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010: 419</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Pedunculated teeth present an elongated, either cylindrical or compressed basal portion (shaft) and an apical portion (crown). Among the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9C514AFAAA1C5AFA68F99F" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[1300,1432,1626,1652]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bryconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9C514AFF781C7FFE80F973" box="[198,368,1662,1688]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9C514AFF781C7FFEE7F973" box="[198,279,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess multicuspidate teeth with a broad base (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9C514AFC731C7FFB7FF973" author="Howes, G. J." box="[973,1167,1662,1689]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 47" refId="ref59638" refString="Howes, G. J. (1982) Revison of the genus Brycon (Teleostei: Characoidei). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 43 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1982">Howes, 1982: 23</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 15;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9C514AFB481C7EFA67F973" author="Lima, F. C. T." box="[1270,1431,1662,1688]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 189" refId="ref61310" refString="Lima, F. C. T. (2017) A revision of the cis-andean species of the genus Brycon M ¸ ller & Troschel (Characiformes: Characidae). Zootaxa, 4222 (1), 1 - 189 https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4222.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5A1CCD95FF9C514AFB481C7EFAC4F973" box="[1270,1332,1662,1688]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lima</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 2017: 9
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, figs. 1–2), although some species possess relatively pointed teeth (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9C514AFC401CA3FB86F957" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1877" box="[1022,1142,1699,1724]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9C514AFC401CA3FB86F957" box="[1022,1142,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. insignis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9C514AFB0F1CA3FAC7F957" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[1201,1335,1698,1724]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alburnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9C514AFB0F1CA3FAC7F957" box="[1201,1335,1698,1724]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. alburnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9C514AFAF91CA3FEECF90B" author="Howes, G. J." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 47" refId="ref59638" refString="Howes, G. J. (1982) Revison of the genus Brycon (Teleostei: Characoidei). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 43 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1982">Howes, 1982: 3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, figs. 1–2). Compressed, elongated teeth that can be considered pedunculate in shape are found in the two monotypic genera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9C514AFE6C1CEAFDAEF8EF" authorityName="Gery & de Rham" authorityYear="1981" box="[466,606,1770,1796]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Chilobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9C514AFE6C1CEAFDAEF8EF" box="[466,606,1770,1796]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chilobrycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9C514AFD291CEAFCE7F8EF" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1890" box="[663,791,1770,1796]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Henochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9C514AFD291CEAFCE7F8EF" box="[663,791,1770,1796]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Henochilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9C514AFCDE1CEAFB99F8EE" author="Gery, J. & de Rham, P." box="[864,1129,1770,1797]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="7 - 12" refId="ref58797" refString="Gery, J. & de Rham, P. (1981) Un nouveaux poisson characide endemique du bassin du Rio Tumbes au nord du Perou, Chilobrycon deuterodon n. g. sp. (Characoidei). Revue Francaise d'Aquariologie, 8, 7 - 12." type="journal article" year="1981">Géry & Rham, 1981: 7</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 2;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9C514AFB7C1CEAFF03F8C2" author="Castro, R. M. C. & Vari, R. P. & Vieira, F. & Oliveira, C." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="496 - 506" refId="ref56519" refString="Castro, R. M. C., Vari, R. P., Vieira, F. & Oliveira, C. (2004) Phylogenetic analysis and redescription of the genus Henochilus (Characiformes: Characidae). Copeia, 2004 (3), 496 - 506. https: // doi. org / 10.1643 / CI- 03 - 202 R 2" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Castro
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9C514AFAAA1CEBFABDF8EF" box="[1300,1357,1770,1796]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004: 500
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 3, respectively). Teeth shape in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9C514AFD2C1D0EFD09F8C3" box="[658,761,1806,1832]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9C514AFD2C1D0EFD09F8C3" box="[658,761,1806,1832]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been considered as conical by some authors (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9C514AFADA1D0EFE82F8A7" author="Roberts, T. R." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="391 - 500" refId="ref65946" refString="Roberts, T. R. (1969) Osteology and relationships of the characoid fishes, particularly the genera Hepsetus, Salminus, Hoplias, Ctenolucius, and Acestrorhynchus. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 36 (15), 391 - 500." type="journal article" year="1969">Roberts, 1969: 436</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, as earlier remarked by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9C514AFD461D33FC4BF8A7" author="Regan, C. T." box="[760,955,1842,1869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="13 - 32" refId="ref65430" refString="Regan, C. T. (1911) The classification of the Teleostean fishes of the Order Ostariophysi. - 1. Cyprinoidea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 8 (43), 13 - 32, 1 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931108692993" type="journal article" year="1911">Regan (1911: 18)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9C514AFBF91D32FB5EF8A7" box="[1095,1198,1842,1868]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9C514AFBF91D32FB5EF8A7" box="[1095,1198,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not truly conical. They differ from the truly conical teeth found in several
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9C514AFCFE1D56FC31F89B" baseAuthorityName="Mattox & Toledo-Piza" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[832,961,1878,1904]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Characinae">Characinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9C514AFBA61D56FB48F89B" box="[1048,1208,1878,1904]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cynodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9C514AFB7C1D56FA68F89B" baseAuthorityName="Mattox & Toledo-Piza" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[1218,1432,1878,1904]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Acestrorhynchidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acestrorhynchidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9C514AFF5B1D7AFE84F87F" box="[229,372,1914,1940]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Erythrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Erythrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, among other characiforms, since they possess a noticeable crown, triangular in shape, and as such are best interpreted as pedunculated teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="00E31FF2FF9C514AFD581D9EFC93F853" box="[742,867,1950,1976]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1403,1427]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,412,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-121@7.[151,1436,381,1379]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Middle portion of the dentary of Salminus santosi (MZUSP 53620, 154.8 mm SL), showing teeth shape in outer (A) and inner (B) views. Anterior to left (A) or to right (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518237/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The only characiforms that present teeth that are morphologically reminiscent to the ones present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9C514AFCAD1DC2FC8AF837" box="[787,890,1986,2012]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9C514AFCAD1DC2FC8AF837" box="[787,890,1986,2012]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9C514AFC671DC2FB85F837" authorityName="Schultz" authorityYear="1944" box="[985,1141,1986,2012]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ctenoluciidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ctenoluciidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9C514AFB7E1DC2FA64F837" baseAuthorityName="Valenciennes" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[1216,1428,1986,2012]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ctenoluciidae" genus="Ctenolucius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hujeta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9C514AFB7E1DC2FA64F837" box="[1216,1428,1986,2012]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ctenolucius hujeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9D514BFF781A97FDFEFF5A" author="Lawson, R. & Manly, B. F. J." box="[198,526,151,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="383 - 394" refId="ref60976" refString="Lawson, R. & Manly, B. F. J. (1973) Tooth growth and replacement in Ctenolucius hujeta, a neotropical characoid fish. Journal of Morphology, 141, 383 - 394. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1051410402" type="journal article" year="1973">Lawson & Manly, 1973: 386</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 4). The teeth in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9D514BFD451A97FC67FF5A" authorityName="Schultz" authorityYear="1944" box="[763,919,151,177]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ctenoluciidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ctenoluciidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
however lack a distinctive crown and as such as better identified as conical, although considerably shorter and more robust than the ones present in the aforementioned characiforms presenting conical teeth. Teeth shape in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9D514BFC2D1ADFFC0AFF12" box="[915,1018,223,249]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9D514BFC2D1ADFFC0AFF12" box="[915,1018,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be consequently considered to be unique among characiforms.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9D514BFDB01B03FC29FEF6" author="Cione, A. L. & Azpelicueta, M. M." box="[526,985,258,285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1051 - 1060" refId="ref56827" refString="Cione, A. L. & Azpelicueta, M. M. (2013) The first fossil species of Salminus, a conspicuous South American freshwater predatory fish (Teleostei, Characiformes), found in the Miocene of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33, 1051 - 1060. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2013.769000" type="journal article" year="2013">Cione & Azpelicueta (2013: 1056–1057)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
depicted and further discussed the morphology of the teeth in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9D514BFE721B27FDC3FEAA" box="[460,563,295,321]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9D514BFE721B27FDC3FEAA" box="[460,563,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but a detailed study of the teeth morphology in other characiforms is needed before some of the features listed by them as unique for the genus can be confirmed as such.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="CCA753FFFF9D514BFF291F7BFD00FA5C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518237" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7518237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518237/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[151,250,1403,1427]" targetBox="[151,1436,412,1379]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="98670377FF9D514BFF291F7BFD00FA5C" blockId="7.[151,1436,1403,1463]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9D514BFF291F7BFEE4FA78" bold="true" box="[151,276,1403,1427]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Middle portion of the dentary of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9D514BFDD11F7BFCECFA78" box="[623,796,1403,1427]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="santosi">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9D514BFDD11F7BFCECFA78" box="[623,796,1403,1427]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Salminus santosi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MZUSP 53620, 154.8 mm SL), showing teeth shape in outer (A) and inner (B) views. Anterior to left (A) or to right (B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="98670377FF9D514BFF291FE5FE90F9C8" blockId="7.[151,1437,1509,2040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9D514BFF291FE5FF5CFA14" bold="true" box="[151,172,1509,1535]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3.</emphasis>
|
||
Sphenotic bone morphology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9D514BFDA31FE5FC9CFA14" author="Vari, R. P. & Harold, A. S." box="[541,876,1509,1535]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 239" refId="ref68343" refString="Vari, R. P. & Harold, A. S. (2001) Phylogenetic study of the Neotropical fish genera Creagrutus G ¸ nther and Piabina Reinhardt (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes), with a revision of the Cis-Andean species. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 613, 1 - 239. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.613" type="journal article" year="2001">Vari & Harold, 2001: 33–34</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, characters 43–44;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9D514BFBEE1FE5FA68FA14" author="Toledo-Piza, M." box="[1104,1432,1509,1535]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="691 - 757" refId="ref67811" refString="Toledo-Piza, M. (2007) Phylogenetic relationships among Acestrorhynchus species (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Acestrorhynchidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 151, 691 - 757. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00355. x" type="journal article" year="2007">Toledo-Piza, 2007: 706–707</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, character 19).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="98670377FF9D514BFF781C2DFCAAF844" blockId="7.[151,1437,1509,2040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The sphenotic bone typically possess in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9D514BFD391C2DFCDCF9AC" box="[647,812,1581,1607]" class="Characiformes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Characiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
a lateral projection, called sphenotic spine. This projection is also formed by the frontal bone, although not distally. The sphenotic spine, although projecting laterally and being discernible in a lateral view of the neurocranium, is in the majority of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9D514BFB1A1C75FAB9F964" box="[1188,1353,1653,1679]" class="Characiformes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Characiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
direct- ed mainly downward and sometimes slightly backwards (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9D514BFC311C99FACDF958" authority=": Vari, 1979: 284" authorityName="Vari" authorityPageNumber="284" authorityYear="1979" box="[911,1341,1689,1716]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Distichodontidae" genus="Xenocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spilurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9D514BFC311C99FB89F958" box="[911,1145,1689,1715]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Xenocharax spilurus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9D514BFB371C99FACDF958" author="Vari, R. P." box="[1161,1341,1689,1715]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="261 - 344" refId="ref68196" refString="Vari, R. P. (1979) Anatomy, relationships and classification of the families Citharinidae and Distichodontidae (Pisces, Characoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 36 (5), 261 - 344." type="journal article" year="1979">Vari, 1979: 284</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, fig. 10;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9D514BFF781CBDFCC4F93C" authority=": Winterbottom, 1980: 102 - 104" authorityName="Winterbottom" authorityPageNumber="102 - 104" authorityYear="1980" box="[198,820,1725,1752]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Pseudanos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trimaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9D514BFF781CBDFE23F93C" box="[198,467,1725,1751]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pseudanos trimaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9D514BFE5F1CBDFCC4F93C" author="Winterbottom, R." box="[481,820,1725,1751]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref69031" refString="Winterbottom, R. (1980) Systematics, osteology and phylogenetic relationships of fishes of the Ostariophysan subfamily Anostominae (Characoidei, Anostomidae). Life Sciences Contribution, Royal Ontario Museum, 123, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1980">Winterbottom, 1980: 102–104</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, figs. 51–53;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9D514BFC741CBDFEDAF910" authority=": Roberts, 1973: 222 - 223" authorityName="Roberts" authorityPageNumber="222 - 223" authorityYear="1973" class="Actinopterygii" family="Prochilodontidae" genus="Ichthyoelephas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humeralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9D514BFC741CBDFB1AF93C" box="[970,1258,1725,1751]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ichthyoelephas humeralis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9D514BFB461CBDFEDAF910" author="Roberts, T. R." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="213 - 235" refId="ref66029" refString="Roberts, T. R. (1973) Osteology and relationships of the Prochilodontidae, a South American family of characoid fishes. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 145 (4), 213 - 235." type="journal article" year="1973">Roberts, 1973: 222–223</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, figs. 2–4;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9D514BFE141CE1FC59F910" authority=": Roberts, 1974: 437" authorityName="Roberts" authorityPageNumber="437" authorityYear="1974" box="[426,937,1761,1788]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hemiodontidae" genus="Hemiodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semitaeniatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9D514BFE141CE1FD4EF910" box="[426,702,1761,1787]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hemiodus semitaeniatus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9D514BFD731CE1FC59F910" author="Roberts, T. R." box="[717,937,1761,1787]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="411 - 472" refId="ref66070" refString="Roberts, T. R. (1974) Osteology and classification of the neotropical characoid fishes of the families Hemiodontidae (including Anodontinae) and Parodontidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 146 (9), 411 - 472." type="journal article" year="1974">Roberts, 1974: 437</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, figs. 1–2;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9D514BFB961CE1FECAF8F4" authority=": Brewster, 1986: 167" authorityName="Brewster" authorityPageNumber="167" authorityYear="1986" class="Actinopterygii" family="Alestidae" genus="Hydrocynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="forskahlii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9D514BFB961CE1FAD1F910" box="[1064,1313,1761,1787]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hydrocynus forskahlii</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9D514BFA8F1CE2FECAF8F4" author="Brewster, B." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="163 - 206" refId="ref55778" refString="Brewster, B. (1986) A review of the genus Hydrocynus Cuvier 1819 (Teleostei: Characiformes). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 50 (3), 163 - 206." type="journal article" year="1986">Brewster, 1986: 167</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, fig. 1;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9D514BFE2A1D05FC73F8F4" authority=": Toledo-Piza, 2000: 14" authorityName="Toledo-Piza" authorityPageNumber="14" authorityYear="2000" box="[404,899,1797,1824]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Hydrolycus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="armatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9D514BFE2A1D05FD88F8F4" box="[404,632,1797,1823]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hydrolycus armatus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9D514BFD391D05FC73F8F4" author="Toledo-Piza, M." box="[647,899,1797,1823]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 88" refId="ref67744" refString="Toledo-Piza, M. (2000) The Neotropical fish subfamily Cynodontidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes): a phylogenetic study and a revision of Cynodon and Rhaphiodon. American Museum Novitates, 3286, 1 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0082 (2000) 286 <0001: TNFSCT> 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2000">Toledo-Piza, 2000: 14</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, fig. 5;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9D514BFC631D06FB87F8F4" authorityName="Eigenmann & Hildebrand" authorityYear="1918" box="[989,1143,1797,1823]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meeki">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9D514BFC631D06FB87F8F4" box="[989,1143,1797,1823]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brycon meeki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9D514BFB391D05FA68F8CB" author="Weitzman, S. H." box="[1159,1432,1797,1824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref68799" refString="Weitzman, S. H. (1962) The osteology of Brycon meeki, a generalized characid fish, with an osteological definition of the family. Stanford Ichthyiological Bulletin, 8 (1), 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="1962">Weitzman, 1962: 58–60</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, figs. 2–4;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9D514BFE881D2AFCF3F8A8" authority=": Jegu et al., 2002: 111" authorityName="Jegu" authorityPageNumber="111" authorityYear="2002" box="[310,771,1833,1860]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serrasalmidae" genus="Tometes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilobatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9D514BFE881D2AFDF5F8A8" box="[310,517,1833,1859]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tometes trilobatus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9D514BFDAD1D29FCF3F8A8" author="Jegu, M. & Santos, G. M. & Keith, P. & Le Bail, P. Y." box="[531,771,1833,1860]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="99 - 122" refId="ref60048" refString="Jegu, M., Santos, G. M., Keith, P. & Le Bail, P. Y. (2002) Description complementaire et rehabilitation de Tometes trilobatus Valenciennes, 1850, espece-type de Tometes Valenciennes (Characidae: Serrasalminae). Cybium, 26 (2), 99 - 122." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Jégu
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9D514BFDF31D2AFD8EF8A8" box="[589,638,1833,1859]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2002: 111
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, fig. 12). The sphenotic spine is mainly directed laterally in some characiforms as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9D514BFE7D1D4DFD48F88C" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1847" box="[451,696,1869,1895]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lebiasinidae" genus="Lebiasina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9D514BFE7D1D4DFD48F88C" box="[451,696,1869,1895]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lebiasina bimaculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9D514BFD4E1D4EFC65F88C" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[752,917,1869,1895]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hepsetidae" genus="Hepsetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="odoe">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9D514BFD4E1D4EFC65F88C" box="[752,917,1869,1895]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hepsetus odoe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF9D514BFC7A1D4DFB93F883" box="[964,1123,1869,1896]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9D514BFC7A1D4DFBDBF88C" box="[964,1067,1869,1895]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the sphenotic spine is well developed and directed mainly laterally and forward (
|
||
<figureCitation id="00E31FF2FF9D514BFCA31D71FC92F860" box="[797,866,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1700,1724]" captionTargetBox="[167,1417,826,1660]" captionTargetId="figure-312@8.[157,1430,813,1677]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Neurocranium of Salminus brasiliensis, MZUSP 89521, 437 mm SL, in dorsal view, showing the forward-directed sphenotic (SPH) and the fontanel (FNT) restricted to posterior to the epiphyseal bar (EPB). Other abbreviations: EPIOC: epioccipital; FR: frontal; MES: mesethmoid; NAS: nasal; PMX: premaxillary; PAR: parietal; PTE: pterotic; SUPR: supraoccipital. Scale bar: 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518239" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518239/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9D514BFC721D71FB54F860" author="Roberts, T. R." box="[972,1188,1905,1931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="391 - 500" refId="ref65946" refString="Roberts, T. R. (1969) Osteology and relationships of the characoid fishes, particularly the genera Hepsetus, Salminus, Hoplias, Ctenolucius, and Acestrorhynchus. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 36 (15), 391 - 500." type="journal article" year="1969">Roberts, 1969: 462</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 19;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9D514BFAB81D72FEC7F844" author="Mattox, G. M. T. & Britz, R. & Toledo-Piza, M." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="103 - 158" refId="ref62869" refString="Mattox, G. M. T., Britz, R. & Toledo-Piza, M. (2014) Skeletal development and ossification sequence of the characiform Salminus brasiliensis (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 25, 103 - 158." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Mattox
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9D514BFAE01D72FA66F860" box="[1374,1430,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2014: 111
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 5), a condition unique among characiforms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="98670377FF9D5144FF291DB9FE25FCFE" blockId="7.[151,1437,1509,2040]" lastBlockId="8.[198,1437,151,789]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF9D514BFF291DB9FF5DF838" bold="true" box="[151,173,1977,2003]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">4.</emphasis>
|
||
Inner teeth row on dentary (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9D514BFE461DB9FD12F83F" author="Malabarba, M. C. S. L." box="[504,738,1977,2004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="69 - 84" refId="ref62662" refString="Malabarba, M. C. S. L. (1998) Phylogeny of fossil Characiformes and paleobiogeography of the Tremembe Formation, S " o Paulo, Brazil. In: Reis, R. E., Vari, R. P., Lucena, Z. M. & Lucena, C. A. S. (Eds.), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, pp. 69 - 84." type="book chapter" year="1998">Malabarba, 1998: 75</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, character 41;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9D514BFC3D1DB9FBA8F838" author="Buckup, P. A." box="[899,1112,1977,2003]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="123 - 144" refId="ref55982" refString="Buckup, P. A. (1998) Relationships of the Characidiinae and phylogeny of Characiform fishes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). In: Malabarba, L. R., Reis, R. E., Vari, R. P., Lucena, Z. M. & Lucena, C. A. S. (Eds.), Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, pp. 123 - 144." type="book chapter" year="1998">Buckup, 1998: 130</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, character 36;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9D514BFB471DBAFEA5F81C" author="Zanata, A. M. & Vari, R. P." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 144" refId="ref69236" refString="Zanata, A. M. & Vari, R. P. (2005) The family Alestidae (Ostariophysi, Characiformes): a phylogenetic analysis of a trans-Atlantic clade. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 1 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Zanata & Vari, 2005: 46–47</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, character 88;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9D514BFE4B1DDDFD23F813" author="Mirande, J. M." box="[501,723,2013,2040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="385 - 568" refId="ref63344" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010: 425</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, character 143;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF9D514BFC3F1DDEFB0AF813" author="Mattox, G. M. T. & Toledo-Piza, M." box="[897,1274,2013,2040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="809 - 815" refId="ref62917" refString="Mattox, G. M. T. & Toledo-Piza, M. (2012) Phylogenetic study of the Characinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 165, 809 - 815. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00830. x" type="journal article" year="2012">Mattox & Toledo-Piza, 2012: 850</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, character 77). As remarked by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FE3A1A97FD9AFF5A" author="Buckup, P. A." box="[388,618,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="123 - 144" refId="ref55982" refString="Buckup, P. A. (1998) Relationships of the Characidiinae and phylogeny of Characiform fishes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). In: Malabarba, L. R., Reis, R. E., Vari, R. P., Lucena, Z. M. & Lucena, C. A. S. (Eds.), Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, pp. 123 - 144." type="book chapter" year="1998">Buckup (1998: 130)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, a second teeth row in the dentary, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FBA21A97FB34FF5A" box="[1052,1220,151,177]" class="Characiformes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Characiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
, when present, lies at the inner crest of the teeth replacement trench and is typically composed by small conical teeth. We here follow
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FEA61ADFFE0CFF12" author="Lima, F. C. T." box="[280,508,223,249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 189" refId="ref61310" refString="Lima, F. C. T. (2017) A revision of the cis-andean species of the genus Brycon M ¸ ller & Troschel (Characiformes: Characidae). Zootaxa, 4222 (1), 1 - 189 https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4222.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5A1CCD95FF925144FEA61ADFFEA3FF12" box="[280,339,223,249]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lima</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2017: 11–12)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in considering the pair of inner symphyseal teeth, present in some characiforms, as a distinct character from the teeth row present at the inner crest of the teeth replacement trench. As herein defined, a second inner dentary inner row is present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FCFB1B27FB25FEAA" authority="(Vari, 1979: 276)" baseAuthorityName="Vari" baseAuthorityPageNumber="276" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[837,1237,295,321]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Distichodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Distichodontidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FBAB1B27FB3DFEAA" author="Vari, R. P." box="[1045,1229,295,321]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="261 - 344" refId="ref68196" refString="Vari, R. P. (1979) Anatomy, relationships and classification of the families Citharinidae and Distichodontidae (Pisces, Characoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 36 (5), 261 - 344." type="journal article" year="1979">Vari, 1979: 276</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF925144FB5D1B27FEC3FE8E" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Microsmichodus sugillatus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FEFC1B4BFE05FE8E" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1859" box="[322,501,331,357]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hemiodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hemiodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FE411B4BFD6FFE8E" author="Roberts, T. R." box="[511,671,331,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref65994" refString="Roberts, T. R. (1971) Micromischodus sugillatus, a new hemiodontid characin fish from Brazil, and its relationship to the Chilodontidae. Breviora, 367, 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1971">Roberts, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FD0A1B4BFCB2FE8E" box="[692,834,331,357]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Crenuchidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FC371B4BFBD9FE8E" author="Buckup, P. A." box="[905,1065,331,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="97 - 154" refId="ref55937" refString="Buckup, P. A. (1993) Review of the characidiin fishes (Teleostei: Characiformes), with descriptions of four new genera and ten new species. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 4 (2), 97 - 154." type="journal article" year="1993">Buckup, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FB801B4BFF0CFE62" authority="(Weitzman, 1964: 143)" baseAuthorityName="Weitzman" baseAuthorityPageNumber="143" baseAuthorityYear="1964" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lebiasinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Lebiasinidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FB651B4BFF03FE62" author="Weitzman, S. H." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="127 - 169" refId="ref68840" refString="Weitzman, S. H. (1964) Osteology and relationships of South American characid fishes of subfamilies Lebiasininae and Erythrininae with special reference to subtribe Nannostomina. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 3499, 127 - 169." type="journal article" year="1964">Weitzman, 1964: 143</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FEF51B6FFD4FFE62" authority="(Gayet et al., 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Gayet" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[331,703,367,393]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Erythrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Erythrinidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FE591B6FFD47FE62" author="Gayet, M. & Jegu, M. & Bocquetin, J. & Negri, F. R." box="[487,695,367,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="28 - 46" refId="ref58554" refString="Gayet, M., Jegu, M., Bocquetin, J. & F. R. Negri, F. R. (2003) New characoids from the upper Cretaceous and Paleocene of Bolivia and the Mio-Pliocene of Brazil: phylogenetic position and paleobiogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23 (1), 28 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2003) 23 [28: NCFTUC] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Gayet
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF925144FD8D1B6FFD9CFE62" box="[563,620,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FD751B6FFBF3FE62" authority="(Roberts, 1969)" baseAuthorityName="Roberts" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[715,1027,367,393]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hepsetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Hepsetidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FCE91B6FFC0BFE62" author="Roberts, T. R." box="[855,1019,367,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="391 - 500" refId="ref65946" refString="Roberts, T. R. (1969) Osteology and relationships of the characoid fishes, particularly the genera Hepsetus, Salminus, Hoplias, Ctenolucius, and Acestrorhynchus. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 36 (15), 391 - 500." type="journal article" year="1969">Roberts, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FBB11B6FFE8EFE46" authority="(Zanata & Toledo-Piza, 2004: 105 - 106)" baseAuthorityName="Zanata & Toledo-Piza" baseAuthorityPageNumber="105 - 106" baseAuthorityYear="2004" class="Actinopterygii" family="Chalceidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Chalceidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FB251B6FFE85FE46" author="Zanata, A. M. & Toledo-Piza, M." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="103 - 135" refId="ref69168" refString="Zanata, A. M. & Toledo-Piza, M. (2004) Taxonomic revision of the South American fish genus Chalceus Cuvier (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) with the description of three new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 140, 103 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2004.00090. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Zanata & Toledo-Piza, 2004: 105–106</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FE4E1B93FB9AFE46" authority="(Mattox & Toledo-Piza, 2012: 850)" baseAuthorityName="Mattox & Toledo-Piza" baseAuthorityPageNumber="850" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[496,1130,402,429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Acestrorhynchidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Acestrorhynchidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FD681B93FB92FE46" author="Mattox, G. M. T. & Toledo-Piza, M." box="[726,1122,402,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="809 - 815" refId="ref62917" refString="Mattox, G. M. T. & Toledo-Piza, M. (2012) Phylogenetic study of the Characinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 165, 809 - 815. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00830. x" type="journal article" year="2012">Mattox & Toledo-Piza, 2012: 850</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and in a few
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FAA81B93FA68FE46" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1825" box="[1302,1432,403,429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
: some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FEB71BB7FCD4FE3A" authority="(Mattox & Toledo-Piza, 2012: 850)" baseAuthorityName="Mattox & Toledo-Piza" baseAuthorityPageNumber="850" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[265,804,438,465]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Characinae">
|
||
Characinae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FE291BB7FCEDFE3A" author="Mattox, G. M. T. & Toledo-Piza, M." box="[407,797,438,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="809 - 815" refId="ref62917" refString="Mattox, G. M. T. & Toledo-Piza, M. (2012) Phylogenetic study of the Characinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 165, 809 - 815. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00830. x" type="journal article" year="2012">Mattox & Toledo-Piza, 2012: 850</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FCDC1BB7FB23FE3A" authority="(Gery, 1973)" baseAuthorityName="Gery" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[866,1235,439,465]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Aphyocharacidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF925144FCDC1BB7FBC7FE3A" box="[866,1079,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Aphyocharacidium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FBF61BB7FB3BFE3A" author="Gery, J." box="[1096,1227,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="81 - 137" refId="ref58678" refString="Gery, J. (1973) New and little-known Aphyoditeina (Pisces, Characoidei) from the Amazon basin. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 8, 81 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650527309360455" type="journal article" year="1973">Géry, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FB411BB7FA73FE3A" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[1279,1411,439,465]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bryconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a second dentary teeth row is seemingly present in all species, as it is present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FB981BDBFAE2FE1E" authority="(Lima, 2017)" authorityName="J.P.Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1844" baseAuthorityName="Lima" baseAuthorityYear="2017" box="[1062,1298,475,501]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF925144FB981BDBFB87FE1F" box="[1062,1143,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FB3A1BDBFAFAFE1E" author="Lima, F. C. T." box="[1156,1290,475,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 189" refId="ref61310" refString="Lima, F. C. T. (2017) A revision of the cis-andean species of the genus Brycon M ¸ ller & Troschel (Characiformes: Characidae). Zootaxa, 4222 (1), 1 - 189 https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4222.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5A1CCD95FF925144FB3A1BDBFB33FE1E" box="[1156,1219,475,501]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lima</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FAA31BDBFD9EFDF2" authority="(Castro et al., 2004: 501)" baseAuthorityName="Castro" baseAuthorityPageNumber="501" baseAuthorityYear="2004" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Henochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wheatlandii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF925144FAA31BDBFEBAFDF2" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Henochilus wheatlandii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FEE71BFFFD96FDF2" author="Castro, R. M. C. & Vari, R. P. & Vieira, F. & Oliveira, C." box="[345,614,510,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="496 - 506" refId="ref56519" refString="Castro, R. M. C., Vari, R. P., Vieira, F. & Oliveira, C. (2004) Phylogenetic analysis and redescription of the genus Henochilus (Characiformes: Characidae). Copeia, 2004 (3), 496 - 506. https: // doi. org / 10.1643 / CI- 03 - 202 R 2" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Castro
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF925144FE151BFFFE14FDF2" box="[427,484,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004: 501
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FD701BFFFC64FDF2" box="[718,916,511,537]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF925144FD701BFFFCC5FDF2" box="[718,821,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
However, the condition of the inner teeth row is distinct in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FEE51823FE32FDD6" box="[347,450,547,573]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF925144FEE51823FE32FDD6" box="[347,450,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the one found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FD711823FCD0FDD7" authorityName="J.P.Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[719,800,547,572]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF925144FD711823FCD0FDD7" box="[719,800,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as in the latter genus, the inner teeth row starts almost always considerably afterwards the symphysis, typically at the level of the fourth anteriormost teeth or after that point (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FEB0186BFE65FD6E" author="Lima, F. C. T." box="[270,405,619,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 189" refId="ref61310" refString="Lima, F. C. T. (2017) A revision of the cis-andean species of the genus Brycon M ¸ ller & Troschel (Characiformes: Characidae). Zootaxa, 4222 (1), 1 - 189 https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4222.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5A1CCD95FF925144FEB0186BFEBDFD6E" box="[270,333,619,645]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lima</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FD96186BFD7FFD6E" box="[552,655,619,645]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF925144FD96186BFD7FFD6E" box="[552,655,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it extends continuously from the symphysis to the end of the toothed portion of the dentary (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FDBE188FFD2AFD42" author="Roberts, T. R." box="[512,730,655,681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="391 - 500" refId="ref65946" refString="Roberts, T. R. (1969) Osteology and relationships of the characoid fishes, particularly the genera Hepsetus, Salminus, Hoplias, Ctenolucius, and Acestrorhynchus. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 36 (15), 391 - 500." type="journal article" year="1969">Roberts, 1969: 469</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 31;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FC83188FFBEDFD42" author="Mirande, J. M." box="[829,1053,655,681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="385 - 568" refId="ref63344" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010: 426</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 71).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FB37188FFA6CFD42" author="Castro, R. M. C. & Vari, R. P. & Vieira, F. & Oliveira, C." box="[1161,1436,654,681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="496 - 506" refId="ref56519" refString="Castro, R. M. C., Vari, R. P., Vieira, F. & Oliveira, C. (2004) Phylogenetic analysis and redescription of the genus Henochilus (Characiformes: Characidae). Copeia, 2004 (3), 496 - 506. https: // doi. org / 10.1643 / CI- 03 - 202 R 2" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Castro
