203 lines
28 KiB
XML
203 lines
28 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="3DB60DF6F1CFF72A2BE4311A3382DA86">
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<mods:title id="07BE68D367FBAEB57FC7EAE948540BD8">Muridae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1671CEB2796B32FE53180D755FE34801">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A3AB358B76AEBCFDDD13BF77AC1DC7A1">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CECCF7919B4D6152874255D81DE178F1">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="0F22D3ADED64EABBEF1B6FD1AF363D73">2017</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="C6D2CEF102FF0151893E7DECA9CC539E">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="9356FCFDD75E9DA98A92350D97300D2C">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="31DB0A2E85D0F57FE2567713370B799C">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="1E30E2753475FFC3E47B202B7ECB81B6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6868380" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197825974" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6868380" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1E30E2753475FFC3E47B202B7ECB81B6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1E30E2753475FFC3E47B202B7ECB81B6" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="684" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">
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<subSubSection id="DE8300E83475FFC4E47B202B72D78F43" box="[1356,1438,3106,3152]" pageId="83" pageNumber="683" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="962653633475FFC4E47B202B72D78F43" blockId="83.[1355,2532,3106,3270]" box="[1356,1438,3106,3152]" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">
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<heading id="CD6EE40F3475FFC4E47B202B72D78F43" box="[1356,1438,3106,3152]" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">
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<figureCitation id="0EA24FE63475FFC4E47B202B72D78F43" box="[1356,1438,3106,3152]" captionStart="Plate 40: Muridae" captionStartId="75.[90,119,3225,3250]" captionTargetBox="[1365,1954,2566,2975]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="214. Mount Banahaw Shrew Rat (Rhynchomys banahao), 215. Mount Isarog Shrew Rat (Rhynchomys isarogensis), 216. Mount Data Shrew Rat (Rhynchomys soricoides), 217. Mount Tapulao Shrew Rat (Rhynchomys tapulao), 218. Kalinga Shrew Mouse (Soricomys kalinga), 219. Leonardo Shrew Mouse (Soricomys leonardocor), 220. Mountain Shrew Mouse (Soricomys montanus), 221. Sierra Madre Shrew Mouse (Soricomys musseri), 222. Sundaic Ranee Mouse (Haeromys pusillus), 223. Margaret's Ranee Mouse (Haeromys margaretlae), 224. Lowland Sulawesi Ranee Mouse (Haeromys minahassae), 225. Papuan Highland Brush Mouse (Abeomelomys sevia), 226. Uneven-toothed Rat (Anisomys imitator), 228. Shaw Mayer’s Water Rat (Baiyankamys shawmayeri), 229. White-toothed Mouse (Brassomys albidens), 230. Forbes’s Tree Mouse (Charuromys forbesi), 231. Broad-headed Tree Mouse (Chiruromys lama), 232. Lesser Tree Mouse (Chiruromys vates), 233. Tawny Brush Mouse (Coccymys kirrhos), 234. Rimmler’s Brush Mouse (Coccymys ruemmleri), 235. Central Cordillera Brush Mouse (Coccymys shawmayer), 236. Earless New Guinea Water Rat (Crossomys moncktoni), 237. Common Water Rat (Hydromys chrysogaster), 238. Husson’s Water Rat (Hydromys hussoni), 239. New Britain Water Rat (Hydromys neobritannicus), 240. Ziegler’s Water Rat (Hydromys ziegleri), 241. Western White-eared Giant Rat (Hyomys dammerman), 242. Eastern White-eared Giant Rat (Hyomys goliath), 243. Arfak Water Rat (Leptomys arfakensts), 244. Elegant Water Rat (Leptomys elegans), 245. Ernst Mayr’sWater Rat (Leptomys ernstmayri), 246. Small Water Rat (Leptomys paulus), 247. Fly River Water Rat (Leptomys signatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6887434" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6887434/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">236.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DE8300E83475FFC4E498202B7F6E8F43" box="[1455,2087,3106,3152]" pageId="83" pageNumber="683" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="962653633475FFC4E498202B7F6E8F43" blockId="83.[1355,2532,3106,3270]" box="[1455,2087,3106,3152]" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">
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||
<heading id="CD6EE40F3475FFC4E498202B7F6E8F43" box="[1455,2087,3106,3152]" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">
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||
<vernacularName id="189A234D3475FFC4E498202B7F6E8F43" ID-CoL="ZMG9" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1907" box="[1455,2087,3106,3152]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Crossomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="83" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moncktoni">Earless New Guinea Water Rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DE8300E83475FFC4E969202B7EAD8F43" box="[2142,2532,3106,3152]" pageId="83" pageNumber="683" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="962653633475FFC4E969202B7EAD8F43" blockId="83.[1355,2532,3106,3270]" box="[2142,2532,3106,3152]" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">
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<heading id="CD6EE40F3475FFC4E969202B7EAD8F43" box="[2142,2532,3106,3152]" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">
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<taxonomicName id="519928E03475FFC4E969202B7EAD8F43" ID-CoL="ZMG9" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1907" box="[2142,2532,3106,3152]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Crossomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="83" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moncktoni">
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<emphasis id="A4ED8F713475FFC4E969202B7EAD8F43" box="[2142,2532,3106,3152]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">Crossomys moncktoni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DE8300E83475FFC4E47C206B7F478FD5" pageId="83" pageNumber="683" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="962653633475FFC4E47C206B72A68FB3" blockId="83.[1355,2532,3106,3270]" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">
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<heading id="CD6EE40F3475FFC4E47C206B72A68FB3" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">
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||
<emphasis id="A4ED8F713475FFC4E47C206B72DE8F64" bold="true" box="[1355,1431,3170,3191]" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="189A234D3475FFC4E497206B71D08F64" ID-CoL="ZMG9" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1907" box="[1440,1689,3170,3191]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Crossomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="83" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moncktoni">Crossomys de Monckton</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="A4ED8F713475FFC4E798206B70408F64" bold="true" box="[1711,1801,3170,3191]" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="189A234D3475FFC4E624206B7F468F64" ID-CoL="ZMG9" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1907" box="[1811,2063,3170,3191]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Crossomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="83" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moncktoni">Monckton-Schwimmratte</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="A4ED8F713475FFC4E913206B7F368F64" bold="true" box="[2084,2175,3170,3191]" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="189A234D3475FFC4E9BD206B72A68FB3" ID-CoL="ZMG9" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1907" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Crossomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="83" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moncktoni">Rata de agua de Nueva Guinea de orejas pequenas</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="962653633475FFC4E47C20B87F478FD5" blockId="83.[1355,2532,3106,3270]" box="[1355,2062,3249,3270]" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">
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<heading id="CD6EE40F3475FFC4E47C20B87F478FD5" box="[1355,2062,3249,3270]" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">
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<emphasis id="A4ED8F713475FFC4E47C20B8710B8FD5" bold="true" box="[1355,1602,3249,3270]" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="189A234D3475FFC4E77B20B871B78FD5" ID-CoL="ZMG9" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1907" box="[1612,1790,3249,3270]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Crossomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="83" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moncktoni">Earless Water Rat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="189A234D3475FFC4E63A20B87F478FD5" ID-CoL="ZMG9" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1907" box="[1805,2062,3249,3270]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Crossomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="83" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moncktoni">Papuan Earless Water Rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DE8300E83475FFC4E47C20F370AE8E00" box="[1355,2023,3322,3347]" pageId="83" pageNumber="683" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="962653633475FFC4E47C20F370AE8E00" blockId="83.[1355,2559,3322,3466]" box="[1355,2023,3322,3347]" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">
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<emphasis id="A4ED8F713475FFC4E47C20F372AF8E00" bold="true" box="[1355,1510,3322,3347]" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="519928E03475FFC4E4CD20F370AB8E00" ID-CoL="ZMG9" authority="Thomas, 1907" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1907" box="[1530,2018,3322,3347]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Crossomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="83" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moncktoni">Crossomys moncktoni Thomas, 1907</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DE8300E83475FFC4E6CE20F37E918E28" pageId="83" pageNumber="683" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="962653633475FFC4E6CE20F37E918E28" blockId="83.[1355,2559,3322,3466]" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">
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<materialsCitation id="26F1593E3475FFC4E6CE20F37E918E28" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864424440" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">“Serigina, Brown River, N.E. British New Guinea [= Papua New Guinea]. Altitude ‘not less than 4500 feet’ [= 1372 m].”</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DE8300E83475FFC3E47A214976A08028" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="684" pageId="83" pageNumber="683" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="962653633475FFC3E47A214976A08028" blockId="83.[1355,2559,3322,3466]" lastBlockId="84.[173,1390,717,3468]" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="684" pageId="83" pageNumber="683">
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H. Rimmler in 1938 recommended inclusion of genus
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<taxonomicName id="519928E03475FFC4E96821497F928E71" box="[2143,2267,3392,3426]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Crossomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="83" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Crossomys</taxonomicName>
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within
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<taxonomicName id="519928E03475FFC4E87321497E8B8E71" box="[2372,2498,3392,3426]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Hydromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="83" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hydromys</taxonomicName>
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, but this was not adopted by other workers. Closest relatives of
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<taxonomicName id="519928E03475FFC4E9BE21617E4D8E99" box="[2185,2308,3432,3466]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Crossomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="83" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Crossomys</taxonomicName>
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clearly lie among the suite of other Australo-Papuan water rats, which include members of “typical” genus
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<taxonomicName id="519928E03472FFC3E2B62D7974B7829E" box="[897,1022,368,397]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Hydromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hydromys</taxonomicName>
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, also highly aquatic, and other genera that show insectivorous, vermivorous, and carnivorous adaptations. Molecular-sequencing data currently favor a special affinity of
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<taxonomicName id="519928E03472FFC3E5762E0773F48138" box="[1089,1213,526,555]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Crossomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Crossomys</taxonomicName>
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to
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<taxonomicName id="519928E03472FFC3E5C42E0772398138" box="[1267,1392,526,555]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Hydromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hydromys</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="519928E03472FFC3E2542E38735C8140" authorityName="Poche" authorityYear="1906" box="[867,1045,561,595]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Parahydromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Parahydromys</taxonomicName>
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, as originally perceived by Rummler. Because
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<taxonomicName id="519928E03472FFC3E5592E5573A2816A" box="[1134,1259,604,633]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Hydromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hydromys</taxonomicName>
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and the less specialized
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<taxonomicName id="519928E03472FFC3E2C82E8973F981B1" authorityName="Poche" authorityYear="1906" box="[1023,1200,640,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Parahydromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Parahydromys</taxonomicName>
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seem to represent as single lineage, however,it is likely that the pronounced aquatic adaptations (such as strongly webbed, paddle-like hindfeet) arose independently in
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<taxonomicName id="519928E03472FFC3E3782EFC75828004" box="[591,715,757,791]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Crossomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Crossomys</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="519928E03472FFC3E2382EFC74C48004" box="[783,909,757,791]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Hydromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hydromys</taxonomicName>
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. Treated as monotypic but in need of further assessment.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="DE8300E83472FFC3E18F2F4D74B580A7" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption id="C2E603EB3472FFC3E18F2F4D74B580A7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6898935" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6898935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6898935/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" startId="84.[184,356,836,870]" targetBox="[183,774,296,709]" targetPageId="84">
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<paragraph id="962653633472FFC3E18F2F4D74B580A7" blockId="84.[173,1390,717,3468]" pageId="84" pageNumber="684">
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<emphasis id="A4ED8F713472FFC3E18F2F4D76218075" bold="true" box="[184,360,836,870]" pageId="84" pageNumber="684">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Recorded from five discrete areas of New Guinea, including the Swart Valley of the Snow (= Surdiman) Mts, SW slopes of Mt Sisa, E Central Cordillera, Cromwell Range on Huon Peninsula, and Astrolabe Range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DE8300E83472FFC3E18F2FB372478AA7" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="962653633472FFC3E18F2FB372478AA7" blockId="84.[173,1390,717,3468]" pageId="84" pageNumber="684">
|
||
<emphasis id="A4ED8F713472FFC3E18F2FB376F980CF" bold="true" box="[184,432,954,988]" pageId="84" pageNumber="684">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 175-230 mm, tail 212-273 mm, ear 1-5 mm, hindfoot 44-53 mm; weight 165 g. The Earless Water Ratis a stocky-bodied,short-limbed aquatic murine with heavily modified, flipper-like hindfeet, a thick, well-furred tail with ventral crest (presumably assisting in propulsion and/or steering), and highly reduced external ears buried within the fur. It is the most highly specialized Australo-Papuan murine, its degree of specialization for aquatic life matched only by the Earless Water Mouse (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="519928E03472FFC3E01E28AF76EF87DB" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1906" box="[297,422,1190,1224]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Anotomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Anotomys</taxonomicName>
|
||
leander,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="519928E03472FFC3E32B28AF743F87DB" authority=", Ichthyomyini" authorityName="Ichthyomyini" box="[540,886,1190,1224]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cricetidae, Ichthyomyini</taxonomicName>
|
||
) of high Andes. Fur on upperparts is extremely dense and woolly, distinctly bi-layered; underfur very fine, 13-14 mm long, hairs white at base and dark brown or black at tips, the latter color visible through overfur, which has somewhat shaggy texture; overfur issilvery gray to olive gray, body hairs 16-18 mm, pale gray with brown or black tips, guard hairs 18-20 mm, fine and mixed black and silvery; fur on underparts is similarly dense, with woolly all-white underfur and silvery-gray overfur, often with subtle wash created by yellowish or pale orange/ pink tipping (variable within at least some populations, e.g. Mount Sisa). Texture and color of underparts extend to inner surfaces of limbs and throat but not to sides of head, which are dark; boundary between flank and belly colorationsis abrupt. Head is broad and somewhat flattened, with no obvious neck, fur on vibrissal pads dark but with underlying white woolly layer that produces some mottling; eyes very reduced; ears extremely short and entirely buried within fur, pinnae thick and rounded, ¢.3 mm long and just large enough to close external auditory meatus; vibrissae relatively numerous and suff, mostly unpigmented, 40-45 mm long and extending to rear of head; vibrissal pads and upper lips moderately inflated, contributing to “swollen” appearance of snout. Front feet are small, with pigmented skin and short pale hairs, fingers naked, palmar pads broad and almost united, claws on four of front digits, all ivory, strongly curved and sharp; hindfeet elongate and broad, upper surface almost naked and with dark skin; all digits with strong ivory claws and joined by webbing that extends to base of terminal pads, skin of plantar surface thickened, interdigital pads broadly united, hallucal pad on inside ofsole very elongate, outer margin of sole at rear fringed with stuff hairs. Tail is relatively long (100-121% of head-body length), rounded in crosssection, but exceptionally thick and muscular for most of length; tail scales small and flattened, barely visible through cover of long gray hairs except on sides neartip, where almost naked;ventral tail crest begins at base of tail as two broad streams ofstiff white or cream hairs (6-8 mm); these converge and, 50 mm behind tail base, unite to produce a midline crest that extends to tail tip. Cranium with short and narrow snout, incisors very reduced, auditory bullae proportionally small, molars reduced to two per quadrat, crowns with “basined” cusp arrangement butless sharply crested than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="519928E03472FFC3E5BB251572418A2D" box="[1164,1288,2332,2366]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Hydromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hydromys</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mammae two on each side, both inguinal. Karyotype 2n = 48, four largest pairs and one small pair submetacentric, all with very small short arms; all submetacentric autosomes with prominent centromeric C-bands, X-chromosome large, acrocentric, Y unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DE8300E83472FFC3E18525B3721C896A" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="962653633472FFC3E18525B3721C896A" blockId="84.[173,1390,717,3468]" pageId="84" pageNumber="684">
|
||
<emphasis id="A4ED8F713472FFC3E18525B376578ACF" bold="true" box="[178,286,2490,2524]" pageId="84" pageNumber="684">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
The Earless New Guinea Water Rat is highly specialized for aquatic life and has been captured only in immediate vicinity of sizeable streams and rivers. Inspection of capture sites on Mount Sisa indicates a capacity to live in cold, fast-flowing montane streams with many rapids and small waterfalls, interspersed with turbulent pools. It has been recorded also at a still waterbody on Mount Wilhelm. Occurs at elevations of 900-2700 m.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DE8300E83472FFC3E186268A741B8F11" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="962653633472FFC3E186268A741B8F11" blockId="84.[173,1390,717,3468]" pageId="84" pageNumber="684">
|
||
<emphasis id="A4ED8F713472FFC3E186268A76F589B3" bold="true" box="[177,444,2691,2720]" pageId="84" pageNumber="684">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
R. S. Voss reported on stomach contents of eight individuals, all of which contained exclusively insects, mostly aquatic nymphs and larvae of mayflies (Ephemeroptera), caddisflies (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="519928E03472FFC3E35F26C4745C89FC" box="[616,789,2765,2799]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Trichoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
), true flies (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="519928E03472FFC3E2F426C4737D89FC" box="[963,1076,2765,2799]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera), but also some winged adults of these. P. Dwyer found stomach of an adult male from Mount Sisa “full of tadpoles and small larvae,” the latter presumably of aquatic insects. J. I. Menzies and E. Dennis referred to consumption of tadpoles, presumably based on testimony of local hunters. Saem Majnep, a Kalam hunter from the Schrader Range, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, reported that this species (Kalam name Kmn-kuypep or tob-adk, ‘flipper foot’) feeds on tadpoles and frogspawn and on other small aquatic creatures.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DE8300E83472FFC3E1982001724D8FDB" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="962653633472FFC3E1982001724D8FDB" blockId="84.[173,1390,717,3468]" pageId="84" pageNumber="684">
|
||
<emphasis id="A4ED8F713472FFC3E1982001767C8F39" bold="true" box="[175,309,3080,3114]" pageId="84" pageNumber="684">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Reduced mammary formula suggests small litter size. The Kalam hunter S. Magnep reported a local belief that the Earless New Guinea Water Rat has a single young at a time; he was unaware of local knowledge regarding either location of its dens or its nesting behavior. Menzies and Dennis reported thatit lives in holes in riverbanks, presumably based on local knowledge from elsewhere within the species’ range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DE8300E83472FFC3E19A20C471B4829C" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="962653633472FFC3E19A20C471B4829C" blockId="84.[173,1390,717,3468]" lastBlockId="84.[1460,2668,255,680]" pageId="84" pageNumber="684">
|
||
<emphasis id="A4ED8F713472FFC3E19A20C476D18FFC" bold="true" box="[173,408,3277,3311]" pageId="84" pageNumber="684">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Earless New Guinea Water Rat is one of the most highly aquatic of all Murinae, and Majnep reported that it is unable to walk about freely on land on account of its flipper-like hindfeet. Menzies and Dennis suggested that “when frogs are spawning in the small mountain creeks the rats move away from the rivers to hunt for tadpoles.” H. M. Van Deusen observed animals swimming and diving in streams in the Cromwell Mountains, and the fact that he was able to obtain photographs and even movie footage points to at least some diurnal activity. Dwyer also reported some activity during daylight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DE8300E83472FFC3E4812D9C7E2882A4" box="[1462,2401,405,439]" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="962653633472FFC3E4812D9C7E2882A4" blockId="84.[1460,2668,255,680]" box="[1462,2401,405,439]" pageId="84" pageNumber="684">
|
||
<emphasis id="A4ED8F713472FFC3E4812D9C7F3A82A4" bold="true" box="[1462,2163,405,439]" pageId="84" pageNumber="684">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DE8300E83472FFC3E4812DC870D0813E" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="962653633472FFC3E4812DC870D0813E" blockId="84.[1460,2668,255,680]" pageId="84" pageNumber="684">
|
||
<emphasis id="A4ED8F713472FFC3E4812DC8705B82CD" bold="true" box="[1462,1810,449,478]" pageId="84" pageNumber="684">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Protection of stream habitats and their amphibian and invertebrate faunasis clearly critical to the survival of this remarkable species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DE8300E83472FFC3E4812E347ECB81B6" pageId="84" pageNumber="684" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="962653633472FFC3E4812E347ECB81B6" blockId="84.[1460,2668,255,680]" pageId="84" pageNumber="684">
|
||
<emphasis id="A4ED8F713472FFC3E4812E3471068145" bold="true" box="[1462,1615,573,598]" pageId="84" pageNumber="684">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Aplin, Singadan et al. (2016b), Donnellan (1989), Ellerman (1941, 1949), Flannery (1995b), Misonne (1969), Menzies & Dennis (1979), Musser & Carleton (2005), Rowe, Achmadi et al. (2014), Rowe, Reno et al. (2008), Rummler (1938), Tate (1951), Thomas (1907c), Van Deusen (1966), Voss (1988).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |