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<vernacularName id="189A234D34CFFF7EE73E24977F598BC3" ID-CoL="4RM53" baseAuthorityName="Matschie" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1545,2064,2206,2256]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="233" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">Hoffmann’s Sulawesi Rat</vernacularName>
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<heading id="CD6EE40F34CFFF7EE97424977EDA8BC3" box="[2115,2451,2206,2256]" pageId="233" pageNumber="838">
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CFFF7EE97424977EDA8BC3" ID-CoL="4RM53" baseAuthorityName="Matschie" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[2115,2451,2206,2256]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="233" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F7134CFFF7EE97424977EDA8BC3" box="[2115,2451,2206,2256]" italics="true" pageId="233" pageNumber="838">Rattus hoffmanni</emphasis>
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<heading id="CD6EE40F34CFFF7EE49224EB7E288BE4" box="[1445,2401,2274,2295]" pageId="233" pageNumber="838">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F7134CFFF7EE49224EB72B98BE4" bold="true" box="[1445,1520,2274,2295]" pageId="233" pageNumber="838">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="189A234D34CFFF7EE4CD24EB71EB8BE4" ID-CoL="4RM53" baseAuthorityName="Matschie" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1530,1698,2274,2295]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="233" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">Rat de Hoffmann</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis id="A4ED8F7134CFFF7EE78F24EB705A8BE4" bold="true" box="[1720,1811,2274,2295]" pageId="233" pageNumber="838">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="189A234D34CFFF7EE62A24EB70F08BE4" ID-CoL="4RM53" baseAuthorityName="Matschie" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1821,1977,2274,2295]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="233" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">Hoffmann-Ratte</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis id="A4ED8F7134CFFF7EE6F924EB7F608BE4" bold="true" box="[1998,2089,2274,2295]" pageId="233" pageNumber="838">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="189A234D34CFFF7EE90424EB7E288BE4" ID-CoL="4RM53" baseAuthorityName="Matschie" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[2099,2401,2274,2295]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="233" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">Rata de Célebes de Hoffmann</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9626536334CFFF7EE493250370AC8A0C" blockId="233.[1444,2451,2206,2335]" box="[1444,2021,2314,2335]" pageId="233" pageNumber="838">
<heading id="CD6EE40F34CFFF7EE493250370AC8A0C" box="[1444,2021,2314,2335]" pageId="233" pageNumber="838">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F7134CFFF7EE493250371D28A0C" bold="true" box="[1444,1691,2314,2335]" pageId="233" pageNumber="838">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="189A234D34CFFF7EE791250370768A0C" ID-CoL="4RM53" baseAuthorityName="Matschie" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1702,1855,2314,2335]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="233" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">Hoffmann's Rat</vernacularName>
, 
<vernacularName id="189A234D34CFFF7EE67B250370AC8A0C" ID-CoL="4RM53" baseAuthorityName="Matschie" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1868,2021,2314,2335]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="233" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">Sulawesian Rat</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E834CFFF7EE93F25447D1F8A79" box="[2056,2646,2381,2410]" pageId="233" pageNumber="838" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="9626536334CFFF7EE93F25447D1F8A79" blockId="233.[2056,2650,2381,2808]" box="[2056,2646,2381,2410]" pageId="233" pageNumber="838">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F7134CFFF7EE93F25447FEA8A79" bold="true" box="[2056,2211,2381,2410]" pageId="233" pageNumber="838">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CFFF7EE99825447D188A79" authority="Matschie, 1901" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1901" box="[2223,2641,2381,2410]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="233" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">Mus hoffmanni Matschie, 1901</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E834CFFF7EE93E25757FD38AAE" pageId="233" pageNumber="838" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="9626536334CFFF7EE93E25757FD38AAE" blockId="233.[2056,2650,2381,2808]" pageId="233" pageNumber="838">
<materialsCitation id="26F1593E34CFFF7EE93E25757FD38AAE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864424791" pageId="233" pageNumber="838">Minahassa region, north-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia.</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E834CFFF7EE93E25CB7FEC89C3" pageId="233" pageNumber="838" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="9626536334CFFF7EE93E25CB7FEC89C3" blockId="233.[2056,2650,2381,2808]" pageId="233" pageNumber="838">
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CFFF7EE93E25CB7FA78AF7" baseAuthorityName="Matschie" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[2057,2286,2498,2532]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="233" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">Rattus hoffmanni</taxonomicName>
is in the 
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CFFF7EE84E25CB7EA58AF7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[2425,2540,2498,2532]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Epimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="233" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">R. rattus</taxonomicName>
species group and is closely related to R.molli-comulus and probably 
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CFFF7EE866261C7EB28921" authorityName="Musser &amp; Holden" authorityYear="1991" box="[2385,2555,2581,2610]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="233" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="koopmani">R. koopmani</taxonomicName>
. A recent genetic. study found. it to be. sister to a clade consisting of the 
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CFFF7EE864266B7E8C8997" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[2387,2501,2658,2692]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Epimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="233" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">R. rattus</taxonomicName>
clade and R tiomanicusin the 
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CFFF7EE82D26827EC389BB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[2330,2442,2699,2728]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Epimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="233" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">R. rattus</taxonomicName>
species group. Monotypic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E834CFFF7EE93F26DF7E44880D" pageId="233" pageNumber="838" type="distribution">
<caption id="C2E603EB34CFFF7EE93F26DF7E44880D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6888381" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6888381" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6888381/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="233" pageNumber="838" startId="233.[2056,2228,2774,2808]" targetBox="[1442,2032,2391,2803]" targetPageId="233">
<paragraph id="9626536334CFFF7EE93F26DF7E44880D" blockId="233.[2056,2650,2381,2808]" lastBlockId="233.[1443,2650,2821,3476]" pageId="233" pageNumber="838">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F7134CFFF7EE93F26DF7FF189EB" bold="true" box="[2056,2232,2774,2808]" pageId="233" pageNumber="838">Distribution.</emphasis>
Sulawesi, except Mt Lampobatang on SW peninsula, and Malenge I, Togian Is, Indonesia.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E834CFFF7DE493272D74F4827E" lastPageId="234" lastPageNumber="839" pageId="233" pageNumber="838" type="description">
<paragraph id="9626536334CFFF7DE493272D74F4827E" blockId="233.[1443,2650,2821,3476]" lastBlockId="234.[102,1308,292,1429]" lastPageId="234" lastPageNumber="839" pageId="233" pageNumber="838">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F7134CFFF7EE493272D71E78855" bold="true" box="[1444,1710,2852,2886]" pageId="233" pageNumber="838">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 142-211 mm, tail 145-210 mm, ear 20-25 mm, hindfoot 35-42 mm; weight 90-250 g. Hoffmann’s Sulawesi Rat is mediumto large-sized, with soft, short, and dense pelage. Dorsum is brownish black, highlighted with buff to paler brownish yellow or tawny speckled with black, always having gray underfur and inconspicuous guard hairs. Each eye has blackish ring. Venter is silver-gray, tinged with pale buff to rich dark buff with gray or dark gray underfur, respectively, sometimes with white patch or buff streak on chest. Juveniles are darker and softer than adults. Feet are brown dorsally. Ears are large, rubbery, and dark grayish brown; vibrissae are long and black. Tail is ¢.100% of head-body length, covered with short hair, and dark brown, sometimes grayish brown. Skull has long and wide rostrum. Blood flukes (Schistosoma japonicum), various nematodes (e.g. Cyclodontostomum purvisi), sucking lice (Hoplopleura sembeli), mesostigmatid, listrophoroid, anoedid mites, trobiculid chiggers (Leptotrombidium deliense, Schoengastia sulawesiensis, Ascoschoengastia 
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CFFF7EE9A621257EE58E56" authority=", Eutrombicula" authorityName="Eutrombicula" box="[2193,2476,3372,3397]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Bandicota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="233" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">indica, Eutrombicula</taxonomicName>
wichmanni, Gahrliepia sp., Schoutedenichia sp.), and histiostomatid mites (Histiostoma sp.) have been recorded from Hoffmann’s Sulawesi Rat. There are four pairs of mammae: one post-axillary pair, one abdominal pair, and two inguinal pairs. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 42, FN = 61 (males) and 62 (females).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E834CCFF7DE1512D7A74B382F0" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="9626536334CCFF7DE1512D7A74B382F0" blockId="234.[102,1308,292,1429]" pageId="234" pageNumber="839">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F7134CCFF7DE1512D7A779C8286" bold="true" box="[102,213,371,405]" pageId="234" pageNumber="839">Habitat.</emphasis>
[Lowland and montane tropical cool and moist forests, around streams, disturbed areas such as secondary growth and scrub, and shade-grown coffee plantations. Hoffmann’s Sulawesi Rats depend on good coverin their habitat.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E834CCFF7DE1512DE073CF80AF" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="9626536334CCFF7DE1512DE073CF80AF" blockId="234.[102,1308,292,1429]" pageId="234" pageNumber="839">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F7134CCFF7DE1512DE076258118" bold="true" box="[102,364,489,523]" pageId="234" pageNumber="839">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Hoffmann’s Sulawesi Rat is frugivorous and somewhat accidentally insectivorous. Stomach contents contained pulp and seeds of figs (
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE5162E1973208121" box="[1057,1129,528,562]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE5492E1972428121" box="[1150,1291,528,562]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
), some stems and leaves, and various insect parts from fruitflies, sclerites, and beetles. Insects are probably eaten when eating fig pulp. Captive individuals from montane mossy forests ate fruits of 
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE04A2E8E758581BA" box="[381,716,647,681]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eugenia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Eugenia sp. (Myrtaceae)</taxonomicName>
; an understory palm (
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE5272E8E731181BA" box="[1040,1112,647,681]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Areca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Areca</taxonomicName>
vestiaria) and rattans (
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE1ED2EBA763581C3" box="[218,380,691,720]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Calamus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Calamus sp.</taxonomicName>
), both 
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE0D62EBA753881C3" box="[481,625,691,720]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
; screwpines (
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE21D2EBA749481C3" box="[810,989,691,720]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Pandanus sp.</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE2D92EBA73E081C3" box="[1006,1193,691,720]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pandanaceae</taxonomicName>
); an understory shrub (Vacciniumsp., 
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE3352EDF75C581EB" box="[514,652,726,760]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ericaceae</taxonomicName>
), and an understory fig. A captive lowland forest individual ate fruits from understory palms (
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE3F02EF47416800C" box="[711,863,765,799]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Pinanga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Pinanga sp.</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE29F2EF47323800C" box="[936,1130,765,799]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Licuala" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="celebica">Licuala celebica</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE5402EF47242800C" box="[1143,1291,765,799]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
); understory figs (
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE07F2F2D76C28055" box="[328,395,804,838]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
latimarginata, 
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE37A2F2D75FE8055" box="[589,695,804,838]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aurita">F. aurita</taxonomicName>
, and FE fistulosa) and a canopy-forming strangler fig (
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE1EA2F457606807D" box="[221,335,844,878]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Ficus sp.</taxonomicName>
), all 
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE0A32F457555807D" box="[404,540,844,878]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
; an understory tree (
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE2772F4574A5807D" box="[832,1004,844,878]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Madhuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Madhuca sp.</taxonomicName>
), and the canopy tree Saprum luzonicum (
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE05E2F7A750B8086" box="[361,578,883,917]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
). Lowland and highland captive individuals rejected acorns (
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE1E12F9676D380AF" box="[214,410,927,956]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Lithocarpus sp.</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE09D2F96756180AF" box="[426,552,927,956]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
) and various earthworms, insects and snails.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E834CCFF7DE1502FCB76BF871F" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="9626536334CCFF7DE1502FCB76BF871F" blockId="234.[102,1308,292,1429]" pageId="234" pageNumber="839">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F7134CCFF7DE1502FCB77A480F7" bold="true" box="[103,237,962,996]" pageId="234" pageNumber="839">Breeding.</emphasis>
Hoffmann’s Sulawesi Rat seems to breed year-round. Litters based on embryos counts had 4-5 young.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E834CCFF7DE151281872508749" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" type="activity">
<paragraph id="9626536334CCFF7DE151281872508749" blockId="234.[102,1308,292,1429]" pageId="234" pageNumber="839">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F7134CCFF7DE1512818761B8720" bold="true" box="[102,338,1041,1075]" pageId="234" pageNumber="839">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Hoffmann’s Sulawesi Rat seems to be nocturnal. It is terrestrial and somewhat arboreal, sheltering in dense foliage, hollow bases of trees, and root cavities.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E834CCFF7DE1502856735B8792" box="[103,1042,1119,1153]" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="9626536334CCFF7DE1502856735B8792" blockId="234.[102,1308,292,1429]" box="[103,1042,1119,1153]" pageId="234" pageNumber="839">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F7134CCFF7DE1502856746A8792" bold="true" box="[103,803,1119,1153]" pageId="234" pageNumber="839">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
No information.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E834CCFF7DE150288E724F8655" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="9626536334CCFF7DE150288E724F8655" blockId="234.[102,1308,292,1429]" pageId="234" pageNumber="839">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F7134CCFF7DE150288E76F287BA" bold="true" box="[103,443,1159,1193]" pageId="234" pageNumber="839">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Hoffmann’s Sulawesi Rat is commonin its wide distribution, seems to have a stable overall population, and occurs in many protected areas. It might be threatened by habitat loss from logging and agricultural expansion in the lowland parts ofits distribution. It is apparently hunted by humans in the northern part ofits distribution, which is unlikely to be 
<taxonomicName id="519928E034CCFF7DE575292D73E08655" authorityName="Hatt" authorityYear="1934" box="[1090,1193,1316,1350]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Thamnomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="234" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">a major</taxonomicName>
threat.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E834CCFF7DE15F295C73DA8686" pageId="234" pageNumber="839" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="9626536334CCFF7DE15F295C73DA8686" blockId="234.[102,1308,292,1429]" pageId="234" pageNumber="839">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F7134CCFF7DE15F295C7648867D" bold="true" box="[104,257,1365,1390]" pageId="234" pageNumber="839">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Cassola (2016ad), Dewi &amp; Purwaningsih (2013), Hasegawa &amp; Syafruddin (1994a), He Yixun et al. (2001), Musser (1982a), Musser &amp; Carleton (2005), Musser &amp; Holden (1991), Robins et al. (2007).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>