198 lines
24 KiB
XML
198 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="2CE7B91DC343D9DC48C026BB5BC83D77" ID-CLB-Dataset="28967" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4461.4.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4088067b-9ee8-4fea-b597-059a9de5b6e2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1460246" ID-ZooBank="838E32FD-05BE-47D4-9CF1-E96E7F1C08FF" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1539337787164" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Chambrier, Alain De, Beveridge, Ian & Scholz, Tomáš" docDate="2018" docId="BF6FCC52FF93FF8EA984FA9DFC31FC3C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4461.4.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4461 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Australophiotaenia Chambrier & Beveridge & Scholz 2018, n. gen." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="479" masterDocId="4356B42AFF92FF8CA913FF8CFFEFFFF4" masterDocTitle="Tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of Australian reptiles: hidden diversity of strictly host-specific parasites" masterLastPageNumber="498" masterPageNumber="477" pageNumber="478" updateTime="1698579933314" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="1F9CC4F5A57476D5161A2F917F9F39F2">
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<mods:title id="4AAEA70E7202AB8058368D2776DA06D8">Tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of Australian reptiles: hidden diversity of strictly host-specific parasites</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2368C59BCB75DF74401D01637323D951">Chambrier, Alain De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DE0E0EB412EBCDCB0CF8E8FF9D7AE13B">Beveridge, Ian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="94D883483AE87D7684811EC965AB883A">Scholz, Tomáš</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="CE135731852B9AC06CAB4C64E43D99FB">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="0986219BCE74DF929666C46158DCE219">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C72D96E6A88BE50C3A387A1104EDE265">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D04B66F2AF114EDB0BCFFBF8852B7167">2018-08-23</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="407519FFF1D6F4CA025A6809FBEAECA9">4461</mods:number>
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<treatment id="BF6FCC52FF93FF8EA984FA9DFC31FC3C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6492025" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148702044" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6492025" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BF6FCC52FF93FF8EA984FA9DFC31FC3C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF6FCC52FF93FF8EA984FA9DFC31FC3C" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="479" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">
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<subSubSection id="7FDC2ECFFF93FF8DA984FA9DFE37FADF" box="[151,472,1297,1323]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="37797D44FF93FF8DA984FA9DFE37FADF" blockId="1.[151,472,1297,1323]" box="[151,472,1297,1323]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">
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<heading id="6C31CA28FF93FF8DA984FA9DFE37FADF" bold="true" box="[151,472,1297,1323]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF93FF8DA984FA9DFE37FADF" bold="true" box="[151,472,1297,1323]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">
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<taxonomicName id="F0C606C7FF93FF8DA984FA9DFE6FFADF" authority="Chambrier & Beveridge & Scholz, 2018" authorityName="Chambrier & Beveridge & Scholz" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,384,1297,1323]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Australophiotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF93FF8DA984FA9DFE6FFADF" bold="true" box="[151,384,1297,1323]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Australophiotaenia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="1E811C2DFF93FF8DA895FA9DFE37FADF" box="[390,472,1297,1323]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7FDC2ECFFF93FF8EA984FADBFB63FF21" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="479" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="37797D44FF93FF8DA984FADBFE54F92C" blockId="1.[151,1436,1367,2005]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF93FF8DA984FADBFEFEFA84" bold="true" box="[151,273,1367,1392]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Usually medium to large-sized worms (up to
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long). Strobila acraspedote, mature and pregravid proglottids wider than long to longer than wide, gravid proglottids much longer than wide. Scolex wider than neck (proliferation zone), suckers uniloculate, usually large, directed anteriorly. Apical organ may be present. Testes medullary, in two well-separated lateral fields, in one, rarely two layers. Cirrus-sac pyriform, usually not reaching midline of proglottid. Vagina posterior or anterior to cirrus-sac, rarely only anterior. Vaginal sphincter often present. Genital pores irregularly alternating, post-equatorial to equatorial. Ovary medullary, small, with narrow lateral lobes. Vitelline follicles arranged in two dorsal and paramuscular lateral bands, not reaching anterior and posterior margins of proglottid. Formation of the uterus of type 1 (see de
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<bibRefCitation id="535700B5FF93FF8DAAD4F9D8FB50F998" box="[967,1215,1620,1645]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" refId="ref12158" refString="de Chambrier, A., Zehnder, M., Vaucher, C. & Mariaux, J. (2004) The evolution of the Proteocephalidea (Platyhelminthes, Eucestoda) based on an enlarged molecular phylogeny, with comments on their uterine development. Systematic Parasitology, 57, 159 - 171. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / B: SYPA. 0000019083.26876.34" type="journal article">
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Chambrier
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF93FF8DAD56F9D9FB92F998" box="[1093,1149,1620,1644]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">et al.</emphasis>
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2004
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</bibRefCitation>
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, 2015). Eggs with a three-layered thick-walled embryophore, in clusters in some species. Parasites of Australian reptiles. Type species
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<taxonomicName id="F0C606C7FF93FF8DA984F910FD7FF940" authority="(Johnston, 1911)" authorityName="Chambrier & Beveridge & Scholz" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Johnston" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[151,656,1692,1717]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Australophiotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gallardi" status="comb. nov.">
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF93FF8DA984F910FE21F940" box="[151,462,1692,1716]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Australophiotaenia gallardi</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="535700B5FF93FF8DA8CEF910FD67F940" box="[477,648,1692,1717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" refId="ref12623" refString="Johnston, T. H. (1911) Proteocephalus gallardi, a new cestodes from the black snake. Annals of the Queensland Museum, 10, 175 - 181." type="journal article">Johnston, 1911</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="1E811C2DFF93FF8DAB84F910FD13F941" box="[663,764,1692,1717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF93FF8DAB84F910FD13F941" bold="true" box="[663,764,1692,1717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">n. comb.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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(syns
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<taxonomicName id="F0C606C7FF93FF8DAA57F910FAEAF940" authority="Johnston, 1911" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1911" box="[836,1285,1692,1717]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gallardi">
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF93FF8DAA57F910FBBCF940" box="[836,1107,1692,1716]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Proteocephalus gallardi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="535700B5FF93FF8DAD49F910FAEAF940" box="[1114,1285,1692,1717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" refId="ref12623" refString="Johnston, T. H. (1911) Proteocephalus gallardi, a new cestodes from the black snake. Annals of the Queensland Museum, 10, 175 - 181." type="journal article">Johnston, 1911</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="F0C606C7FF93FF8DAC03F910FF1FF92C" authorityName="Freze" authorityYear="1965" baseAuthorityName="Johnston" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ophiotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gallardi">
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF93FF8DAC03F910FF1FF92C" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Ophiotaenia gallardi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<bibRefCitation id="535700B5FF93FF8DA9EEF933FE43F92C" box="[253,428,1727,1752]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" refId="ref12623" refString="Johnston, T. H. (1911) Proteocephalus gallardi, a new cestodes from the black snake. Annals of the Queensland Museum, 10, 175 - 181." type="journal article">Johnston, 1911</bibRefCitation>
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])
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="37797D44FF93FF8EA9D4F968FB63FF21" blockId="1.[151,1436,1367,2005]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,968]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="479" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF93FF8DA9D4F968FE3EF909" bold="true" box="[199,465,1764,1789]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Differential diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Species of
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<taxonomicName id="F0C606C7FF93FF8DAB4CF968FCD8F908" authority="Chambrier & Beveridge & Scholz, 2018" authorityName="Chambrier & Beveridge & Scholz" authorityYear="2018" box="[607,823,1764,1788]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Australophiotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF93FF8DAB4CF968FCD8F908" box="[607,823,1764,1788]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Australophiotaenia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="1E811C2DFF93FF8DAA50F968FC7AF909" box="[835,917,1764,1789]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF93FF8DAA50F968FC7AF909" bold="true" box="[835,917,1764,1789]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">n. gen.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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were previously placed in
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<taxonomicName id="F0C606C7FF93FF8DADCBF968FA8BF908" authorityName="La Rue" authorityYear="1911" box="[1240,1380,1764,1788]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ophiotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF93FF8DADCBF968FA8BF908" box="[1240,1380,1764,1788]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Ophiotaenia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(see
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<bibRefCitation id="535700B5FF93FF8DA984F884FEF7F8D4" box="[151,280,1799,1824]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" refId="ref12407" refString="Freze, V. I. (1965) [Proteocephalata in Fish, Amphibians and Reptiles]. Essentials of Cestodology. Uol. U. Nauka, Moscow, 538 pp. [in Russian: English translation, Israel Program of Scientific Translation, 1969, Cat. No. 1853, i - v + 1 - 597]" type="book chapter">Freze 1965</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="535700B5FF93FF8DA836F88BFE2BF8D4" box="[293,452,1799,1824]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" refId="ref12971" refString="Schmidt, G. D. (1986) CRC Handbook of Tapeworm Identification. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 675 pp." type="book">Schmidt 1986</bibRefCitation>
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) but they can be distinguished from those currently retained in this polyphyletic genus (see de Chambrier
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF93FF8DA864F8A1FE5CF8B0" box="[375,435,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">et al.</emphasis>
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2015) by the possession of the following characteristics: a three-layered thick-walled embryophore, a scolex with large, anteriorly directed suckers, exclusively dorsal and paramuscular position of vitelline follicles (i.e., follicles may penetrate into the medulla between fibres of the inner longitudinal musculature) (de Chambrier 1990), and a postequatorial to equatorial genital pore in most species. Molecular data support the erection of the new genus because its four species for which DNA data are available form a strongly supported monophyletic clade (see Fig.
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<bibRefCitation id="535700B5FF90FF8EAB88FF1BFC83FF44" box="[667,876,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="479" refId="ref12997" refString="Scholz, T., de Chambrier, A., Kuchta, R., Littlewood, D. T. J. & Waeschenbach, A. (2013) Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea), a parasite of sunbeam snake (Xenopeltis unicolor): example of convergent evolution. Zootaxa, 3640 (3), 485 - 499. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3640.3.12" type="journal article">
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Scholz
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF90FF8EABFCFF15FCC7FF44" box="[751,808,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">et al.</emphasis>
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2013
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Furthermore, all species of the new genus occur in reptilian hosts (snakes and lizards) from the same zoogeographical region (Australasia).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7FDC2ECFFF90FF8EA9D4FF53FC31FC3C" pageId="2" pageNumber="479" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="37797D44FF90FF8EA9D4FF53FAFBFE24" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF90FF8EA9D4FF53FED4FF0C" bold="true" box="[199,315,223,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">Remarks.</emphasis>
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The genus
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<taxonomicName id="F0C606C7FF90FF8EA8ACFF6CFDA4FF0C" authorityName="La Rue" authorityYear="1911" box="[447,587,224,248]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ophiotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="2" pageNumber="479" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF90FF8EA8ACFF6CFDA4FF0C" box="[447,587,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">Ophiotaenia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was described by
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<bibRefCitation id="535700B5FF90FF8EAA0EFF6CFC2FFF0C" box="[797,960,224,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="479" refId="ref12775" refString="La Rue, G. (1911) A revision of the cestode family Proteocephalidae. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 38, 473 - 482." type="journal article">La Rue (1911)</bibRefCitation>
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with
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<taxonomicName id="F0C606C7FF90FF8EAD11FF6CFADBFF0C" authority="La Rue, 1911" authorityName="La Rue" authorityYear="1911" box="[1026,1332,224,248]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ophiotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="2" pageNumber="479" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="perspicua">
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF90FF8EAD11FF6CFB7BFF03" box="[1026,1172,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">O. perspicua</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="535700B5FF90FF8EAD8FFF6CFADBFF0C" box="[1180,1332,224,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="479" refId="ref12775" refString="La Rue, G. (1911) A revision of the cestode family Proteocephalidae. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 38, 473 - 482." type="journal article">La Rue, 1911</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the diamondback water snake,
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<taxonomicName id="F0C606C7FF90FF8EA8DCFE88FC98FEE9" authority="(Hallowell, 1852)" authorityName="Hallowell" authorityYear="1852" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[463,887,260,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Nerodia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="479" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhombifer">
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF90FF8EA8DCFE88FD4BFEE8" box="[463,676,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">Nerodia rhombifer</emphasis>
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(Hallowell, 1852)
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="F0C606C7FF90FF8EAA9BFE88FBE5FEE9" authorityName="Oppel" authorityYear="1811" box="[904,1034,260,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="479" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Colubridae</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="F0C606C7FF90FF8EAD0BFE88FB60FEE9" box="[1048,1167,260,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Natricinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="479" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Natricinae</taxonomicName>
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) in
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<collectingRegion id="F502B3A6FF90FF8EADACFE88FAFEFEE9" box="[1215,1297,260,285]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">Illinois</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="4FD13DD4FF90FF8EAC0CFE88FAB8FEE8" box="[1311,1367,260,284]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">USA</collectingCountry>
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as its
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<typeStatus id="E87DC3E6FF90FF8EA984FEA4FF28FEB4" box="[151,199,296,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">type</typeStatus>
|
|
species. Subsequently, more than 100 nominal taxa from reptiles and amphibians in temperate, subtropical and tropical zones worldwide have been assigned to this catch-all genus (
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<bibRefCitation id="535700B5FF90FF8EAAA8FEC0FBB0FE91" box="[955,1119,332,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="479" refId="ref12971" refString="Schmidt, G. D. (1986) CRC Handbook of Tapeworm Identification. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 675 pp." type="book">Schmidt 1986</bibRefCitation>
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; Ammann & de Chambrier 2008; de
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<bibRefCitation id="535700B5FF90FF8EA814FEE3FDE4FE7C" box="[263,523,367,392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="479" refId="ref12228" refString="de Chambrier, S. & de Chambrier, A. (2010) Two new genera and two new species of proteocephalidean tapeworms (Eucestoda) from reptiles and amphibians in Australia. Folia Parasitologica, 57, 263 - 279. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / fp. 2010.033" type="journal article">
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Chambrier
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF90FF8EA89AFEFDFE29FE7C" box="[393,454,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">et al.</emphasis>
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|
2010
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|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; de Chambrier & Gil de Pertierra 2012; de Chambrier
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF90FF8EAD86FEFDFB3DFE7C" box="[1173,1234,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">et al.</emphasis>
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|
2017). However, molecular data have revealed this genus as polyphyletic and as many as 10 distinct genetic lineages of
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<taxonomicName id="F0C606C7FF90FF8EAC03FE18FA73FE58" authorityName="La Rue" authorityYear="1911" box="[1296,1436,404,428]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ophiotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="2" pageNumber="479" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF90FF8EAC03FE18FA73FE58" box="[1296,1436,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">Ophiotaenia</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
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|
were found in the most comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis by de Chambrier
|
|
<emphasis id="05B2A156FF90FF8EAD90FE35FB54FE24" box="[1155,1211,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">et al.</emphasis>
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(2015).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="37797D44FF90FF8EA9D4FE50FC31FC3C" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">
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Therefore, this artificial assemblage of taxa sharing somewhat similar morphology (a simple scolex with four spherical, uniloculate suckers; elongate proglottids, containing two well-separated longitudinal testis fields; medullary testes, ovary, uterus and in most cases vitelline follicles) is in urgent need of taxonomic revision (
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<bibRefCitation id="535700B5FF90FF8EAC5DFDA8FEF7FD94" pageId="2" pageNumber="479" refId="ref12997" refString="Scholz, T., de Chambrier, A., Kuchta, R., Littlewood, D. T. J. & Waeschenbach, A. (2013) Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea), a parasite of sunbeam snake (Xenopeltis unicolor): example of convergent evolution. Zootaxa, 3640 (3), 485 - 499. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3640.3.12" type="journal article">
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Scholz
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<emphasis id="05B2A156FF90FF8EA984FDC5FF3CFD94" box="[151,211,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2013
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|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; de Chambrier
|
|
<emphasis id="05B2A156FF90FF8EA8DDFDC5FDE5FD94" box="[462,522,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">et al.</emphasis>
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|
2017).
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|
<taxonomicName id="F0C606C7FF90FF8EAB75FDC4FD1DFD94" authorityName="La Rue" authorityYear="1911" box="[614,754,584,608]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ophiotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="2" pageNumber="479" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis id="05B2A156FF90FF8EAB75FDC4FD1DFD94" box="[614,754,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">Ophiotaenia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has to be split into several (at least 10 as indicated by de Chambrier
|
|
<emphasis id="05B2A156FF90FF8EA805FDE1FEBFFD70" box="[278,336,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2015) distinct genera to retain monophyly of the genera. However, species of these putative new genera often share a similar morphology and it is difficult or even impossible to find morphological characteristics that would provide straightforward circumscription of individual genera. As a result, distinguishing combinations of non-unique morphological characteristics need to be searched for to adequately define genetically distinct lineages of previously congeneric taxa. Biological (host associations) and zoogeographical (distribution) traits may also help in this effort to build up a new, more natural classification of proteocephalid tapeworms from reptiles and amphibians (but also from their dominant definitive hosts, i.e. freshwater bony fishes). A similar situation exists in numerous animal groups including other fish parasites, myxozoans (see Fiala
|
|
<emphasis id="05B2A156FF90FF8EAAE8FCE5FBDCFC74" box="[1019,1075,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">et al.</emphasis>
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|
2014), in which shape of spores represent a highly homoplastic character, whereas environment (marine or freshwater) and site of infection (histozoic or coelozoic) better reflect the evolutionary history of the group.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |