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<document id="31A89893C4A110CCBF496FA260FDBDAB" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5426087" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630396531981" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Bustamante-Gil, Carolina, Boltovskoy, Andrés, Rengefors, Karin, Tavera, Rosaluz, Amat, Eduardo &amp; Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J." docDate="2021" docId="03D587FFD2189D373AD4D9A6EA64FEFA" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.509.2.1.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 509 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.7:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Parvodinium umbonatum Carty 2008" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="150" masterDocId="FFECFF87D2159D383A5CD938EE70FFFA" masterDocTitle="Checklist, new records, and taxonomic annotations of freshwater thecate dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae) in Colombia" masterLastPageNumber="167" masterPageNumber="135" pageNumber="148" updateTime="1699261137944" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="7C00CDA851AA11067F36E324382F97A7">Checklist, new records, and taxonomic annotations of freshwater thecate dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae) in Colombia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CFA6CA92ECC974DE5EA518EA1910A266">Bustamante-Gil, Carolina</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="23BE2515886280D27CA8EF9F152D1D58">Grupo de Limnología Básica y Experimental y Biología y Taxonomía Marina, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="258AA8830046607C35C5DB6F9459EA44">Boltovskoy, Andrés</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="ADCFE399B2341F45495C44173F35D8F8">Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, (UNLP) / CIC-BA, La Plata, Argentina.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="29C0B58CEA1477E49D75A81567ECEFCF">Rengefors, Karin</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="7218E67B6117E8D885D197E512BF3641">Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Ecology Building, Lund University, Sweden.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="087BC6728CCCE200E1542CC65FA6FD94">Tavera, Rosaluz</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="209ED2BE33E0A818AD753661B4B0C009">Laboratorio Algas Continentales, Ecología y Taxonomía. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. r _ tavera @ ciencias. unam. mx; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3921 - 1326</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F0199C3441BE4ED20B19ED68EB15DAE7">Amat, Eduardo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="99E6215D8DEA4E5466C5EF51C1B4AF2B">Grupo de Investigación Bioforense, Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Forenses, Tecnológico de Antioquia Institución Universitaria, Medellín, Colombia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5FB39E50E873294176B899566E78B291">Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3D16CBBFE5023E90963648643199AD1A">Grupo de Limnología Básica y Experimental y Biología y Taxonomía Marina, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. &amp; johnra 77 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7644 - 9494</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="8E2C326B8E40A8878C7E7CEC27D6BA37">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D7E514BCBDA46590F0352AB84F38533C">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FAB6B52E4DC0A5066F7F1C8414283E9E">509</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="DC22083D7395F35FF5C72AC6FD793F5A" type="DOI">10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A46055B26FAA7B9142DA176A8E7ABC2A" type="ISSN">1179-3163</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D587FFD2189D373AD4D9A6EA64FEFA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D587FFD2189D373AD4D9A6EA64FEFA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587FFD2189D373AD4D9A6EA64FEFA" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="150" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">
<subSubSection id="C3666562D2189D353AD4D9A6EDF3FF42" box="[136,899,158,185]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC336E9D2189D353AD4D9A6EDF3FF42" blockId="13.[136,899,158,185]" box="[136,899,158,185]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">
<heading id="D08B8185D2189D353AD4D9A6EDF3FF42" box="[136,899,158,185]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" reason="3">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6C11C7D2189D353AD4D9A6EDF3FF42" box="[136,899,158,185]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">
<treatmentCitation id="0ADD10F8D2189D353AD4D9A6EC84FF43" author="Carty, S." box="[136,756,158,185]" page=")" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" year="2008">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D6AD2189D353AD4D9A6EC84FF43" authority="(F. Stein) Carty (2008: 106)" authorityName="Carty" authorityPageNumber="106" authorityYear="2008" baseAuthorityName="F. Stein" box="[136,756,158,185]" class="Dinophyceae" family="Peridiniaceae" genus="Parvodinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Peridiniales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Myzozoa" rank="species" species="umbonatum">
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD2189D353AD4D9A6EFC2FF43" bold="true" box="[136,434,158,185]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">Parvodinium umbonatum</emphasis>
(F. Stein)
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B18D2189D353874D9A6EC84FF43" author="Carty, S." box="[552,756,158,185]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" pagination="103 - 107" refId="ref14101" refString="Carty, S. (2008) Parvodinium gen. nov. for the Umbonatum Group of Peridinium (Dinophyceae). The Ohio Journal of Science 108: 103 - 107." type="journal article" year="2008">Carty (2008: 106)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<figureCitation id="13472A6CD2189D3538A2D9A6EDF3FF42" box="[766,899,158,184]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 7" captionStart-1="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="13.[136,229,2006,2028]" captionStartId-1="14.[136,229,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox-0="[215,1371,821,1981]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,194,1370]" captionTargetId-0="figure-161@13.[215,1372,821,1981]" captionTargetId-1="figure-19@14.[151,1436,193,1371]" captionTargetPageId-0="13" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionText-0="FIGURE 7. LM view of Parvodinium umbonatum. A. Ventral view of the cell, bar=5µm. B. Empty theca, apical plates. C Dorsal view. D Ventral view, antapical plates." captionText-1="FIGURE 8. SEM view of Parvodinium umbonatum. A. Apical view, bar=5µm. B. Dorsal view, bar=10µm. C. Apical pore, bar=1µm. D. Sulcal plates, bar=5µm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5426101" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5426103" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5426101/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5426103/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">Figures 7–8</figureCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BC336E9D2189D353AD4D9D2ECE3FEFA" blockId="13.[136,790,234,580]" box="[136,659,234,256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">
Basionym:
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D6AD2189D353AAAD9D2ECE3FEFA" authority="F. Stein (1883: 12)" authorityName="F. Stein" authorityYear="1883" box="[246,659,234,256]" class="Dinophyceae" family="Peridiniaceae" genus="Peridinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Peridiniales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Myzozoa" rank="species" species="umbonatum">
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD2189D353AAAD9D2EFA9FF05" box="[246,473,234,255]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">Peridinium umbonatum</emphasis>
F. Stein (1883: 12)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E9D2189D353AD4D836EE85FED9" blockId="13.[136,790,234,580]" box="[136,245,270,291]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">Synonyms:</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3666562D2189D373AD4D80AEA64FEFA" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="150" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC336E9D2189D353AD4D80AEC01FEB2" blockId="13.[136,790,234,580]" box="[136,625,306,328]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D6AD2189D353AD4D80AEF23FEBD" box="[136,339,306,327]" class="Dinophyceae" family="Peridiniaceae" genus="Peridinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Peridiniales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Myzozoa" rank="species" species="minimum">
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD2189D353AD4D80AEF23FEBD" box="[136,339,306,327]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">Peridinium minimum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in A. J. Schilling (1891: 293)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E9D2189D353AD4D86EED66FE96" blockId="13.[136,790,234,580]" box="[136,790,342,364]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D6AD2189D353AD4D86EEF8AFE91" authorityName="Lemmermann" authorityYear="1910" box="[136,506,342,363]" class="Dinophyceae" family="Peridiniaceae" genus="Peridinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Peridiniales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Myzozoa" rank="variety" species="umbonatum" variety="inaequale">
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD2189D353AD4D86EEF1BFE91" box="[136,363,342,363]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">Peridinium umbonatum</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD2189D353BC7D86EEF8AFE91" box="[411,506,342,363]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">inaequale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Lemmermann (1910: 669)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E9D2189D353AD4D842EC24FE6A" blockId="13.[136,790,234,580]" box="[136,596,378,400]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D6AD2189D353AD4D842EF0AFE75" box="[136,378,378,399]" class="Dinophyceae" family="Protoperidiniaceae" genus="Properidinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Peridiniales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Myzozoa" rank="species" species="inaequale">
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD2189D353AD4D842EF0AFE75" box="[136,378,378,399]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">Properidinium inaequale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Meunier (1919: 62)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E9D2189D353AD4D8A6EC94FE49" blockId="13.[136,790,234,580]" box="[136,740,414,436]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D6AD2189D353AD4D8A6EC7BFE49" box="[136,523,414,435]" class="Dinophyceae" family="Peridiniaceae" genus="Peridinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Peridiniales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Myzozoa" rank="variety" species="caudatum" variety="guildfordense">
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD2189D353AD4D8A6EF29FE49" box="[136,345,414,435]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">Peridinium caudatum</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD2189D353BD4D8A6EC7BFE49" box="[392,523,414,435]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">guildfordense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Playfair (1920: 800
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E9D2189D353AD4D8FAECC3FE22" blockId="13.[136,790,234,580]" box="[136,691,450,472]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D6AD2189D353AD4D8FAEFFEFE2D" authorityName="Lindemann" authorityYear="1931" baseAuthorityName="Playfair" box="[136,398,450,471]" class="Dinophyceae" family="Peridiniaceae" genus="Glenodinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Peridiniales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Myzozoa" rank="species" species="guildfordense">
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD2189D353AD4D8FAEFFEFE2D" box="[136,398,450,471]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">Glenodinium guildfordense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Er. Lindemann (1931: 700)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E9D2189D353AD4D8DEEC9CFE06" blockId="13.[136,790,234,580]" box="[136,748,486,508]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D6AD2189D353AD4D8DEEC7BFE01" box="[136,523,486,507]" class="Dinophyceae" family="Peridiniaceae" genus="Peridinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Peridiniales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Myzozoa" rank="variety" species="caudatum" variety="planktonicum">
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD2189D353AD4D8DEEF29FE01" box="[136,345,486,507]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">Peridinium caudatum</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD2189D353BD4D8DEEC7BFE01" box="[392,523,486,507]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">planktonicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Playfair (1920: 801)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E9D2189D353AD4DB32EC43FDDA" blockId="13.[136,790,234,580]" box="[136,563,522,544]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D6AD2189D353AD4DB32EF22FDE5" box="[136,338,522,543]" class="Dinophyceae" family="Peridiniaceae" genus="Peridinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Peridiniales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Myzozoa" rank="species" species="geminum">
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD2189D353AD4DB32EF22FDE5" box="[136,338,522,543]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">Peridinium geminum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Playfair (1920: 803)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E9D2189D353AD4DB16EC26FDBE" blockId="13.[136,790,234,580]" box="[136,598,558,580]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D6AD2189D353AD4DB16EF1CFDB9" box="[136,364,558,579]" class="Dinophyceae" family="Peridiniaceae" genus="Glenodinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Peridiniales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Myzozoa" rank="species" species="kamptneri">
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD2189D353AD4DB16EF1CFDB9" box="[136,364,558,579]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">Glenodinium kamptneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in J. Schiller (1955: 51)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E9D2189D353AD4DB4AEC15FD77" blockId="13.[136,1451,626,797]" box="[136,613,626,653]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">Dimensions: L: 36–47 µm, Td: 28–35 µm.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E9D2189D353AE1DBAEEC38FCE7" blockId="13.[136,1451,626,797]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">
Cell shape: Sub-oval, epitheca shaped like a slightly polygonal dome (
<figureCitation id="13472A6CD2189D3539E5DBAEEA7CFD4B" box="[953,1036,662,689]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[136,229,2006,2028]" captionTargetBox="[215,1371,821,1981]" captionTargetId="figure-161@13.[215,1372,821,1981]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. LM view of Parvodinium umbonatum. A. Ventral view of the cell, bar=5µm. B. Empty theca, apical plates. C Dorsal view. D Ventral view, antapical plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5426101" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5426101/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
) and slightly taller than the hypotheca and on the latter four spines are observed with LM (