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF925144FB64188FFAE2FD42" box="[1242,1298,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2004: 501)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the inner teeth row in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FDFD18B3FCA1FD26" box="[579,849,691,717]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Henochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wheatlandii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF925144FDFD18B3FCA1FD26" box="[579,849,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Henochilus wheatlandii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as being variable ontogenetically and absent from larger specimens, whereas no ontogenetic variation was detected in this character in any of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FB4D18D7FA6CFD1A" box="[1267,1436,727,753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF925144FB4D18D7FAB4FD1B" box="[1267,1348,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FEFF18FBFE21FCFE" author="Lima, F. C. T." box="[321,465,763,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 189" refId="ref61310" refString="Lima, F. C. T. (2017) A revision of the cis-andean species of the genus Brycon M ¸ ller & Troschel (Characiformes: Characidae). Zootaxa, 4222 (1), 1 - 189 https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4222.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5A1CCD95FF925144FEFF18FBFE8CFCFE" box="[321,380,763,789]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lima</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="CCA753FFFF925144FF291CA4FEA0F8C3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518239" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7518239" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518239/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[151,250,1700,1724]" targetBox="[167,1417,826,1660]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="98670377FF925144FF291CA4FEA0F8C3" blockId="8.[151,1437,1700,1833]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF925144FF291CA4FEE3F957" bold="true" box="[151,275,1700,1724]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Neurocranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FE721CA5FCF4F956" authority=", MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" box="[460,772,1701,1725]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF925144FE721CA5FD54F956" box="[460,676,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Salminus brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
, MZUSP
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
89521, 437 mm SL, in dorsal view, showing the forward-directed sphenotic (SPH) and the fontanel (FNT) restricted to posterior to the epiphyseal bar (EPB). Other abbreviations: EPIOC: epioccipital; FR: frontal; MES: mesethmoid; NAS: nasal; PMX: premaxillary; PAR: parietal; PTE: pterotic; SUPR: supraoccipital. Scale bar: 50 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="98670377FF925144FF291D57FDE7F852" blockId="8.[151,1437,1879,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF925144FF291D57FF5CF89A" bold="true" box="[151,172,1879,1905]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5.</emphasis>
|
||
Fronto-parietal fontanels (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FE501D57FD4FF899" author="Vari, R. P." box="[494,703,1879,1906]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 97" refId="ref68287" refString="Vari, R. P. (1995) The Neotropical fish family Ctenoluciidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes): supra and intrafamilial phylogenetic relationships, with a revisionary study. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 564, 1 - 97. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.564" type="journal article" year="1995">Vari, 1995: 15–16</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, character 26;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FCD41D57FBA9F89A" author="Malabarba, M. C. S. L." box="[874,1113,1879,1905]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="69 - 84" refId="ref62662" refString="Malabarba, M. C. S. L. (1998) Phylogeny of fossil Characiformes and paleobiogeography of the Tremembe Formation, S " o Paulo, Brazil. In: Reis, R. E., Vari, R. P., Lucena, Z. M. & Lucena, C. A. S. (Eds.), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, pp. 69 - 84." type="book chapter" year="1998">Malabarba, 1998: 33</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, character 1;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FB4B1D57FF02F87E" author="Buckup, P. A." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="123 - 144" refId="ref55982" refString="Buckup, P. A. (1998) Relationships of the Characidiinae and phylogeny of Characiform fishes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). In: Malabarba, L. R., Reis, R. E., Vari, R. P., Lucena, Z. M. & Lucena, C. A. S. (Eds.), Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, pp. 123 - 144." type="book chapter" year="1998">Buckup, 1998: 128</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, character 9;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FE3B1D7BFD4CF87E" author="Zanata, A. M. & Vari, R. P." box="[389,700,1915,1942]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 144" refId="ref69236" refString="Zanata, A. M. & Vari, R. P. (2005) The family Alestidae (Ostariophysi, Characiformes): a phylogenetic analysis of a trans-Atlantic clade. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 1 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Zanata & Vari, 2005: 20–22</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, characters 36–37;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FC2E1D7BFB66F87D" author="Toledo-Piza, M." box="[912,1174,1915,1942]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="691 - 757" refId="ref67811" refString="Toledo-Piza, M. (2007) Phylogenetic relationships among Acestrorhynchus species (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Acestrorhynchidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 151, 691 - 757. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00355. x" type="journal article" year="2007">Toledo-Piza, 2007: 705</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, character 15;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF925144FA881D7BFE81F851" author="Mirande, J. M." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="385 - 568" refId="ref63344" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010: 395–396</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, character 22).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="98670377FF925145FF781DC3FAFDFC4E" blockId="8.[151,1437,1879,2013]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,2032]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF925144FEBB1DC3FE5AF836" box="[261,426,1987,2013]" class="Characiformes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Characiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
present the frontal and parietal bones separated by a fontanel. The extension of the fontanel anteriorly to the epiphyseal bar is variable in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FCA71A97FC31FF5A" box="[793,961,151,177]" class="Characiformes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Characiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
, e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FBB91A97FA68FF5A" authority="(Vari, 1979: 290)" baseAuthorityName="Vari" baseAuthorityPageNumber="290" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[1031,1432,151,177]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Distichodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Distichodontidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FB661A97FA60FF5A" author="Vari, R. P." box="[1240,1424,151,177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="261 - 344" refId="ref68196" refString="Vari, R. P. (1979) Anatomy, relationships and classification of the families Citharinidae and Distichodontidae (Pisces, Characoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 36 (5), 261 - 344." type="journal article" year="1979">Vari, 1979: 290</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FF781ABBFE8EFF3E" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1906" box="[198,382,187,213]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Curimatidae" genus="Steindachnerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FF781ABBFE8EFF3E" box="[198,382,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Steindachnerina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FE711ABBFD96FF3E" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[463,614,187,213]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Curimatidae" genus="Steindachnerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypostoma">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FE711ABBFD96FF3E" box="[463,614,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. hypostoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FC891ABBFC38FF3E" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1858" box="[823,968,187,213]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Curimatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Curimatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Vari: 1991, fig. 10), and in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FA8D1ABBFA6DFF3E" box="[1331,1437,187,213]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Alestidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Alestidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FF731ADFFDE2FF12" author="Zanata, A. M. & Vari, R. P." box="[205,530,222,249]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 144" refId="ref69236" refString="Zanata, A. M. & Vari, R. P. (2005) The family Alestidae (Ostariophysi, Characiformes): a phylogenetic analysis of a trans-Atlantic clade. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 1 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Zanata & Vari, 2005: 20–22</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The fontanel is absent in adult specimens of several characiform families, i.e.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FF781B03FE94FEF6" authorityName="Schultz" authorityYear="1944" box="[198,356,259,285]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ctenoluciidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ctenoluciidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FECC1B03FDF1FEF6" box="[370,513,259,285]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Erythrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Erythrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FDB01B03FD7DFEF6" baseAuthorityName="Roberts" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[526,653,259,285]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hepsetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hepsetidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FD241B03FCDCFEF6" baseAuthorityName="Weitzman" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[666,812,259,285]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lebiasinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lebiasinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FCD51B03FB1CFEF6" authority="(Vari, 1995: 15 - 16)" baseAuthorityName="Vari" baseAuthorityPageNumber="15 - 16" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[875,1260,258,285]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Parodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Parodontidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FBAE1B03FB13FEF6" author="Vari, R. P." box="[1040,1251,258,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 97" refId="ref68287" refString="Vari, R. P. (1995) The Neotropical fish family Ctenoluciidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes): supra and intrafamilial phylogenetic relationships, with a revisionary study. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 564, 1 - 97. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.564" type="journal article" year="1995">Vari, 1995: 15–16</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FAF01B03FEF5FEAA" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bryconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the fontanel is normally developed (i.e., separating completely the frontals and parietals bones) in most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FF781B4BFEE7FE8F" authorityName="J.P.Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[198,279,331,356]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FF781B4BFEE7FE8F" box="[198,279,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FE1E1B4BFE03FE8F" authorityName="Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1845" box="[416,499,331,356]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pesu">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FE1E1B4BFE03FE8F" box="[416,499,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. pesu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which lacks entirely a fontanel when adults (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FB861B4BFB03FE8E" author="Weitzman, S. H." box="[1080,1267,331,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref68799" refString="Weitzman, S. H. (1962) The osteology of Brycon meeki, a generalized characid fish, with an osteological definition of the family. Stanford Ichthyiological Bulletin, 8 (1), 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="1962">Weitzman, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FABE1B4BFA67FE8E" author="Howes, G. J." box="[1280,1431,331,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 47" refId="ref59638" refString="Howes, G. J. (1982) Revison of the genus Brycon (Teleostei: Characoidei). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 43 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1982">Howes, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FF781B6FFEBBFE62" author="Lima, F. C. T." box="[198,331,367,393]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 189" refId="ref61310" refString="Lima, F. C. T. (2017) A revision of the cis-andean species of the genus Brycon M ¸ ller & Troschel (Characiformes: Characidae). Zootaxa, 4222 (1), 1 - 189 https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4222.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5A1CCD95FF935145FF781B6FFEF4FE62" box="[198,260,367,393]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lima</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In all cleared and stained and skeletonized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FC841B6FFC51FE62" box="[826,929,367,393]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FC841B6FFC51FE62" box="[826,929,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens examined in the present study, the fontanel is present and normally developed between the epiphyseal bar and the supraocippital but is reduced to a small opening anteriorly to the epiphyseal bar (e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="00E31FF2FF935145FCA41BB7FCADFE3A" box="[794,861,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1700,1724]" captionTargetBox="[167,1417,826,1660]" captionTargetId="figure-312@8.[157,1430,813,1677]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Neurocranium of Salminus brasiliensis, MZUSP 89521, 437 mm SL, in dorsal view, showing the forward-directed sphenotic (SPH) and the fontanel (FNT) restricted to posterior to the epiphyseal bar (EPB). Other abbreviations: EPIOC: epioccipital; FR: frontal; MES: mesethmoid; NAS: nasal; PMX: premaxillary; PAR: parietal; PTE: pterotic; SUPR: supraoccipital. Scale bar: 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518239" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518239/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FC7B1BB7FB6DFE3A" author="Roberts, T. R." box="[965,1181,438,465]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="391 - 500" refId="ref65946" refString="Roberts, T. R. (1969) Osteology and relationships of the characoid fishes, particularly the genera Hepsetus, Salminus, Hoplias, Ctenolucius, and Acestrorhynchus. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 36 (15), 391 - 500." type="journal article" year="1969">Roberts, 1969: 452</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 9). However, both
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FF781BDBFE5AFE1E" author="Roberts, T. R." box="[198,426,475,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="391 - 500" refId="ref65946" refString="Roberts, T. R. (1969) Osteology and relationships of the characoid fishes, particularly the genera Hepsetus, Salminus, Hoplias, Ctenolucius, and Acestrorhynchus. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 36 (15), 391 - 500." type="journal article" year="1969">Roberts (1969: 407)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FE5C1BDBFCF2FE1E" author="Zanata, A. M. & Vari, R. P." box="[482,770,474,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 144" refId="ref69236" refString="Zanata, A. M. & Vari, R. P. (2005) The family Alestidae (Ostariophysi, Characiformes): a phylogenetic analysis of a trans-Atlantic clade. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 1 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Zanata & Vari (2005: 21)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that in large
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FBAE1BDBFB87FE1E" box="[1040,1143,475,501]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FBAE1BDBFB87FE1E" box="[1040,1143,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens the fontanel is occluded, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FED81BFFFD82FDF2" author="Mattox, G. M. T. & Britz, R. & Toledo-Piza, M." box="[358,626,511,537]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="103 - 158" refId="ref62869" refString="Mattox, G. M. T., Britz, R. & Toledo-Piza, M. (2014) Skeletal development and ossification sequence of the characiform Salminus brasiliensis (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 25, 103 - 158." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Mattox
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FE031BFFFE1DFDF2" box="[445,493,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2014: 111
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 5) depicted a neurocranium of a specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FB241BFFFAC6FDF2" box="[1178,1334,511,537]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FB241BFFFAC6FDF2" box="[1178,1334,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in which the parietal fontanel was indeed partially occluded. The larger skeletons of the genus examined in the present study are of
|
||
<specimenCount id="8EDEC8FEFF935145FEEF1847FE07FD8A" box="[337,503,583,609]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FDA21847FD4AFD8A" box="[540,698,583,609]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FDA21847FD4AFD8A" box="[540,698,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="FEC99BB2FF935145FD761847FCD6FD8A" box="[712,806,583,609]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
89521, 437–
|
||
<quantity id="5F20AE92FF935145FC041846FBE7FD8A" box="[954,1047,582,609]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.58" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="458.0">458 mm</quantity>
|
||
SL), both of which presented only a thin sheet of connective tissue over the parietal fontanel, which was not actually occluded. This is somewhat perplexing since the larger
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FE45188FFD6AFD42" box="[507,666,655,681]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FE45188FFD6AFD42" box="[507,666,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen depicted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FC21188FFB75FD42" author="Mattox, G. M. T. & Britz, R. & Toledo-Piza, M." box="[927,1157,655,681]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="103 - 158" refId="ref62869" refString="Mattox, G. M. T., Britz, R. & Toledo-Piza, M. (2014) Skeletal development and ossification sequence of the characiform Salminus brasiliensis (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 25, 103 - 158." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Mattox
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FC47188FFBC2FD42" box="[1017,1074,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is smaller (
|
||
<quantity id="5F20AE92FF935145FAB5188FFA9AFD42" box="[1291,1386,655,681]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.32" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="332.0">332 mm</quantity>
|
||
SL) than the ones examined in the present study, but as their specimen was raised in captivity, it probably experienced a faster development than the wild specimens herein examined, a common condition for captive fishes (G.M.
|
||
<collectionCode id="FEC99BB2FF935145FEB718FBFEECFCFE" box="[265,284,763,789]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">T</collectionCode>
|
||
. Mattox, pers. comm.). Although unfortunately no skeletons of large-sized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FBC718FBFB10FCFE" box="[1145,1248,763,789]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FBC718FBFB10FCFE" box="[1145,1248,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens were available for examination, a cursorial examination of whole, wild-caught specimens of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FB6E191FFA9DFCD2" box="[1232,1389,799,825]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FB6E191FFA9DFCD2" box="[1232,1389,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FF781943FE81FCB6" box="[198,369,835,861]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="franciscanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FF781943FE81FCB6" box="[198,369,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. franciscanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ranging from
|
||
<quantity id="5F20AE92FF935145FDAF1942FD55FCB6" box="[529,677,834,861]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.05" metricValueMax="5.8" metricValueMin="4.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="505.0" valueMax="580.0" valueMin="430.0">430–580 mm</quantity>
|
||
SL showed that the parietal fontanel is not occluded in any of them. However, the examination of a large
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FDDE1967FCFBFC6A" box="[608,779,871,897]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="franciscanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FDDE1967FCFBFC6A" box="[608,779,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. franciscanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="FEC99BB2FF935145FCA71967FC87FC6A" box="[793,887,871,897]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
<quantity id="5F20AE92FF935145FCC31967FBDDFC6A" box="[893,1069,871,897]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9000772999999995" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="3.9000773E7">39000, 773 mm</quantity>
|
||
SL) was equivocal in that regard as the fontanel could not be discerned and might have indeed been occluded by hyperossification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="98670377FF935145FF2919AEFDF3FB96" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2032]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FF2919AEFF5CFC23" bold="true" box="[151,172,942,968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">6.</emphasis>
|
||
Articulation between ceratohyals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FDF919AFFCE5FC22" author="Vari, R. P." box="[583,789,942,969]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 97" refId="ref68287" refString="Vari, R. P. (1995) The Neotropical fish family Ctenoluciidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes): supra and intrafamilial phylogenetic relationships, with a revisionary study. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 564, 1 - 97. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.564" type="journal article" year="1995">Vari, 1995: 24–25</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, character 58;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FC0719AFFB6AFC22" author="Mirande, J. M." box="[953,1178,943,969]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="385 - 568" refId="ref63344" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010: 433</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, character 181;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FAF519AFFA6CFC22" author="Mattox, G. M. T. & Toledo-Piza, M." box="[1355,1436,943,969]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="809 - 815" refId="ref62917" refString="Mattox, G. M. T. & Toledo-Piza, M. (2012) Phylogenetic study of the Characinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 165, 809 - 815. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00830. x" type="journal article" year="2012">Mattox</bibRefCitation>
|
||
& Toledo-Piza, 2012: 858, character 97). The contact between the anterior and posterior ceratohyals is typically synchondral, but in a few characiforms, processes are present contacting both bones (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FCBE1E1BFC20FBDE" author="Vari, R. P." box="[768,976,1050,1077]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 97" refId="ref68287" refString="Vari, R. P. (1995) The Neotropical fish family Ctenoluciidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes): supra and intrafamilial phylogenetic relationships, with a revisionary study. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 564, 1 - 97. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.564" type="journal article" year="1995">Vari, 1995: 24–25</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FC631E1BFB31FBDE" author="Mirande, J. M." box="[989,1217,1051,1077]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="385 - 568" refId="ref63344" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010: 433</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Mattox & ToledoPiza, 2012: 858). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FE091E3FFDEEFBB2" box="[439,542,1087,1113]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FE091E3FFDEEFBB2" box="[439,542,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a process from the anterior ceratohyal contacts the posterior ceratohyal (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FF781E63FE6FFB96" author="Roberts, T. R." box="[198,415,1123,1149]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="391 - 500" refId="ref65946" refString="Roberts, T. R. (1969) Osteology and relationships of the characoid fishes, particularly the genera Hepsetus, Salminus, Hoplias, Ctenolucius, and Acestrorhynchus. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 36 (15), 391 - 500." type="journal article" year="1969">Roberts, 1969: 474</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 36).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="98670377FF935145FF791E87FDBAFB03" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2032]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The remaining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FEC61E87FE0CFB4A" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[376,508,1159,1185]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bryconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including all species examined in the present study (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FB241E87FA67FB4A" author="Lima, F. C. T. & Britski, H. A." box="[1178,1431,1159,1185]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="237 - 244" refId="ref61364" refString="Lima, F. C. T. & Britski, H. A. (2007) Salminus franciscanus, a new species from the rio S " o Francisco basin, Brazil (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 5 (3), 237 - 244. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252007000300001" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5A1CCD95FF935145FB241E87FB25FB4A" box="[1178,1237,1159,1185]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lima</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Britski, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FF291EAAFEECFB2F" author="Lima, F. C. T." box="[151,284,1194,1220]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 189" refId="ref61310" refString="Lima, F. C. T. (2017) A revision of the cis-andean species of the genus Brycon M ¸ ller & Troschel (Characiformes: Characidae). Zootaxa, 4222 (1), 1 - 189 https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4222.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5A1CCD95FF935145FF291EAAFF25FB2F" box="[151,213,1194,1220]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lima</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), lack any processes contacting both ceratohyals, and thus the condition found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FB131EAAFAE4FB2F" box="[1197,1300,1194,1220]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FB131EAAFAE4FB2F" box="[1197,1300,1194,1220]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be considered a synapomorphy for the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D0C250FCFF935146FF791EF0FD3AFADA" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="98670377FF935146FF791EF0FA92FD6E" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2032]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,1329]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FF791EF0FDFBFAE1" bold="true" box="[199,523,1264,1290]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Phylogenetic relationships.</emphasis>
|
||
The first explicit suggestion concerning the relationships of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FB661EF0FACFFAE1" box="[1240,1343,1264,1290]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FB661EF0FACFFAE1" box="[1240,1343,1264,1290]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FF291F14FEC3FAC5" author="Regan, C. T." box="[151,307,1300,1326]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="13 - 32" refId="ref65430" refString="Regan, C. T. (1911) The classification of the Teleostean fishes of the Order Ostariophysi. - 1. Cyprinoidea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 8 (43), 13 - 32, 1 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931108692993" type="journal article" year="1911">Regan (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who suggested that the genus was “closely related” to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FC131F13FBC7FAC6" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1864" box="[941,1079,1299,1325]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Hystricodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FC131F13FBC7FAC6" box="[941,1079,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Hystricodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FBDF1F13FB47FAC6" authorityName="Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[1121,1207,1299,1325]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Exodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FBDF1F13FB47FAC6" box="[1121,1207,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Exodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FB471F14FABAFAC6" authorityName="J.P.Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[1273,1354,1300,1325]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FB471F14FABAFAC6" box="[1273,1354,1300,1325]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, “from which they differ only in the dentition...” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FDC41F37FCC9FABA" author="Regan, C. T." box="[634,825,1335,1361]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="13 - 32" refId="ref65430" refString="Regan, C. T. (1911) The classification of the Teleostean fishes of the Order Ostariophysi. - 1. Cyprinoidea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 8 (43), 13 - 32, 1 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931108692993" type="journal article" year="1911">Regan, 1911: 18</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although a partial description of the osteology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FA391F37FEFFFA9F" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1850" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxillosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FA391F37FEFFFA9F" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. maxillosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FE8B1F5AFE22FA9F" box="[309,466,1370,1396]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FE8B1F5AFE22FA9F" box="[309,466,1370,1396]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) has been presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FD631F5AFC28FA9E" author="Fuster de Plaza, M. L." box="[733,984,1370,1397]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="171 - 214" refId="ref58189" refString="Fuster de Plaza, M. L. (1950) Una contribucion al conocimiento del dorado (Salminus maxillosus Cuv. Y Val.). Revista del Museo de La Plata, Nueva Serie, 6, 171 - 214, 2 pls." type="journal article" year="1950">Fuster de Plaza (1950)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FBB01F5AFACBFA9E" author="Moraes Filho, M. B. & Schubart, O." box="[1038,1339,1370,1397]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref63637" refString="Moraes Filho, M. B. & Schubart, O. (1955) Contribuicao ao estudo do dourado (Salminus maxillosus Val.) do Rio Mogi Guassu (Pisces, Characidae). Ministerio da Agricultura, Divis " o de Caca e Pesca, S " o Paulo, 130 pp., 13 pls." type="book" year="1955">Moraes & Schubart (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the first author to discuss the putative relationships of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FD1B1F7DFCFCFA7C" box="[677,780,1405,1431]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FD1B1F7DFCFCFA7C" box="[677,780,1405,1431]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FCDB1F7DFBFDFA7C" box="[869,1037,1405,1431]" class="Characiformes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Characiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on an extensive study of its osteology, was
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FEFB1FA0FE01FA51" author="Roberts, T. R." box="[325,497,1440,1466]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="391 - 500" refId="ref65946" refString="Roberts, T. R. (1969) Osteology and relationships of the characoid fishes, particularly the genera Hepsetus, Salminus, Hoplias, Ctenolucius, and Acestrorhynchus. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 36 (15), 391 - 500." type="journal article" year="1969">Roberts (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FE431FA0FD11FA50" author="Roberts, T. R." box="[509,737,1440,1467]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="391 - 500" refId="ref65946" refString="Roberts, T. R. (1969) Osteology and relationships of the characoid fishes, particularly the genera Hepsetus, Salminus, Hoplias, Ctenolucius, and Acestrorhynchus. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 36 (15), 391 - 500." type="journal article" year="1969">Roberts (1969: 435)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
remarked that the overall resemblance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FB011FA0FAD6FA51" box="[1215,1318,1440,1466]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FB011FA0FAD6FA51" box="[1215,1318,1440,1466]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FAF51FA1FA6CFA51" authorityName="J.P.Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[1355,1436,1441,1466]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FAF51FA1FA6CFA51" box="[1355,1436,1441,1466]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not necessarily an indicative of a close relationship between these genera and suggested (p. 442) that the genus might belong to a relictual lineage.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FD9D1FE7FD20F9EA" author="Gery, J." box="[547,720,1510,1537]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 250" refId="ref58644" refString="Gery, J. (1972) Poissons characoides des Guyanes. 1. Generalites. II. Famille des Serrasalmidae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 122, 1 - 250, 16 pls." type="journal article" year="1972">Géry (1972: 50</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 52, 55;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FC8E1FE7FC2BF9EA" author="Gery, J." box="[816,987,1511,1537]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref58722" refString="Gery, J. (1977) Characoids of the world. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey, 672 pp." type="book" year="1977">1977: 330–331</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 334) considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FB1F1FE7FAF8F9EA" box="[1185,1288,1511,1537]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FB1F1FE7FAF8F9EA" box="[1185,1288,1511,1537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as belonging to a tribe (Salminini, first proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FDF91C0AFCC3F9CE" author="Cockerell, T. D. A." box="[583,819,1546,1573]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="151 - 160" refId="ref56891" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1915) Scales of Panama fishes. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 28, 151 - 160." type="journal article" year="1915">Cockerell, 1915: 156</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) within the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FB911C0AFB43F9CF" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[1071,1203,1546,1572]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bryconinae">Bryconinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which also included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FF291C2EFF18F9AC" authorityName="J.P.Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[151,232,1582,1607]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FF291C2EFF18F9AC" box="[151,232,1582,1607]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FF471C2DFE8CF9AC" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1872" box="[249,380,1581,1607]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FF471C2DFE8CF9AC" box="[249,380,1581,1607]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Triportheus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FE331C2DFDC2F9AC" box="[397,562,1581,1607]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Moojenichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FE331C2DFDC2F9AC" box="[397,562,1581,1607]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Moojenichthys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FDD61C2DFD07F9AC" authorityName="Eigenmann & Myers" authorityYear="1929" box="[616,759,1581,1607]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Lignobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FDD61C2DFD07F9AC" box="[616,759,1581,1607]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lignobrycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FCAC1C2DFC72F9AC" authorityName="Eigenmann & Norris" authorityYear="1900" box="[786,898,1581,1607]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Catabasis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FCAC1C2DFC72F9AC" box="[786,898,1581,1607]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Catabasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FC001C2DFBB4F9AC" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1909" box="[958,1092,1581,1607]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Holobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FC001C2DFBB4F9AC" box="[958,1092,1581,1607]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Holobrycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(both currently considered as synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FE921C51FE8DF981" authorityName="J.P.Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[300,381,1617,1642]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FE921C51FE8DF981" box="[300,381,1617,1642]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), without however presenting any diagnosis for the subfamily. The first published phylogenetic analysis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FEAB1C73FE4AF966" box="[277,442,1651,1677]" class="Characiformes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Characiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
that included the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FD781C73FCDDF966" box="[710,813,1651,1677]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FD781C73FCDDF966" box="[710,813,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FC391C74FB82F965" author="Orti, G. & Meyer, A." box="[903,1138,1652,1678]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="75 - 100" refId="ref64853" refString="Orti, G. & Meyer, A. (1997) The radiation of characiform fishes and the limits of resolution of mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Systematic Biology, 46 (1), 75 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / 46.1.75" type="journal article" year="1997">Ortí & Meyer (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which conducted a phylogenetic analysis using segments of the 12S and 16S subunit of the RNA mitochondrial genes.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FB0C1C97FF4DF93F" author="Orti, G. & Meyer, A." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="75 - 100" refId="ref64853" refString="Orti, G. & Meyer, A. (1997) The radiation of characiform fishes and the limits of resolution of mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Systematic Biology, 46 (1), 75 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / 46.1.75" type="journal article" year="1997">Ortí & Meyer (1997: 92)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recovered a well-corroborated sister relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FCF61CBAFC5FF93F" box="[840,943,1722,1748]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FCF61CBAFC5FF93F" box="[840,943,1722,1748]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FC5D1CBBFBC4F93F" authorityName="J.P.Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[995,1076,1723,1748]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FC5D1CBBFBC4F93F" box="[995,1076,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FBFF1CBAFA6CF93F" author="Malabarba, L. R. & Weitzman, S. H." box="[1089,1436,1722,1748]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="67 - 151" refId="ref62593" refString="Malabarba, L. R. & Weitzman, S. H. (2003) Description of a new genus with six new species from southern Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, with a discussion of a putative characid clade (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Comunicacles do Museu de Ciencias da PUCRS, Serie Zoologia, 16 (1), 67 - 151." type="journal article" year="2003">Malabarba & Weitzman (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FEA71CDDFE70F91C" box="[281,384,1757,1783]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FEA71CDDFE70F91C" box="[281,384,1757,1783]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, together with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FD921CDEFD8DF91C" authorityName="J.P.Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[556,637,1758,1783]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FD921CDEFD8DF91C" box="[556,637,1758,1783]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FD321CDEFCF4F91C" authorityName="Kner" authorityYear="1858" box="[652,772,1758,1783]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Iguanodectidae" genus="Bryconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FD321CDEFCF4F91C" box="[652,772,1758,1783]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bryconops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FCAD1CDDFC66F91C" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1872" box="[787,918,1757,1783]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FCAD1CDDFC66F91C" box="[787,918,1757,1783]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Triportheus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FC1B1CDDFBC4F91C" authorityName="Eigenmann & Myers" authorityYear="1929" box="[933,1076,1757,1783]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Lignobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FC1B1CDDFBC4F91C" box="[933,1076,1757,1783]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lignobrycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the representatives of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FAD01CDDFEE0F8F1" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1859" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serrasalmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Serrasalminae">Serrasalminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(currently
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FE321D00FDDDF8F1" box="[396,557,1792,1818]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serrasalmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Serrasalmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FDD71D00FCDDF8F1" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1859" box="[617,813,1792,1818]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gasteropelecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gasteropelecidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as a putatively basal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FBA01D00FB6FF8F1" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1825" box="[1054,1183,1792,1818]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, due to the presence of fin hooks on the pelvic and anal fins of mature males (a feature considered by the authors as a putative synapomorphy of the family), and the presence of a supraorbital bone (considered by them as a plesiomorphic feature within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FF291D6AFEEAF86F" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1825" box="[151,282,1898,1924]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FE901D6AFE0EF86F" author="Lima, F. C. T. & Malabarba, L. R. & Buckup, P. A. & Pezzi da Silva, J. F. & Vari, R. P. & Harold, A. & Benine, R. & Oyakawa, O. T. & Pavanelli, C. S. & Menezes, N. A. & Lucena, C. A. S. & Malabarba, M. C. S. L. & Lucena, Z. M. S. & Reis, R. E. & Langeani, F. & Casatti, L. & Bertaco, V. A. & Moreira, C. & Lucinda, P. H. F." box="[302,510,1898,1924]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="106 - 169" refId="ref61512" refString="Lima, F. C. T., Malabarba, L. R., Buckup, P. A., Pezzi da Silva, J. F., Vari, R. P., Harold, A., Benine, R., Oyakawa, O. T., Pavanelli, C. S., Menezes, N. A., Lucena, C. A. S., Malabarba, M. C. S. L., Lucena, Z. M. S., Reis, R. E., Langeani, F., Casatti, L., Bertaco, V. A., Moreira, C. & Lucinda, P. H. F. (2003) Genera Incertae Sedis in Characidae. In: Reis, R. E., Kullander, S. O. & Ferraris Jr., C. J. (Eds.), Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Edipurs, Porto Alegre, pp. 106 - 169." type="book chapter" year="2003">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5A1CCD95FF935145FE901D6AFE99F86F" box="[302,361,1898,1924]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lima</collectingRegion>
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FECF1D6BFE5BF86F" box="[369,427,1898,1924]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FDF21D6AFD43F86F" box="[588,691,1898,1924]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FDF21D6AFD43F86F" box="[588,691,1898,1924]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FC841D6AFC48F86F" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1825" box="[826,952,1898,1924]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FC7F1D6BFBADF86F" box="[961,1117,1898,1924]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5A1CCD95FF935145FB231D6AFB28F86F" box="[1181,1240,1898,1924]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lima</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2003) restricted
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FF291D8EFEE8F843" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,280,1934,1960]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bryconinae">Bryconinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FE081D8FFDF7F843" authorityName="J.P.Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[438,519,1935,1960]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FE081D8FFDF7F843" box="[438,519,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FDAA1D8EFD50F843" authorityName="Gery & de Rham" authorityYear="1981" box="[532,672,1934,1960]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Chilobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FDAA1D8EFD50F843" box="[532,672,1934,1960]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Chilobrycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FD631D8EFCADF843" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1890" box="[733,861,1934,1960]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Henochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FD631D8EFCADF843" box="[733,861,1934,1960]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Henochilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FCD41D8EFB71F842" author="Calcagnotto, D. & Schaefer, S. A. & DeSalle, R." box="[874,1153,1934,1961]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="135 - 153" refId="ref56111" refString="Calcagnotto, D., Schaefer, S. A. & DeSalle, R. (2005) Relationships among characiform fishes inferred from analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 36, 135 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.01.004" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Calcagnotto
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FC461D8FFBC0F843" box="[1016,1072,1934,1960]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented a broad phylogenetic hypothesis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FE311DB2FDC4F827" box="[399,564,1970,1996]" class="Characiformes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Characiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on both nuclear and mitochondrial genes and obtained a similar result to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935145FF0A1DD6FE51F81B" author="Orti, G. & Meyer, A." box="[180,417,2006,2032]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="75 - 100" refId="ref64853" refString="Orti, G. & Meyer, A. (1997) The radiation of characiform fishes and the limits of resolution of mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Systematic Biology, 46 (1), 75 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / 46.1.75" type="journal article" year="1997">Ortí & Meyer (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
regarding the relationships of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FD451DD6FC92F81B" box="[763,866,2006,2032]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FD451DD6FC92F81B" box="[763,866,2006,2032]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recovering it as a sister-group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF935145FB601DD7FADFF81B" authorityName="J.P.Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[1246,1327,2007,2032]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF935145FB601DD7FADFF81B" box="[1246,1327,2007,2032]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF935146FA831DD6FF12FF5A" author="Mirande, J. M." lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="385 - 568" refId="ref63344" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented the first broad phylogenetic hypothesis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FCFA1A97FC32FF5A" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1825" box="[836,962,151,177]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
based exclusively on morphological data and recovered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FE841ABBFE51FF3E" box="[314,417,187,213]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FE841ABBFE51FF3E" box="[314,417,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the sister-group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FD2D1ABBFCEFFF3E" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1859" box="[659,799,187,213]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Agoniatinae">Agoniatinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FC971ABBFC39FF3E" box="[809,969,187,213]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cynodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FBBE1ABBFB26FF3E" baseAuthorityName="Mattox & Toledo-Piza" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[1024,1238,187,213]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Acestrorhynchidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acestrorhynchidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all within a basal clade in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FF471ADFFE87FF12" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1825" box="[249,375,223,249]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
that also included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FDF11ADFFD20FF12" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[591,720,223,249]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bryconinae">Bryconinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(which included, besides
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FC461ADFFBB9FF13" authorityName="J.P.Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[1016,1097,223,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FC461ADFFBB9FF13" box="[1016,1097,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FB301ADFFAE1FF12" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1872" box="[1166,1297,223,249]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FB301ADFFAE1FF12" box="[1166,1297,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Triportheus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The broad phylogenetic analysis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FE101B03FDA3FEF6" box="[430,595,259,285]" class="Characiformes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Characiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on molecular data by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF905146FC2D1B03FB71FEF6" author="Oliveira, C. & Avelino, G. S. & Abe, K. T. & Mariguela, T. C. & Benine, R. C. & Orti, G. & Vari, R. P. & Castro, R. M. C." box="[915,1153,259,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref64431" refString="Oliveira, C., Avelino, G. S., Abe, K. T., Mariguela, T. C., Benine, R. C., Orti, G., Vari, R. P. & Castro, R. M. C. (2011) Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11 (275), 1 - 25. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 11 - 275" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Oliveira
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FC481B03FBDEFEF6" box="[1014,1070,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, however, recovered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FAD11B03FF2AFEAB" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FAD11B03FF2AFEAB" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as all previous molecular hypothesis did, as the sister-group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FC0D1B27FBF4FEAB" authorityName="J.P.Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[947,1028,295,320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FC0D1B27FBF4FEAB" box="[947,1028,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(recognized by these authors as the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FF571B4BFE9FFE8E" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[233,367,331,357]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bryconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the clade formed by these two genera as sister to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FBD71B4BFADDFE8E" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1859" box="[1129,1325,331,357]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gasteropelecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gasteropelecidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which in turn was recovered as the sister-group of the newly defined family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FC3E1B6FFBEBFE62" box="[896,1051,367,393]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Triportheidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although not including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FA911B6FFA66FE62" box="[1327,1430,367,393]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FA911B6FFA66FE62" box="[1327,1430,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Betancur-R.
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FE9B1B93FEACFE46" box="[293,348,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018), based on a phylogenomic analysis, recovered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FC0B1B93FBC6FE46" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[949,1078,403,429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bryconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the sister-group of a clade including the families
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FEC71BB7FDD7FE3A" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1909" box="[377,551,439,465]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Iguanodectidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Iguanodectidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FD911BB7FCF5FE3A" baseAuthorityName="Mattox & Toledo-Piza" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[559,773,439,465]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Acestrorhynchidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acestrorhynchidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FCAE1BB7FC24FE3A" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1859" box="[784,980,439,465]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gasteropelecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gasteropelecidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FBB51BB7FB56FE3A" box="[1035,1190,439,465]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Triportheidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF905146FB101BB7FA9AFE3A" author="Abe, K. T. & Mariguela, T. C. & Avelino, G. S. & Foresti, F. & Oliveira, C." box="[1198,1386,439,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref53772" refString="Abe, K. T., Mariguela, T. C., Avelino, G. S., Foresti, F. & Oliveira, C. (2014) Systematic and historical biogeography of the Bryconidae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) suggesting a new rearrangement of its genera and an old origin of Mesoamerican ichthyofauna. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14 (152), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 14 - 152" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Abe
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FB5C1BB7FAE9FE3A" box="[1250,1305,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented a phylogenetic molecular analysis of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FCBD1BDBFC77FE1E" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[771,903,475,501]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bryconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, composed by the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FB141BDBFB0BFE1F" authorityName="J.P.Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[1194,1275,475,500]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FB141BDBFB0BFE1F" box="[1194,1275,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FAB71BDBFA65FE1E" authorityName="Gery & de Rham" authorityYear="1981" box="[1289,1429,475,501]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Chilobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FAB71BDBFA65FE1E" box="[1289,1429,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chilobrycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FF291BFFFEE7FDF2" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,279,511,537]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Henochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FF291BFFFEE7FDF2" box="[151,279,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Henochilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FEED1BFFFE4AFDF2" box="[339,442,511,537]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FEED1BFFFE4AFDF2" box="[339,442,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Finally,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF905146FD9D1BFFFD23FDF2" author="Mirande, J. M." box="[547,723,511,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="282 - 300" refId="ref63391" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2019) Morphology, molecules, and the phylogeny of Characidae (Teleostei, Characiformes). Cladistics, 35, 282 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12345" type="journal article" year="2019">Mirande (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented a total evidence phylogenetic analysis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FAA91BFFFA68FDF2" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1825" box="[1303,1432,511,537]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where he recovered a monophyletic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FD931823FD5EFDD6" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[557,686,547,573]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bryconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the same generic composition as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF905146FBE11823FAD1FDD6" author="Abe, K. T. & Mariguela, T. C. & Avelino, G. S. & Foresti, F. & Oliveira, C." box="[1119,1313,547,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref53772" refString="Abe, K. T., Mariguela, T. C., Avelino, G. S., Foresti, F. & Oliveira, C. (2014) Systematic and historical biogeography of the Bryconidae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) suggesting a new rearrangement of its genera and an old origin of Mesoamerican ichthyofauna. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14 (152), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 14 - 152" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Abe
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FB2B1823FB3DFDD6" box="[1173,1229,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but with a distinct intraordinal relationships than the one found in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF905146FCBE1847FC19FD8A" author="Oliveira, C. & Avelino, G. S. & Abe, K. T. & Mariguela, T. C. & Benine, R. C. & Orti, G. & Vari, R. P. & Castro, R. M. C." box="[768,1001,583,609]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref64431" refString="Oliveira, C., Avelino, G. S., Abe, K. T., Mariguela, T. C., Benine, R. C., Orti, G., Vari, R. P. & Castro, R. M. C. (2011) Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11 (275), 1 - 25. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 11 - 275" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Oliveira
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FCDC1847FC6AFD8A" box="[866,922,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
or Betancur-R.
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FB251847FB23FD8A" box="[1179,1235,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018), as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FAF01847FF24FD6E" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bryconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recovered as the sister group of a clade including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FC87186BFC0DFD6E" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1859" box="[825,1021,619,645]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gasteropelecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gasteropelecidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FBB6186BFB52FD6E" box="[1032,1186,619,645]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Triportheidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FB62186BFAAEFD6E" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1825" box="[1244,1374,619,645]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="98670377FF905146FF79188FFD3AFADA" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The relationships of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FE13188FFDE4FD42" box="[429,532,655,681]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FE13188FFDE4FD42" box="[429,532,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FDD7188FFD1AFD42" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[617,746,655,681]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bryconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
were addressed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF905146FC7B188FFB76FD42" author="Abe, K. T. & Mariguela, T. C. & Avelino, G. S. & Foresti, F. & Oliveira, C." box="[965,1158,655,681]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref53772" refString="Abe, K. T., Mariguela, T. C., Avelino, G. S., Foresti, F. & Oliveira, C. (2014) Systematic and historical biogeography of the Bryconidae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) suggesting a new rearrangement of its genera and an old origin of Mesoamerican ichthyofauna. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14 (152), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 14 - 152" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Abe
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FC44188FFBC2FD42" box="[1018,1074,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who surprisingly recovered the species of the genus as forming a clade within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FCDC18B3FC43FD27" authorityName="J.P.Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[866,947,691,716]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FCDC18B3FC43FD27" box="[866,947,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being the sister-group of a clade containing almost exclusively cis-andean species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FDE118D7FD40FD1B" authorityName="J.P.Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[607,688,727,752]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FDE118D7FD40FD1B" box="[607,688,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, plus the monotypic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FC2918D7FBE7FD1A" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1890" box="[919,1047,727,753]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Henochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FC2918D7FBE7FD1A" box="[919,1047,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Henochilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the clade formed by this latter clade and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FEB518FBFE82FCFE" box="[267,370,763,789]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FEB518FBFE82FCFE" box="[267,370,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
having as its sister-group a clade formed exclusively by trans-andean species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FAB318FBFAAEFCFF" authorityName="J.P.Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[1293,1374,763,788]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FAB318FBFAAEFCFF" box="[1293,1374,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, plus the monotypic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FEFF191FFE3DFCD2" authorityName="Gery & de Rham" authorityYear="1981" box="[321,461,799,825]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Chilobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FEFF191FFE3DFCD2" box="[321,461,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chilobrycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF905146FE63191FFD61FCD2" author="Mirande, J. M." box="[477,657,799,825]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="282 - 300" refId="ref63391" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2019) Morphology, molecules, and the phylogeny of Characidae (Teleostei, Characiformes). Cladistics, 35, 282 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12345" type="journal article" year="2019">Mirande (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, based on a less extensive sampling of the family, obtained a similar result. As for the intrarelationships of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FDFF1943FD58FCB6" box="[577,680,835,861]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FDFF1943FD58FCB6" box="[577,680,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there are two published hypotheses, both based on molecular data. The first, by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF905146FE9C1967FE10FC6A" author="Abe, K. T. & Mariguela, T. C. & Avelino, G. S. & Foresti, F. & Oliveira, C." box="[290,480,871,897]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref53772" refString="Abe, K. T., Mariguela, T. C., Avelino, G. S., Foresti, F. & Oliveira, C. (2014) Systematic and historical biogeography of the Bryconidae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) suggesting a new rearrangement of its genera and an old origin of Mesoamerican ichthyofauna. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14 (152), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 14 - 152" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Abe
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FEE91967FE7EFC6A" box="[343,398,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, recovered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FDE01967FD4FFC6A" box="[606,703,871,897]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hilarii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FDE01967FD4FFC6A" box="[606,703,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. hilarii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the basalmost taxon, sister to a clade formed by two clades, one composed by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FE8A198BFE67FC4E" authorityName=", Steindachner" authorityYear="1880" box="[308,407,907,933]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FE8A198BFE67FC4E" box="[308,407,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. affinis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FE47198BFD49FC4E" box="[505,697,907,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FE47198BFD90FC4E" box="[505,608,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the rio
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5A1CCD95FF905146FCF1198BFC4BFC4E" box="[847,955,907,933]" country="Brazil" name="Tocantins" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Tocantins</collectingRegion>
|
||
basin (herein described as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FB4E198BFAABFC4F" box="[1264,1371,907,933]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="santosi">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FB4E198BFAABFC4F" box="[1264,1371,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. santosi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the other composed by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FE2019AFFDCCFC22" box="[414,572,943,969]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FE2019AFFDCCFC22" box="[414,572,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FDCD19AFFCEEFC22" box="[627,798,943,969]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="franciscanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FDCD19AFFCEEFC22" box="[627,798,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. franciscanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The second, by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF905146FC6119AFFB22FC22" author="Machado, C. B. & Ishizuka, T. K. & Freitas, P. T. & Valiati, V. H. & Galetti Jr., P. M." box="[991,1234,943,969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="372 - 382" refId="ref62456" refString="Machado, C. B., Ishizuka, T. K., Freitas, P. T., Valiati, V. H. & Galetti Jr., P. M. (2017) DNA barcoding reveals taxonomic uncertainty in Salminus (Characiformes). Systematics and Biodiversity, 15, 372 - 382. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2016.1254390" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Machado
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FBF119AFFB77FC22" box="[1103,1159,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF905146FB6019AFFAEAFC22" author="Machado, C. B. & Galetti Jr., P. M. & Carnaval, A. C." box="[1246,1306,943,969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1313 - 1325" refId="ref62394" refString="Machado, C. B., Galetti Jr., P. M. & Carnaval, A. C. (2018) Bayesian analyses detect a history of both vicariance and geodispersal in Neotropical freshwater fishes. Journal of Biogeography, 45, 1313 - 1325. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 13207" type="journal article" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), recovered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FF2919D3FF09FC06" authorityName=", Steindachner" authorityYear="1880" box="[151,249,979,1005]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FF2919D3FF09FC06" box="[151,249,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. affinis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the basalmost taxon of the genus, with two successive main clades, the first composed by “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FAB119D3FA6CFC06" box="[1295,1436,979,1005]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FAB119D3FA86FC06" box="[1295,1398,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Amazon (Upper Amazon)” plus “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FDA919F7FD56FBFA" box="[535,678,1015,1041]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FDA919F7FD8EFBFA" box="[535,638,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Amazon (Madeira)” (=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FC0219F7FBB5FBFB" box="[956,1093,1015,1041]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iquitensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FC0219F7FBB5FBFB" box="[956,1093,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. iquitensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) being sister to “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FAB319F7FA6CFBFA" box="[1293,1436,1015,1041]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FAB319F7FA84FBFA" box="[1293,1396,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Araguaia” (=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FE8E1E1BFE6AFBDF" box="[304,410,1051,1077]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="santosi">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FE8E1E1BFE6AFBDF" box="[304,410,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. santosi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the second with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FD2B1E1BFCCFFBDE" box="[661,831,1051,1077]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="franciscanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FD2B1E1BFCCFFBDE" box="[661,831,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. franciscanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the sister group of a clade formed by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FABE1E1BFA6CFBDE" box="[1280,1436,1051,1077]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FABE1E1BFA6CFBDE" box="[1280,1436,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FF7B1E3FFED6FBB2" box="[197,294,1087,1113]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hilarii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FF7B1E3FFED6FBB2" box="[197,294,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. hilarii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF905146FE8D1E3FFD9DFBB2" author="Machado, C. B. & Galetti Jr., P. M. & Carnaval, A. C." box="[307,621,1087,1113]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1313 - 1325" refId="ref62394" refString="Machado, C. B., Galetti Jr., P. M. & Carnaval, A. C. (2018) Bayesian analyses detect a history of both vicariance and geodispersal in Neotropical freshwater fishes. Journal of Biogeography, 45, 1313 - 1325. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 13207" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Machado
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FE1E1E3FFE27FBB2" box="[416,471,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018: 1320)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that the discrepancy between their results when compared with the one presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF905146FE3C1E63FDB0FB96" author="Abe, K. T. & Mariguela, T. C. & Avelino, G. S. & Foresti, F. & Oliveira, C." box="[386,576,1123,1149]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref53772" refString="Abe, K. T., Mariguela, T. C., Avelino, G. S., Foresti, F. & Oliveira, C. (2014) Systematic and historical biogeography of the Bryconidae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) suggesting a new rearrangement of its genera and an old origin of Mesoamerican ichthyofauna. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14 (152), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 14 - 152" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Abe
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FE091E63FE1FFB96" box="[439,495,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was caused by the mislabeling of the tissue sample identified by the later authors as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FF4A1E87FEA5FB4A" box="[244,341,1159,1185]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hilarii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FF4A1E87FEA5FB4A" box="[244,341,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. hilarii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which would correspond rather to a species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FCD41E87FC4BFB4B" authorityName="J.P.Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[874,955,1159,1184]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FCD41E87FC4BFB4B" box="[874,955,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, according to a reanalysis of the sequences made by them. This explanation is however a bit perplexing given the fact that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC497E86FF905146FB9F1EABFB14FB2E" author="Abe, K. T. & Mariguela, T. C. & Avelino, G. S. & Foresti, F. & Oliveira, C." box="[1057,1252,1195,1221]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref53772" refString="Abe, K. T., Mariguela, T. C., Avelino, G. S., Foresti, F. & Oliveira, C. (2014) Systematic and historical biogeography of the Bryconidae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) suggesting a new rearrangement of its genera and an old origin of Mesoamerican ichthyofauna. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14 (152), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 14 - 152" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Abe
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FBE61EABFB61FB2E" box="[1112,1169,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included a very broad sampling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FED71ECFFDE2FB02" box="[361,530,1231,1257]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FED71ECFFE4AFB03" box="[361,442,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and still the sequences identified by them as belonging to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FB211ECFFAF1FB02" box="[1183,1281,1231,1257]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hilarii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FB211ECFFAF1FB02" box="[1183,1281,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. hilarii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grouped with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FF291EF3FF0EFAE6" box="[151,254,1267,1293]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FF291EF3FF0EFAE6" box="[151,254,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Salminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and not with any
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FD878F4FF905146FE701EF3FD8FFAE6" box="[462,639,1267,1293]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAACDF65FF905146FE701EF3FDEFFAE7" box="[462,543,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brycon</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Both hypotheses are discussed regarding their systematic and biogeographical implications in the “Discussion”, below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |