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<document id="7A67418B02B10981462FD89F9F4D6FEA" ID-CLB-Dataset="100954" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6887260" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a016af63-6437-427b-80b7-22bc9a002e20" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-04-6" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6887260" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1656696812616" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier &amp; Thomas E. Lacher, Jr" docDate="2017" docId="1E30E2753471FFCFE46C20C674BC8B68" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_7_Muridae_0536.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Leptomys arfakensis Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde 2008" docType="treatment" docVersion="19" lastPageNumber="688" masterDocId="E2099A0D3426FF97E1372C0977498313" masterDocTitle="Muridae" masterLastPageNumber="884" masterPageNumber="536" pageNumber="687" updateTime="1718983125921" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FC817B1D7132B69468663ACDE736EF9A">
<mods:title id="4E0F80ACA9411B3E4BA8C65E8DE1876A">Muridae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3E80AEEB89B3945FDD4204083640BDB2">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E3961F53C9E76BA17A71EDFF17FD1727">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B8AAC896AA82DD9C432AEF73C4C75F55">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="80DFF5405464940669A5061C745D86EF">2017</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther id="377C66B6BD66B27EA7A5172ADF9FF3D3" type="pubDate">2017-11-30</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="8AB427B991E9CAA1AB0129F07999C2D9">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="8C56A6022E28DA1258B1BF2FF02C83C8">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="A00E2BAA28253441A491ACBEC697DA28">
<mods:title id="94F335C8C77DD164919ABC8BCC2A34F5">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="8D7AE26BA4EF199D9FFFF5F17FD9C7B9">
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<treatment id="1E30E2753471FFCFE46C20C674BC8B68" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6868398" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197825929" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6868398" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1E30E2753471FFCFE46C20C674BC8B68" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1E30E2753471FFCFE46C20C674BC8B68" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="688" pageId="87" pageNumber="687">
<subSubSection id="DE8300E83471FFC0E46C20C672E48FEA" box="[1371,1453,3279,3321]" pageId="87" pageNumber="687" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="962653633471FFC0E46C20C672E48FEA" blockId="87.[1370,2410,3272,3399]" box="[1371,1453,3279,3321]" pageId="87" pageNumber="687">243.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E83471FFC0E48C20C670458FEA" box="[1467,1804,3279,3321]" pageId="87" pageNumber="687" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="962653633471FFC0E48C20C670458FEA" blockId="87.[1370,2410,3272,3399]" box="[1467,1804,3279,3321]" pageId="87" pageNumber="687">
<vernacularName id="189A234D3471FFC0E48C20C670458FEA" ID-CoL="3TRQF" authority="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde, 2008" authorityName="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde" authorityYear="2008" box="[1467,1804,3279,3321]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Leptomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="87" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arfakensis">Arfak Water Rat</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E83471FFC0E60920C17FFA8FE5" box="[1854,2227,3272,3318]" pageId="87" pageNumber="687" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="962653633471FFC0E60920C17FFA8FE5" blockId="87.[1370,2410,3272,3399]" box="[1854,2227,3272,3318]" pageId="87" pageNumber="687">
<taxonomicName id="519928E03471FFC0E60920C17FFA8FE5" ID-CoL="3TRQF" authority="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde, 2008" authorityName="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde" authorityYear="2008" box="[1854,2227,3272,3318]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Leptomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="87" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arfakensis">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F713471FFC0E60920C17FFA8FE5" box="[1854,2227,3272,3318]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="687">Leptomys arfakensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="DE8300E83471FFC0E46D210071BF8E54" pageId="87" pageNumber="687" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="962653633471FFC0E46D210072EB8E0D" blockId="87.[1370,2410,3272,3399]" box="[1370,1442,3337,3358]" pageId="87" pageNumber="687">
<vernacularName id="189A234D3471FFC0E46D210072EB8E0D" ID-CoL="3TRQF" authority="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde, 2008" authorityName="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde" authorityYear="2008" box="[1370,1442,3337,3358]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Leptomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="87" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arfakensis">French</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="962653633471FFC0E49621007E238E0D" blockId="87.[1370,2410,3272,3399]" box="[1441,2410,3337,3358]" pageId="87" pageNumber="687">
:
<vernacularName id="189A234D3471FFC0E4982100713F8E0D" ID-CoL="3TRQF" authority="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde, 2008" authorityName="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde" authorityYear="2008" box="[1455,1654,3337,3358]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Leptomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="87" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arfakensis">Leptomys des Arfak</vernacularName>
/ German:
<vernacularName id="189A234D3471FFC0E7DA21007F5D8E0D" ID-CoL="3TRQF" authority="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde, 2008" authorityName="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde" authorityYear="2008" box="[1773,2068,3337,3358]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Leptomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="87" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arfakensis">Arfak-Neuguinea-Wasserratte</vernacularName>
/ Spanish:
<vernacularName id="189A234D3471FFC0E9B921007E238E0D" ID-CoL="3TRQF" authority="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde, 2008" authorityName="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde" authorityYear="2008" box="[2190,2410,3337,3358]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Leptomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="87" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arfakensis">Rata de agua de Arfak</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="962653633471FFC0E46D213B72DE8E54" blockId="87.[1370,2410,3272,3399]" box="[1370,1431,3378,3399]" pageId="87" pageNumber="687">
<vernacularName id="189A234D3471FFC0E46D213B72DE8E54" ID-CoL="3TRQF" authority="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde, 2008" authorityName="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde" authorityYear="2008" box="[1370,1431,3378,3399]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Leptomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="87" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arfakensis">Other</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="962653633471FFC0E4A9213B72B58E54" blockId="87.[1370,2410,3272,3399]" box="[1438,1532,3378,3399]" pageId="87" pageNumber="687">
<vernacularName id="189A234D3471FFC0E4A9213B72B58E54" ID-CoL="3TRQF" authority="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde, 2008" authorityName="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde" authorityYear="2008" box="[1438,1532,3378,3399]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Leptomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="87" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arfakensis">common</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="962653633471FFC0E732213B71048E54" blockId="87.[1370,2410,3272,3399]" box="[1541,1613,3378,3399]" pageId="87" pageNumber="687">
<vernacularName id="189A234D3471FFC0E732213B71048E54" ID-CoL="3TRQF" authority="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde, 2008" authorityName="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde" authorityYear="2008" box="[1541,1613,3378,3399]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Leptomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="87" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arfakensis">names</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="962653633471FFC0E77B213B71C58E54" blockId="87.[1370,2410,3272,3399]" box="[1612,1676,3378,3399]" pageId="87" pageNumber="687">
:
<vernacularName id="189A234D3471FFC0E76E213B71C58E54" ID-CoL="3TRQF" authority="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde, 2008" authorityName="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde" authorityYear="2008" box="[1625,1676,3378,3399]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Leptomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="87" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arfakensis">Arfak</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="962653633471FFC0E7A2213B71BF8E54" blockId="87.[1370,2410,3272,3399]" box="[1685,1782,3378,3399]" pageId="87" pageNumber="687">
<vernacularName id="189A234D3471FFC0E7A2213B71BF8E54" ID-CoL="3TRQF" authority="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde, 2008" authorityName="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde" authorityYear="2008" box="[1685,1782,3378,3399]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Leptomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="87" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arfakensis">Leptomys</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E83471FFC0E46E217F7E438E80" box="[1369,2314,3446,3475]" pageId="87" pageNumber="687" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="962653633471FFC0E46E217F7E438E80" blockId="87.[1369,2573,3446,3475]" box="[1369,2314,3446,3475]" pageId="87" pageNumber="687">
Taxonomy.
<taxonomicName id="519928E03471FFC0E737217F7E4C8E80" ID-CoL="3TRQF" authority="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde, 2008" authorityName="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde" authorityYear="2008" box="[1536,2309,3446,3475]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Leptomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="87" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arfakensis">Leptomys arfakensis Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde, 2008</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E83471FFCFE822217F7250829C" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="688" pageId="87" pageNumber="687" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="962653633471FFCFE822217F7250829C" blockId="87.[1369,2573,3446,3475]" lastBlockId="88.[786,1382,291,716]" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="688" pageId="87" pageNumber="687">
<materialsCitation id="26F1593E3471FFCFE822217F7250829C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864424838" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="688" pageId="87" pageNumber="687">“Arfak Mountains of the Vogelkop [= Bird’s Head] Peninsula of western New Guinea (Papua Province, Indonesia) at an altitude of 1000 m.”</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E8347EFFCFE2242D9F721381B0" pageId="88" pageNumber="688" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="96265363347EFFCFE2242D9F721381B0" blockId="88.[786,1382,291,716]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688">
The earliest report on the specimens of
<taxonomicName id="519928E0347EFFCFE2232DCF74F682CC" authorityName="Musser, K. M. Helgen &amp; Lunde" authorityYear="2008" box="[788,959,454,479]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Leptomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="88" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arfakensis">L. arfakensis</taxonomicName>
, by G. Dollman in 1930, referred them to “
<taxonomicName id="519928E0347EFFCFE2C52DE073F38115" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1010,1210,489,518]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Melomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="88" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="levipes">Melomys levipes</taxonomicName>
” (=
<taxonomicName id="519928E0347EFFCFE5C32DE074FE813E" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Paramelomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="88" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="levipes">Paramelomys levipes</taxonomicName>
). Subsequent mentions prior to 2008 aligned them with either
<taxonomicName id="519928E0347EFFCFE5CE2E3D7412816F" authorityName="Rimmler" authorityYear="1932" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Leptomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="88" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ernstmayri">L. ernstmayri</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="519928E0347EFFCFE2A12E567350816F" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[918,1049,607,636]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Leptomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="88" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegans">L. elegans</taxonomicName>
when
<taxonomicName id="519928E0347EFFCFE5B62E5673BD816F" box="[1153,1268,607,636]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Leptomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="88" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Leptomys</taxonomicName>
was regarded as a monotypic genus. Monotypic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E8347EFFCFE2252EA374A881E2" pageId="88" pageNumber="688" type="distribution">
<caption id="C2E603EB347EFFCFE2252EA374A881E2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6898947" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6898947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6898947/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="688" startId="88.[786,958,682,716]" targetBox="[172,762,300,713]" targetPageId="88">
<paragraph id="96265363347EFFCFE2252EA374A881E2" blockId="88.[786,1382,291,716]" lastBlockId="88.[168,1379,719,2171]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F71347EFFCFE2252EA3748B81DF" bold="true" box="[786,962,682,716]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688">Distribution.</emphasis>
Known only from two specimens collected in 1925 in the Arfak Mts, NW New Guinea.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E8347EFFCFE19A2EFE725D86A4" pageId="88" pageNumber="688" type="description">
<paragraph id="96265363347EFFCFE19A2EFE725D86A4" blockId="88.[168,1379,719,2171]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F71347EFFCFE19A2EFE76E0800A" bold="true" box="[173,425,759,793]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 138-151 mm, tail 146 mm, ear 21 mm, hindfoot 36— 39 mm. No data are available for body weight.
<taxonomicName id="519928E0347EFFCFE27E2F2A736F8053" box="[841,1062,803,832]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688">Leptomys species</taxonomicName>
are unmistakable mediums-sized terrestrial rats with short, dense, and silky or velvetlike fur, buff gray to orange brown on upperparts, cream or white below; black-tipped guard hairs barely project through general pelage; head with long, slender snout, and long vibrissae that extend well past ears; ears moderately large, thinly furred; upper surfaces of feet white, hindfeet long and narrow, all digits with claws, plantar pads relatively small; tail slender, finely scaled, and with three short hairs per scale, basal portion dark above and white or mottled below, distal portion entirely white, no terminal brush or prehensile pad. Cranium is relatively narrow and delicate, with fairly robust incisors bearing orange enamel and forward-projecting lower incisors with paler yellow enamel; three molars, initially cuspidate but basined when worn, posterior molars very reduced. Mammae two on each side, both inguinal. The Arfak Water Rat is a medium-sized member of genus; fur on upperparts moderately long (8-10 mm), dark brown on mid-back and buffy brown on flanks; underparts pure white from chin to base oftail; head with dark masks around eyes but lacking dorsal white blaze; tail equal (97-106%) to head-body length. Differs from the otherwise similar Elegant Water Rat (
<taxonomicName id="519928E0347EFFCFE529296473E8869C" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[1054,1185,1389,1423]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Leptomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="88" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegans">L. elegans</taxonomicName>
) in details of cranial and dental morphology and presence of well-developed hypothenar pad.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E8347EFFCFE19D29C976CE8539" pageId="88" pageNumber="688" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="96265363347EFFCFE19D29C976CE8539" blockId="88.[168,1379,719,2171]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F71347EFFCFE19D29C9765086CE" bold="true" box="[170,281,1472,1501]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688">Habitat.</emphasis>
General vegetation cover of Arfak Mountains is tropical evergreen rainforest; the capture locality at 1000 m lies close to the transition between hill forest and lower montane forest.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E8347EFFCFE19D2A3875D78540" box="[170,670,1585,1619]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="96265363347EFFCFE19D2A3875D78540" blockId="88.[168,1379,719,2171]" box="[170,670,1585,1619]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F71347EFFCFE19D2A3876E68540" bold="true" box="[170,431,1585,1619]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
No information.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E8347EFFCFE19D2A5473ED8569" box="[170,1188,1629,1658]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="96265363347EFFCFE19D2A5473ED8569" blockId="88.[168,1379,719,2171]" box="[170,1188,1629,1658]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F71347EFFCFE19D2A5476798569" bold="true" box="[170,304,1629,1658]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688">Breeding.</emphasis>
[Low mammary formula (two pairs) indicates a smalllittersize.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E8347EFFCFE19F2A8975CB85B1" box="[168,642,1664,1698]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688" type="activity">
<paragraph id="96265363347EFFCFE19F2A8975CB85B1" blockId="88.[168,1379,719,2171]" box="[168,642,1664,1698]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F71347EFFCFE19F2A8976DA85B1" bold="true" box="[168,403,1664,1698]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
No information.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E8347EFFCFE19E2AA1731C85D9" box="[169,1109,1704,1738]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="96265363347EFFCFE19E2AA1731C85D9" blockId="88.[168,1379,719,2171]" box="[169,1109,1704,1738]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F71347EFFCFE19E2AA1742F85D9" bold="true" box="[169,870,1704,1738]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
No information.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E8347EFFCFE19D2ADD753E8B39" pageId="88" pageNumber="688" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="96265363347EFFCFE19D2ADD753E8B39" blockId="88.[168,1379,719,2171]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F71347EFFCFE19D2ADD754285E2" bold="true" box="[170,523,1748,1777]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Arfak Water Ratis not represented in Late Quaternary subfossil assemblages from the Ayamaru Plateau, lowland karst region to the west of Arfak Mountains. Given this, it is likely that the species is restricted to montane habitats on Bomberai Peninsula. The Arfak Mountains peak at 2955 m. No reports since initial description, but Arfak Mountains are without intensive mammal survey. Extensive forestry activity has had some impact on lowerelevation forests on Doberai Peninsula, but montane habitats remain largely intact. The southern part of Arfak Mountains, including its highest peak,falls within the Pegunungan Arfak Nature Reserve.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8300E8347EFFCFE19F243574BC8B68" pageId="88" pageNumber="688" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="96265363347EFFCFE19F243574BC8B68" blockId="88.[168,1379,719,2171]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688">
<emphasis id="A4ED8F71347EFFCFE19F243576088B46" bold="true" box="[168,321,2108,2133]" pageId="88" pageNumber="688">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Dollman (1930), Laurie &amp; Hill (1954), Mahoney (1968), Musser &amp; Carleton (1993, 2005), Musser, Helgen &amp; Lunde (2008), Pasveer &amp; Aplin (1998), Rummler (1938), Tate (1951).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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