<figureCitation id="13472A6CD2189D353891DB82ED56FD2E" box="[717,806,698,724]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[136,229,2006,2028]" captionTargetBox="[215,1371,821,1981]" captionTargetId="figure-161@13.[215,1372,821,1981]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. LM view of Parvodinium umbonatum. A. Ventral view of the cell, bar=5µm. B. Empty theca, apical plates. C Dorsal view. D Ventral view, antapical plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5426101" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5426101/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
), which in reality represent multiple spines located on the edges of the antapical and post-cingular plates (
<figureCitation id="13472A6CD2189D3538F6DBE6ED76FD02" box="[682,774,734,760]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[136,229,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,194,1370]" captionTargetId="figure-19@14.[151,1436,193,1371]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. SEM view of Parvodinium umbonatum. A. Apical view, bar=5µm. B. Dorsal view, bar=10µm. C. Apical pore, bar=1µm. D. Sulcal plates, bar=5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5426103" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5426103/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
). Descending cingulum. The sulcus extends to the antapex, widening strongly backwards (
<figureCitation id="13472A6CD2189D353BBDDA3AEC4BFCE7" box="[481,571,770,797]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[136,229,2006,2028]" captionTargetBox="[215,1371,821,1981]" captionTargetId="figure-161@13.[215,1372,821,1981]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. LM view of Parvodinium umbonatum. A. Ventral view of the cell, bar=5µm. B. Empty theca, apical plates. C Dorsal view. D Ventral view, antapical plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5426101" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5426101/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF036661D2189D353AD4DEEEEFCFF7EA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5426101" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5426101" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5426101/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" startId="13.[136,229,2006,2028]" targetBox="[215,1371,821,1981]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BC336E9D2189D353AD4DEEEEFCFF7EA" blockId="13.[136,1452,2006,2064]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD2189D353AD4DEEEEE8EF811" bold="true" box="[136,254,2006,2028]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
LM view of
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD2189D353B23DEEEEC0BF811" box="[383,635,2006,2027]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D6AD2189D353B23DEEEEC08F811" authorityName="Carty" authorityYear="2008" baseAuthorityName="F. Stein" box="[383,632,2006,2027]" class="Dinophyceae" family="Peridiniaceae" genus="Parvodinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Peridiniales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Myzozoa" rank="species" species="umbonatum">Parvodinium umbonatum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD2189D3538DDDEEEECE9F811" bold="true" box="[641,665,2006,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">A.</emphasis>
Ventral view of the cell, bar=5µm.
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD2189D3539AFDEEEEA79F811" bold="true" box="[1011,1033,2006,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">B.</emphasis>
Empty theca, apical plates.
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD2189D353F46DEEEEB5BF816" bold="true" box="[1306,1323,2006,2028]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">C</emphasis>
Dorsal view.
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD2189D353AD4DEC2EEE9F7F5" bold="true" box="[136,153,2042,2063]" pageId="13" pageNumber="148">D</emphasis>
Ventral view, antapical plates.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF036661D21B9D363AD4DC4BEF1EFA57" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5426103" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5426103" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5426103/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="149" startId="14.[136,229,1395,1417]" targetBox="[151,1435,194,1370]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BC336E9D21B9D363AD4DC4BEF1EFA57" blockId="14.[136,1452,1395,1453]" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD21B9D363AD4DC4BEE8DFA72" bold="true" box="[136,253,1395,1417]" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
SEM view of
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D6AD21B9D363BD5DC4BEC0DFA72" authorityName="Carty" authorityYear="2008" baseAuthorityName="F. Stein" box="[393,637,1395,1416]" class="Dinophyceae" family="Peridiniaceae" genus="Parvodinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Peridiniales" pageId="14" pageNumber="149" phylum="Myzozoa" rank="species" species="umbonatum">
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD21B9D363BD5DC4BEC0DFA72" box="[393,637,1395,1416]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">Parvodinium umbonatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD21B9D3638D5DC4BECD1FA72" bold="true" box="[649,673,1395,1416]" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">A.</emphasis>
Apical view, bar=5µm.
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD21B9D3639D6DC4BEDD0FA72" bold="true" box="[906,928,1395,1416]" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">B.</emphasis>
Dorsal view, bar=10µm.
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD21B9D363ECADC4BEADDFA73" bold="true" box="[1174,1197,1395,1417]" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">C.</emphasis>
Apical pore, bar=1µm.
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD21B9D363FC8DC4BEBDCFA72" bold="true" box="[1428,1452,1395,1416]" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">D.</emphasis>
Sulcal plates, bar=5µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC336E9D21B9D363AE1DCE4EF00F9C4" blockId="14.[136,1452,1499,2066]" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">
Thecal characteristics:Tabulation, Po, X, 4ʹ, 2a, 7ʹʹ, 5C, 5S, 5ʹʹʹ, 2ʹʹʹʹ. Configuration of the 3ʹ and 4ʹ plates,
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD21B9D363F6BDCE4EBDCFA0F" box="[1335,1452,1500,1525]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">conjuctum</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="54C7884BD21B9D363AD4DF38EEC8F9E0" box="[136,184,1536,1562]" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">type</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="13472A6CD21B9D363A9ADF38EF55F9E0" box="[198,293,1536,1562]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[136,229,2006,2028]" captionTargetBox="[215,1371,821,1981]" captionTargetId="figure-161@13.[215,1372,821,1981]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. LM view of Parvodinium umbonatum. A. Ventral view of the cell, bar=5µm. B. Empty theca, apical plates. C Dorsal view. D Ventral view, antapical plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5426101" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5426101/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">Figs. 7C</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="13472A6CD21B9D363B05DF38EF0CF9E0" box="[345,380,1536,1562]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[136,229,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,194,1370]" captionTargetId="figure-19@14.[151,1436,193,1371]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. SEM view of Parvodinium umbonatum. A. Apical view, bar=5µm. B. Dorsal view, bar=10µm. C. Apical pore, bar=1µm. D. Sulcal plates, bar=5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5426103" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5426103/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">8B</figureCitation>
). The edges of the 2ʹʹ, 3ʹʹ and 4ʹʹ plates that surround the apical pore channel resembling an apical semi-neck (
<figureCitation id="13472A6CD21B9D363B56DF1CEF13F9C4" box="[266,355,1572,1598]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[136,229,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,194,1370]" captionTargetId="figure-19@14.[151,1436,193,1371]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. SEM view of Parvodinium umbonatum. A. Apical view, bar=5µm. B. Dorsal view, bar=10µm. C. Apical pore, bar=1µm. D. Sulcal plates, bar=5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5426103" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5426103/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E9D21B9D363AE1DF70EBECF934" blockId="14.[136,1452,1499,2066]" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">
Cingulum and sulcus: Narrow equatorial cingulum, formed by 5 plates. The cingular lists slightly prominent with crenulated margins, distal ribs not always present. Sulcus formed by 5 plates, the large, broad plate Sa penetrating deeply in the epitheca (
<figureCitation id="13472A6CD21B9D363BD5DFA8EC48F950" box="[393,568,1680,1706]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[136,229,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,194,1370]" captionTargetId="figure-19@14.[151,1436,193,1371]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. SEM view of Parvodinium umbonatum. A. Apical view, bar=5µm. B. Dorsal view, bar=10µm. C. Apical pore, bar=1µm. D. Sulcal plates, bar=5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5426103" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5426103/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">Fig. 8A and 8D</figureCitation>
). The Sd plate has a crescent moon-shaped fin partially covering the Ss and Spa plates, is not in contact with the 2ʹʹʹʹ plate. The Sp plate, very wide at its distal end, extends to the antapex (
<figureCitation id="13472A6CD21B9D363F69DF8CEBFFF934" box="[1333,1423,1716,1742]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[136,229,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,194,1370]" captionTargetId="figure-19@14.[151,1436,193,1371]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. SEM view of Parvodinium umbonatum. A. Apical view, bar=5µm. B. Dorsal view, bar=10µm. C. Apical pore, bar=1µm. D. Sulcal plates, bar=5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5426103" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5426103/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E9D21B9D363AE1DFE0EFE7F8C0" blockId="14.[136,1452,1499,2066]" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">
Ornamentation: The plates present a smooth network of rows of tiny nodules and pores between these lines surrounded by similar nodules. The edges of the post-cingular plates are fimbriated and has spines at the corners of the antapical plates (
<figureCitation id="13472A6CD21B9D363B19DE18EFF9F8C0" box="[325,393,1824,1850]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[136,229,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,194,1370]" captionTargetId="figure-19@14.[151,1436,193,1371]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. SEM view of Parvodinium umbonatum. A. Apical view, bar=5µm. B. Dorsal view, bar=10µm. C. Apical pore, bar=1µm. D. Sulcal plates, bar=5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5426103" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5426103/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E9D21B9D363AE1DE7CECDFF8A4" blockId="14.[136,1452,1499,2066]" box="[189,687,1860,1886]" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">Locality: La Ayantuna lake in Pacific island.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E9D21B9D363AE1DE50EF9FF7E8" blockId="14.[136,1452,1499,2066]" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">
Comments: This species varies widely in terms of its shape (
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B18D21B9D3639D1DE50EA15F878" author="Borics, G. &amp; Grigorszky, I. &amp; Padisak, J. &amp; Barbosa, F. A. R. &amp; Doma, Z." box="[909,1125,1895,1922]" pageId="14" pageNumber="149" pagination="47 - 61" refId="ref13794" refString="Borics, G., Grigorszky, I., Padisak, J., Barbosa, F. A. R. &amp; Z. - Doma, Z. (2005) Dinoflagellates from tropical Brazilian lakes with description of Peridinium brasiliense sp. nova. Algological Studies 118: 47 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / 1864 - 1318 / 2006 / 0118 - 0047" type="journal article" year="2005">
Borics
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD21B9D3639BFDE50EA6FF878" box="[995,1055,1896,1922]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B18D21B9D363E29DE50EA89F878" author="Carty, S." box="[1141,1273,1896,1922]" pageId="14" pageNumber="149" pagination="103 - 107" refId="ref14101" refString="Carty, S. (2008) Parvodinium gen. nov. for the Umbonatum Group of Peridinium (Dinophyceae). The Ohio Journal of Science 108: 103 - 107." type="journal article" year="2008">Carty 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B18D21B9D363F55DE50EBD7F878" author="Lefevre, M." box="[1289,1447,1896,1922]" pageId="14" pageNumber="149" pagination="1 - 210" refId="ref15492" refString="Lefevre, M. (1932) Monographie des especes d'eau douce du genre Peridinium Ehrb. Archives de Botanique 2: 1 - 210." type="journal article" year="1932">Lefèvre 1932</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B18D21B9D363AD4DEB4EFC2F85C" author="Moestrup, O. &amp; Calado, A. J." box="[136,434,1932,1958]" pageId="14" pageNumber="149" refId="ref16007" refString="Moestrup, O. &amp; Calado, A. J. (2018) Susswasserflora von Mitteleuropa. 6. Dinophyceae. B. Budel, G. Gartner, L. Krienitz &amp; M. Schagerl (Eds.) Springer, Berlin, 561 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 662 - 56269 - 7 _ 7" type="book" year="2018">Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018</bibRefCitation>
). Among the morphological variations described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B18D21B9D363E51DEB4EACAF85C" author="Lefevre, M." box="[1037,1210,1932,1958]" pageId="14" pageNumber="149" pagination="1 - 210" refId="ref15492" refString="Lefevre, M. (1932) Monographie des especes d'eau douce du genre Peridinium Ehrb. Archives de Botanique 2: 1 - 210." type="journal article" year="1932">Lefèvre (1932)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B18D21B9D363E94DEB4EEA3F830" author="Moestrup, O. &amp; Calado, A. J." pageId="14" pageNumber="149" refId="ref16007" refString="Moestrup, O. &amp; Calado, A. J. (2018) Susswasserflora von Mitteleuropa. 6. Dinophyceae. B. Budel, G. Gartner, L. Krienitz &amp; M. Schagerl (Eds.) Springer, Berlin, 561 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 662 - 56269 - 7 _ 7" type="book" year="2018">Moestrup &amp; Calado (2018)</bibRefCitation>
recognize several varieties. Our specimens found in La Ayantuna has multiple spines in the epithecal sutures, around the cingulum and along the sulcal edges, like
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D6AD21B9D363883DEECEB10F814" authority="(M. Lefevre) Moestrup" authorityName="Moestrup" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="M. Lefevre" box="[735,1376,2004,2031]" class="Dinophyceae" family="Peridiniaceae" genus="Parvodinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Peridiniales" pageId="14" pageNumber="149" phylum="Myzozoa" rank="variety" species="umbonatum" status="comb. nov." variety="spiniferum">
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD21B9D363883DEECEDD5F814" box="[735,933,2004,2030]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">Parv. umbonatum</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD21B9D363982DEECEA26F814" box="[990,1110,2004,2030]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">spiniferum</emphasis>
(M. Lefèvre) Moestrup
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD21B9D363F34DEECEEC0F7EB" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="149">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23B5780D21B9D363F34DEECEEC0F7EB" pageId="14" pageNumber="149" rank="species">comb. nov</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B18D21B9D363AE3DEC0EF93F7E8" author="Moestrup, O. &amp; Calado, A. J." box="[191,483,2040,2066]" pageId="14" pageNumber="149" refId="ref16007" refString="Moestrup, O. &amp; Calado, A. J. (2018) Susswasserflora von Mitteleuropa. 6. Dinophyceae. B. Budel, G. Gartner, L. Krienitz &amp; M. Schagerl (Eds.) Springer, Berlin, 561 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 662 - 56269 - 7 _ 7" type="book" year="2018">Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E9D21A9D373AE1D9A6EA64FEFA" blockId="15.[136,1451,158,257]" pageId="15" pageNumber="150">
World distribution: Wide distribution in
<collectingCountry id="F36B7679D21A9D373826D9A6ECC0FF42" box="[634,688,158,184]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="150">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B18D21A9D3738E1D9A6ED30FF42" author="Carty, S." box="[701,832,158,184]" pageId="15" pageNumber="150" refId="ref14134" refString="Carty, S. (2014) Freshwater Dinoflagellates of North America. Cornell University Press, New York, 272 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.7591 / 9780801470370" type="book" year="2014">Carty 2014</bibRefCitation>
). It is also reported for Europe,
<collectingCountry id="F36B7679D21A9D373EC5D9A6EAAFFF42" box="[1177,1247,158,184]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="150">China</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F36B7679D21A9D373F4BD9A7EBDBFF42" box="[1303,1451,158,185]" name="New Zealand" pageId="15" pageNumber="150">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B18D21A9D373AD3D9FAEFCCFF26" author="Moestrup, O. &amp; Calado, A. J." box="[143,444,194,220]" pageId="15" pageNumber="150" refId="ref16007" refString="Moestrup, O. &amp; Calado, A. J. (2018) Susswasserflora von Mitteleuropa. 6. Dinophyceae. B. Budel, G. Gartner, L. Krienitz &amp; M. Schagerl (Eds.) Springer, Berlin, 561 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 662 - 56269 - 7 _ 7" type="book" year="2018">Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018</bibRefCitation>
), for South America in
<collectingCountry id="F36B7679D21A9D37388ED9FAED66FF26" box="[722,790,194,220]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="150">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B18D21A9D373975D9FAEA74FF26" author="Ramos, G. J. P. &amp; Bicudo, C. E. de &amp; Moura, C. W. do" box="[809,1028,194,220]" pageId="15" pageNumber="150" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref16411" refString="Ramos, G. J. P., Bicudo, C. E. de M. &amp; Moura, C. W. do N. (2016) First record of Parvodinium umbonatum (Stein) Carty (Peridiniaceae, Dinophyta) for northeast Brazil. Check List 12: 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 12.6.2024" type="journal article" year="2016">
Ramos
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD21A9D3739DED9FBEDCEFF26" box="[898,958,194,220]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="150">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
; Cardoso
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD21A9D373E25D9FBEAC5FF26" box="[1145,1205,194,220]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="150">et al.</emphasis>
2010) and
<collectingCountry id="F36B7679D21A9D373F61D9FAEBDBFF26" box="[1341,1451,194,220]" name="Colombia" pageId="15" pageNumber="150">Colombia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B18D21A9D373ACCD9DEEFE3FEFA" author="Pinilla, G. A. &amp; Canosa, A. &amp; Vargas, A. &amp; Gavilan, M. &amp; Lopez, L." box="[144,403,230,256]" pageId="15" pageNumber="150" pagination="53 - 65" refId="ref16292" refString="Pinilla, G. A., Canosa, A., Vargas, A., Gavilan, M. &amp; Lopez, L. (2007) Acoplamiento entre las comunidades planctonicas de un lago amazonico de aguas claras (lago Boa, Colombia). Limnetica 26: 53 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.23818 / limn. 26.05" type="journal article" year="2007">Canosa &amp; Pinilla 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B18D21A9D373BC3D9DEEC0EFEFB" author="Cardozo, A. Y. &amp; Bermudez, A. &amp; Aranguren, N. &amp; Duque, S. R." box="[415,638,230,257]" pageId="15" pageNumber="150" pagination="80 - 88" refId="ref13965" refString="Cardozo, A. Y., Bermudez, A., Aranguren, N. &amp; Duque, S. R. (2005) Algas planctonicas del lago de Tota: listado taxonomico actualizado. Ciencia y desarrollo 2: 80 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.19053 / issn. 0121 - 7488" type="journal article" year="2005">
Cardozo
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD21A9D373858D9DFEC4DFEFA" box="[516,573,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="150">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B18D21A9D3738D6D9DFED40FEFA" author="Montoya, Y." box="[650,816,230,257]" pageId="15" pageNumber="150" refId="ref16075" refString="Montoya, Y. (2011) Efecto del pulso de inundacion en la dinamica algal epifitica en un sistema de lagos de planicie de inundacion tropicales (Cienaga de Ayapel-Colombia). Universidad de Antioquia, 287 pp." type="book" year="2011">Montoya 2011</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B18D21A9D373960D9DEEA78FEFA" author="Pinilla, G. A. &amp; Canosa, A. &amp; Vargas, A. &amp; Gavilan, M. &amp; Lopez, L." box="[828,1032,230,256]" pageId="15" pageNumber="150" pagination="53 - 65" refId="ref16292" refString="Pinilla, G. A., Canosa, A., Vargas, A., Gavilan, M. &amp; Lopez, L. (2007) Acoplamiento entre las comunidades planctonicas de un lago amazonico de aguas claras (lago Boa, Colombia). Limnetica 26: 53 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.23818 / limn. 26.05" type="journal article" year="2007">
Pinilla
<emphasis id="B908EAFBD21A9D3739D0D9DFEDB4FEFA" box="[908,964,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="150">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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