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<document id="6DA4FC3711BA30862FF2BEEDA7FDDB10" ID-CLB-Dataset="299692" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.12724849" ID-GBIF-Dataset="604ad8e8-1670-4877-99dd-f347d891e340" ID-ISSN="0068-547X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12724849" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1717720507918" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Ghiselin, Michael T. &amp; Lipps, Jere H." docDate="2019" docId="03D53A0AFF99FFDAA9CCCBE0FE797B60" docLanguage="en" docName="ProcCalifAcadSci.65.8.181-194.pdf" docOrigin="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 65 (8)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:E411DA009AF5E7F9A7E023431E2B7D5B.2:ProcCalifAcadSci.2015-.journal_article" docStyleId="E411DA009AF5E7F9A7E023431E2B7D5B" docStyleName="ProcCalifAcadSci.2015-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Phanerophthalmus luteus" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="191" masterDocId="FFEC4272FF91FFD0A846CE70FFBB7E0E" masterDocTitle="The Sea Slug Phanerophthalmus luteus (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) and its Habitat and Ecology at the Marine Jellyfish Lake (Ongeim’l Tketau), Palau, Western Pacific Ocean" masterLastPageNumber="194" masterPageNumber="181" pageNumber="189" updateTime="1720710829071" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="5BFC37C3A4A91670F4E3B957BE948416">The Sea Slug Phanerophthalmus luteus (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) and its Habitat and Ecology at the Marine Jellyfish Lake (Ongeim’l Tketau), Palau, Western Pacific Ocean</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B64FCB55D2811E2F1E6616DB4C24A604">Ghiselin, Michael T.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C8B99D70389C344B6D9344286BED8B7F">Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California 94118</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E0BE571528279DDFF41F7CC3A66DF55D">Lipps, Jere H.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A54D8793CE54BFB44DADC56AA232F88C">Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology, University of California Berkeley, California 94720</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03D53A0AFF99FFDAA9CCCBE0FE797B60" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12725043" ID-GBIF-Taxon="235038215" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12725043" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D53A0AFF99FFDAA9CCCBE0FE797B60" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D53A0AFF99FFDAA9CCCBE0FE797B60" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="191" pageId="8" pageNumber="189">
<subSubSection id="C366D897FF99FFD8A9CCCBE0FC3C7BA7" box="[394,903,1423,1450]" pageId="8" pageNumber="189" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC38B1CFF99FFD8A9CCCBE0FC3C7BA7" blockId="8.[123,1176,1423,1711]" box="[394,903,1423,1450]" pageId="8" pageNumber="189">
<heading id="D08B3C70FF99FFD8A9CCCBE0FC3C7BA7" bold="true" box="[394,903,1423,1450]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="189" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF99FFD8A9CCCBE0FC3C7BA7" bold="true" box="[394,903,1423,1450]" pageId="8" pageNumber="189">
Morphology and Systematics of
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF99FFD8AB66CBFFFC3C7BA7" ID-CoL="4FT3R" authority="(Quoy and Gaimard, 1833)" baseAuthorityName="Quoy and Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[800,903,1423,1449]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="189" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="luteus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF99FFD8AB66CBFFFC3C7BA7" bold="true" box="[800,903,1423,1449]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="189">P. luteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C366D897FF99FFDAA8EDCBC8FCD47F7B" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="191" pageId="8" pageNumber="189" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC38B1CFF99FFD9A8EDCBC8FF727F3D" blockId="8.[123,1176,1423,1711]" lastBlockId="9.[123,1174,220,853]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="190" pageId="8" pageNumber="189">
The animals of interest are sea slugs of the order
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF99FFD8AAF5CBC8FCEA7BC1" authorityName="P. Fischer" authorityYear="1883" box="[691,849,1464,1487]" class="Gastropoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="189" phylum="Mollusca" rank="order">Cephalaspidea</taxonomicName>
, assigned by us to
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF99FFD8AC51CBC8FDF07BE1" authority="(Quoy and Gaimard, 1833)" baseAuthorityName="Quoy and Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="189" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="luteus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF99FFD8AC51CBC8FEA37BE1" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="189">Phanerophthalmus luteus</emphasis>
(Quoy and Gaimard, 1833)
</taxonomicName>
. Originally, we assigned our specimens to
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF99FFD8AC64CBA8FE427801" authority="(Ruppell and Leuckart 1831)" baseAuthorityName="Ruppell and Leuckart" baseAuthorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="189" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="smaragdinus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF99FFD8AC64CBA8FF0E7801" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="189">P. smaragdinus</emphasis>
(Ruppell and Leuckart 1831)
</taxonomicName>
, as did others (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF99FFD8AAE2CB88FCDF7801" author="PATRIS, S. W. &amp; M. N. DAWSON &amp; L. J. BELL &amp; L. E. MARTIN &amp; P. L. COLIN &amp; G. UCHARM" box="[676,868,1528,1551]" pageId="8" pageNumber="189" refId="ref6163" refString="PATRIS, S. W., M. N. DAWSON, L. J. BELL, L. E. MARTIN, P. L. COLIN, AND G. UCHARM. 2012. Ongeim'l Tketau: Jellyfish Lake. Coral Reef Research Foundation and Etpison Museum, Palau. 44 pp." type="book" year="2012">Patris et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
), but in a recent revision of species of
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF99FFD8A946C868FC0D7821" authority=", Austin, Gosliner, and Malaquias (2018)" authorityName=", Austin, Gosliner, and Malaquias" authorityYear="2018" box="[256,950,1560,1583]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="189" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF99FFD8A946C868FE777821" box="[256,460,1560,1583]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="189">Phanerophthalmus</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF99FFD8A9A5C868FC0D7821" author="AUSTIN, J. &amp; T. GOSLINER &amp; M. A. E. MALAQUIAS" box="[483,950,1560,1583]" pageId="8" pageNumber="189" pagination="1336 - 1387" refId="ref4529" refString="AUSTIN, J., T. GOSLINER, AND M. A. E. MALAQUIAS. 2018. Systematic revision, diversity patterns and trophic ecology of the tropical Indo-West Pacific sea slug genus Phanerophthalmus A. Adams, 1850 (Cephalaspidea, Haminoeidae). Invertebrate Systematics 32 (6): 1336 - 1387." type="journal article" year="2018">Austin, Gosliner, and Malaquias (2018)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
did not recognize
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF99FFD8A83DC848FE9B7841" baseAuthorityName="Ruppell and Leuckart" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[123,288,1592,1615]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="189" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="smaragdinus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF99FFD8A83DC848FE9B7841" box="[123,288,1592,1615]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="189">P. smaragdinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, putting it in synonymy with several other species. Using their criteria, our specimens are most similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF99FFD8A9C3C828FE647861" baseAuthorityName="Quoy and Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[389,479,1624,1647]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="189" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="luteus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF99FFD8A9C3C828FE647861" box="[389,479,1624,1647]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="189">P. luteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We base this determination on the facts that the animals are generally green, greenish white or greenish blue, the shell is partly exposed by the mantle cavity, and
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF99FFD8A83DC8E8FF6E78A1" baseAuthorityName="Quoy and Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[123,213,1688,1711]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="189" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="luteus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF99FFD8A83DC8E8FF6E78A1" box="[123,213,1688,1711]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="189">P. luteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’s known distribution embraces
<collectingCountry id="F36BCB8CFF99FFD8AA6CC8E8FDD278A1" box="[554,617,1688,1711]" name="Palau" pageId="8" pageNumber="189">Palau</collectingCountry>
. The other species that biogeographically overlap in the western Pacific are distinctly different and not similar to
<emphasis id="B908570EFF98FFD9AB60CEACFC307EFD" box="[806,907,220,243]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF98FFD9AB60CEACFC3C7EFD" baseAuthorityName="Quoy and Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[806,903,220,243]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="luteus">P. luteus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Other morphologic and genetic details of this species are given in
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF98FFD9AA14CE8CFD467F1D" author="RUDMAN, W. B." box="[594,765,252,275]" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" pagination="189 - 210" refId="ref6220" refString="RUDMAN, W. B. 1972. The herbivorous opisthobranch genera Phanerophthalmus A. Adams and Smaragdinella A. Adams. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 40: 189 - 210." type="journal article" year="1972">Rudman (1972)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF98FFD9AB73CE8CFF7E7F3D" author="AUSTIN, J. &amp; T. GOSLINER &amp; M. A. E. MALAQUIAS" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" pagination="1336 - 1387" refId="ref4529" refString="AUSTIN, J., T. GOSLINER, AND M. A. E. MALAQUIAS. 2018. Systematic revision, diversity patterns and trophic ecology of the tropical Indo-West Pacific sea slug genus Phanerophthalmus A. Adams, 1850 (Cephalaspidea, Haminoeidae). Invertebrate Systematics 32 (6): 1336 - 1387." type="journal article" year="2018">Austin, Gosliner, and Malaquias (2018)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC38B1CFF98FFD9A8EDCF4CFCE17D5B" blockId="9.[123,1174,220,853]" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">
In Jellyfish Lake, the slugs were of unusually large size. The largest specimen in Jellyfish Lake was
<quantity id="4C8426F9FF98FFD9A8ECCF2CFF487F7D" box="[170,243,348,371]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="55.0">55 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4C8426F9FF98FFD9A91DCF2CFE1F7F7D" box="[347,420,348,371]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="33.0">33 mm</quantity>
wide which is among the largest individual of any species in the genus. The slugs at Jellyfish Lake were clearly larger and more abundant than in open ocean situations elsewhere in the Indo-Pacific. This is a common feature of organisms found in these restrictive and isolated marine lakes. We also know of one well-documented case of opisthobranchs sometimes attaining unusually large size when they occur outside of their ordinary habitat, the anaspidean
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF98FFD9A83DCF8DFE637C1A" authority="Dall, 1900" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1900" box="[123,472,509,532]" class="Gastropoda" family="Aplysiidae" genus="Phyllaplysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplysiida" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="taylori">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF98FFD9A83DCF8DFEEF7C1A" box="[123,340,509,532]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">Phyllaplysia taylori</emphasis>
Dall, 1900
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF98FFD9A9AACF8DFD377C1A" author="BEEMAN, R. D." box="[492,652,509,532]" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" pagination="189 - 212" refId="ref4588" refString="BEEMAN, R. D. 1970. An ecological study of Phyllaplysia taylori Dall, 1900 Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia with an emphasis on its reproduction. Vie et Milieu Serie A: Biologie Marine 21 (1 - A): 189 - 212." type="journal article" year="1970">Beeman 1970</bibRefCitation>
). In northern
<collectingRegion id="49B845FEFF98FFD9AB69CF8DFC207C1A" box="[815,923,509,532]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">California</collectingRegion>
and elsewhere in the Oregonian province, these
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF98FFD9A9E6CC6DFDB87C3A" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1900" box="[416,515,541,564]" class="Gastropoda" family="Aplysiidae" genus="Phyllaplysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplysiida" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="taylori">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF98FFD9A9E6CC6DFDB87C3A" box="[416,515,541,564]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">P. taylori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are common and well camouflaged on the sea-grass
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF98FFD9AC03CC6DFF737C5A" class="Liliopsida" family="Zosteraceae" genus="Zostera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marina">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF98FFD9AC03CC6DFF737C5A" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">Zostera marina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. They feed upon diatoms and other organisms that live on the plants. Animals kept in outdoor tanks at the Hopkins Marine Station flourished off of the sea-grass. They attained a much larger size than those from nearby Elkhorn slough (respectively a maximum weight of
<quantity id="4C8426F9FF98FFD9AC5ECC0DFBD37C9A" box="[1048,1128,637,660]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.503" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" unit="g" value="15.03">15.03 g</quantity>
and
<quantity id="4C8426F9FF98FFD9A83DCCEDFF087CBA" box="[123,179,669,692]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" unit="g" value="1.6">1.6 g</quantity>
). Why
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF98FFD9A946CCEDFEE17CBA" baseAuthorityName="Quoy and Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[256,346,669,692]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="luteus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF98FFD9A946CCEDFEE17CBA" box="[256,346,669,692]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">P. luteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should attain larger size in unusual habitats is unknown but may be related to food supply, as implicated by the Hopkins study, or by a reduction of predation on mid- or larger sized animals. Certainly, the habitats of
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF98FFD9AA6BCCAEFD337CFB" baseAuthorityName="Quoy and Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[557,648,734,757]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="luteus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF98FFD9AA6BCCAEFD337CFB" box="[557,648,734,757]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">P. luteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Jellyfish Lake are richer in organic materials, algae, phytodetritus, and periphyton growing on the substrates along with the slugs. Like
<emphasis id="B908570EFF98FFD9AC6DCC8EFE3C7D3B" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF98FFD9AC6DCC8EFEA67D3B" class="Scyphozoa" family="Mastigiidae" genus="Mastigias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizostomeae" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="papua" subSpecies="etpisoni">Mastigias papua etpisoni</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF98FFD9A96CCD6EFE3C7D3B" baseAuthorityName="Quoy and Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[298,391,798,821]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="luteus">P. luteus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
could also show genetic differences once they are analyzed from other occurrences of this species in the central and western Pacific Ocean.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B908570EFF98FFD9AA79CD09FD697D9D" bold="true" box="[575,722,889,915]" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">Egg Masses</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC38B1CFF98FFD9A8EDCDD1FC3E7AD7" blockId="9.[123,1174,889,1241]" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">
In Jellyfish Lake,
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF98FFD9A937CDD1FE777DB6" baseAuthorityName="Quoy and Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[369,460,929,952]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="luteus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF98FFD9A937CDD1FE777DB6" box="[369,460,929,952]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">P. luteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lays very abundant egg masses attached to algae (
<figureCitation id="13479799FF98FFD9ABA9CDD1FB8B7DB6" box="[1007,1072,929,952]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="7.[155,167,1682,1701]" captionTargetBox="[121,1176,909,1670]" captionTargetId="figure-445@7.[120,1176,876,1670]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 7. Egg masses (more or less spherical to oblong white objects) of Phanerophthalmus luteus attached to filamentous and other algae on a slope in Jellyfish Lake. Photograph taken November 16, 2009, courtesy of Lori J. Bell." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12724865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12724865/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) or other substrates at particular times during the year. The difference in daylight distribution of the egg masses and the animals themselves could mean that the animals move toward shallower water or stay hidden during the day. Our study, done in the middle of the day when the animals were found under algae, logs or the edges of rocks, indicates that the animals likely emerge from hiding at night when they then deposit the egg masses. The egg masses of
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF98FFD9AB0CCA31FC1F7A56" baseAuthorityName="Quoy and Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[842,932,1089,1112]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="luteus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF98FFD9AB0CCA31FC1F7A56" box="[842,932,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">P. luteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differed from those of
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF98FFD9A83DCA11FEB57A76" box="[123,270,1121,1144]" class="Gastropoda" family="Aplysiidae" genus="Phyllaplysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplysiida" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="perpallidus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF98FFD9A83DCA11FEB57A76" box="[123,270,1121,1144]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">P. perpallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingRegion id="49B845FEFF98FFD9A916CA11FEC77A76" box="[336,380,1121,1144]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">Bali</collectingRegion>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF98FFD9A9F7CA11FD987A76" box="[433,547,1121,1144]" class="Gastropoda" family="Aplysiidae" genus="Phyllaplysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplysiida" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="purpura">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF98FFD9A9F7CA11FD987A76" box="[433,547,1121,1144]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">P. purpura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Maui which were much smaller,
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and
<quantity id="4C8426F9FF98FFD9AC02CA11FB2A7A76" box="[1092,1169,1121,1144]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="22.0">22 mm</quantity>
, had a somewhat different shape and color (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF98FFD9AA04CAF2FC617A97" author="AUSTIN, J. &amp; T. GOSLINER &amp; M. A. E. MALAQUIAS" box="[578,986,1154,1177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" pagination="1336 - 1387" refId="ref4529" refString="AUSTIN, J., T. GOSLINER, AND M. A. E. MALAQUIAS. 2018. Systematic revision, diversity patterns and trophic ecology of the tropical Indo-West Pacific sea slug genus Phanerophthalmus A. Adams, 1850 (Cephalaspidea, Haminoeidae). Invertebrate Systematics 32 (6): 1336 - 1387." type="journal article" year="2018">Austin, Gosliner, and Malaquias 2018</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 29). The egg masses of opisthobranchs, however, quite generally take up water with time, hence their size is not very informative. Further study of
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF98FFD9A9B7CAB2FD007AD7" authorityName=", Austin, Gosliner, and Malaquias" authorityYear="2018" box="[497,699,1218,1241]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF98FFD9A9B7CAB2FD007AD7" box="[497,699,1218,1241]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">Phanerophthalmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
eggs is warranted.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC38B1CFF98FFD9AA77CA8CFD647B18" blockId="9.[123,1174,1276,1725]" box="[561,735,1276,1302]" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">
<heading id="D08B3C70FF98FFD9AA77CA8CFD647B18" bold="true" box="[561,735,1276,1302]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF98FFD9AA77CA8CFD647B18" bold="true" box="[561,735,1276,1302]" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">Biogeography</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC38B1CFF98FFD9A8EDCB54FE8C7832" blockId="9.[123,1174,1276,1725]" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF98FFD9A96DCB54FE4E7B35" authorityName=", Austin, Gosliner, and Malaquias" authorityYear="2018" box="[299,501,1316,1339]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF98FFD9A96DCB54FE4E7B35" box="[299,501,1316,1339]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">Phanerophthalmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distributed from the east coast of
<collectingCountry id="F36BCB8CFF98FFD9ABEECB54FB827B35" box="[936,1081,1316,1339]" name="South Africa" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">South Africa</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F36BCB8CFF98FFD9AC0FCB54FB2A7B35" box="[1097,1169,1316,1339]" name="Kenya" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">Kenya</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F36BCB8CFF98FFD9A83DCB34FE987B55" box="[123,291,1348,1371]" name="Reunion Island" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">Reunion Island</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F36BCB8CFF98FFD9A924CB34FE5E7B55" box="[354,485,1348,1371]" name="Madagascar" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, across the Indian Ocean to the
<collectingCountry id="F36BCB8CFF98FFD9AB09CB34FC7A7B55" box="[847,961,1348,1371]" name="Seychelles" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F36BCB8CFF98FFD9ABBACB34FB2A7B55" box="[1020,1169,1348,1371]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">Lakshadweep</collectingCountry>
, Nicobar and Andaman Islands and through
<collectingCountry id="F36BCB8CFF98FFD9AA0ECB15FCA27B72" box="[584,793,1381,1404]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F36BCB8CFF98FFD9AB65CB15FC717B72" box="[803,970,1381,1404]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
, the
<collectingCountry id="F36BCB8CFF98FFD9ABBACB15FBCC7B72" box="[1020,1143,1381,1404]" name="Philippines" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">Philippines</collectingCountry>
, to
<collectingCountry id="F36BCB8CFF98FFD9A83DCBF5FF027B92" box="[123,185,1413,1436]" name="Palau" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">Palau</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F36BCB8CFF98FFD9A881CBF5FEB07B92" box="[199,267,1413,1436]" name="Guam" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">Guam</collectingCountry>
, Hawaii, and
<collectingCountry id="F36BCB8CFF98FFD9A9EFCBF5FE5D7B92" box="[425,486,1413,1436]" name="Japan" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF98FFD9A9BECBF5FDD27B92" author="KAY, E. A." box="[504,617,1413,1436]" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" refId="ref5551" refString="KAY, E. A. [1979]. Hawaiian Marine Shells. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. xvii + 652 pp." type="book" year="1979">Kay 1979</bibRefCitation>
; Colin and Arneson 1995;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF98FFD9ABDCCBF5FEBE7BB2" author="GOSLINER, T. M. &amp; BEHRENS, AND &amp; A. VALDEs" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" refId="ref5161" refString="GOSLINER, T. M., D. W. BEHRENS, AND A. VALDEs. 2008. Indo-Pacific Nudibranchs and Sea Slugs: A Field Guide to the World's Most Diverse Fauna. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA. 426 pp." type="book" year="2008">Gosliner, Behrens, and Valdés 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF98FFD9A957CBD5FE327BB2" author="APTE, D." box="[273,393,1445,1468]" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" pagination="162 - 175" refId="ref4483" refString="APTE, D. 2009. Opisthobranch fauna of Lakshadweep Islands, India, with 52 new records to Lakshadweep and 40 new records to India: Part 1. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 106 (2): 162 - 175." type="journal article" year="2009">Apte 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF98FFD9A9D0CBD5FC277BB2" author="SREERAJ, C. R. &amp; C. SIVAPERUMAN &amp; C. RAGHUNATHAN" box="[406,924,1445,1468]" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" pagination="2499 - 2509" refId="ref6255" refString="SREERAJ, C. R., C. SIVAPERUMAN, AND C. RAGHUNATHAN. 2012 a. An annotated checklist of opisthobranch fauna (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) of the Nicobar Islands, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4 (4): 2499 - 2509. doi. org / 10.11609 / JoTT. o 2783.2499 - 509." type="journal article" year="2012">Sreeraj, Sivaperuman, and Raghunathan 2012a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF98FFD9ABECCBD5FC4A7BB2" author="SREERAJ, C. R. &amp; C. SIVAPERUMAN &amp; C. RAGHUNATHAN" box="[938,1009,1445,1468]" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" pagination="50 - 59" refId="ref6318" refString="SREERAJ, C. R., C. SIVAPERUMAN, AND C. RAGHUNATHAN. 2012 b. Report on ten newly recorded opisthobranchs (Opisthobranchia, Gastropoda) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. International Journal of Oceanography and Marine Ecological System 1 (2): 50 - 59. ISSN 2224 - 249 x / doi: 10.3923 /. ijomes. 2012. 50.59." type="journal article" year="2012">2012b</bibRefCitation>
; Narayana and Mohanraju 2013;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF98FFD9A900CBB5FDD47BD2" author="KIRUBA-SANKAR, R. &amp; T. IMMANUEL &amp; M. P. GOUTHAM-BHARATHI &amp; S. DAM ROY" box="[326,623,1477,1500]" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" pagination="319 - 322" refId="ref5606" refString="KIRUBA-SANKAR, R., T. IMMANUEL, M. P. GOUTHAM-BHARATHI, AND S. DAM ROY. 2016. Additions to the opisthobranch fauna of Nicobar group of islands, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 45 (2): 319 - 322." type="journal article" year="2016">Kiruba-Sankar et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
; Yonow and Jensen 2018;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF98FFD9ABE0CBB5FE907BF2" author="AUSTIN, J. &amp; T. GOSLINER &amp; M. A. E. MALAQUIAS" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" pagination="1336 - 1387" refId="ref4529" refString="AUSTIN, J., T. GOSLINER, AND M. A. E. MALAQUIAS. 2018. Systematic revision, diversity patterns and trophic ecology of the tropical Indo-West Pacific sea slug genus Phanerophthalmus A. Adams, 1850 (Cephalaspidea, Haminoeidae). Invertebrate Systematics 32 (6): 1336 - 1387." type="journal article" year="2018">Austin, Gosliner, and Malaquias 2018</bibRefCitation>
). It likely occurs more widely in the Indo-Pacific but its species are rarely reported animals. The various species have different biogeographic ranges (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF98FFD9ABE4C875FE907832" author="AUSTIN, J. &amp; T. GOSLINER &amp; M. A. E. MALAQUIAS" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" pagination="1336 - 1387" refId="ref4529" refString="AUSTIN, J., T. GOSLINER, AND M. A. E. MALAQUIAS. 2018. Systematic revision, diversity patterns and trophic ecology of the tropical Indo-West Pacific sea slug genus Phanerophthalmus A. Adams, 1850 (Cephalaspidea, Haminoeidae). Invertebrate Systematics 32 (6): 1336 - 1387." type="journal article" year="2018">Austin, Gosliner, and Malaquias 2018</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC38B1CFF98FFDAA8EDC836FCD47F7B" blockId="9.[123,1174,1276,1725]" lastBlockId="10.[123,1174,220,373]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="191" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">
The occurrence of
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF98FFD9A933C836FE747853" baseAuthorityName="Quoy and Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[373,463,1606,1629]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="luteus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF98FFD9A933C836FE747853" box="[373,463,1606,1629]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">P. luteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Jellyfish Lake is well within the known biogeographic range of the species (
<figureCitation id="13479799FF98FFD9A943C816FEFC7873" box="[261,327,1638,1661]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="8.[171,183,1290,1309]" captionTargetBox="[122,1176,584,1276]" captionTargetId="figure-447@8.[120,1176,577,1276]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 8. Central and Western Pacific showing the distribution of Phanerophthalmus luteus (black stars) and the location of Jellyfish Lake, Palau (large gray star). Modified from distribution map for P. luteus in Austin, Gosliner, and Malaquias (2018, fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12724867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12724867/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) in the central and western Pacific Ocean (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF98FFD9AB76C816FF087893" author="AUSTIN, J. &amp; T. GOSLINER &amp; M. A. E. MALAQUIAS" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" pagination="1336 - 1387" refId="ref4529" refString="AUSTIN, J., T. GOSLINER, AND M. A. E. MALAQUIAS. 2018. Systematic revision, diversity patterns and trophic ecology of the tropical Indo-West Pacific sea slug genus Phanerophthalmus A. Adams, 1850 (Cephalaspidea, Haminoeidae). Invertebrate Systematics 32 (6): 1336 - 1387." type="journal article" year="2018">Austin, Gosliner, and Malaquias 2018</bibRefCitation>
, fig 23). The
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF98FFD9A90DC8F6FE137893" baseAuthorityName="Quoy and Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[331,424,1670,1693]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="190" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="luteus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF98FFD9A90DC8F6FE137893" box="[331,424,1670,1693]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="190">P. luteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Jellyfish Lake are generally larger and more abundant than those found elsewhere in its biogeographic range. This is likely due to more abundant food, fewer predators, less seasonal change and quieter waters inside the lake. The reefs in the lagoon have, however, quite different habitats than those found within Jellyfish Lake. The reefs are in open ocean settings without large organic inputs, less benthic algae, variable temperatures, and generally rougher water while the mangrove-associated habitats in the lake had much organic matter and debris and lower oxygen content not found outside the enclosed lakes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366D897FF9BFFDAAA41CFEEFE797B60" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BC38B1CFF9BFFDAAA41CFEEFCB27FB6" blockId="10.[123,1174,414,1390]" box="[519,777,414,440]" pageId="10" pageNumber="191">
<heading id="D08B3C70FF9BFFDAAA41CFEEFCB27FB6" bold="true" box="[519,777,414,440]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF9BFFDAAA41CFEEFCB27FB6" bold="true" box="[519,777,414,440]" pageId="10" pageNumber="191">Habitat and Ecology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC38B1CFF9BFFDAA8EDCFB7FE9E7CCC" blockId="10.[123,1174,414,1390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="191">
In general,
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF9BFFDAA964CFB7FEC77FD0" baseAuthorityName="Quoy and Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[290,380,455,478]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="luteus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF9BFFDAA964CFB7FEC77FD0" box="[290,380,455,478]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="191">P. luteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to occur in water shallower than
<quantity id="4C8426F9FF9BFFDAAB63CFB7FCE07FD0" box="[805,859,455,478]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
across its biogeographic area including in rocky intertidal, coral rubble, back reef, organic-rich mangrove and algal habitats. That description fits well with the Jellyfish Lake occurrence where mangroves hang over the water and the sediments are rich in organic matter that falls into the lake (
<figureCitation id="13479799FF9BFFDAAB60CC59FCDC7C4E" box="[806,871,553,576]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="3.[171,183,1547,1566]" captionTargetBox="[123,1176,784,1532]" captionTargetId="figure-347@3.[120,1176,780,1533]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Vegetation of Jellyfish Lake, Mecherchar Island. A. The lake, slightly less than 400 m long, is in a hole at least 230 m deep (150 to 200 m from the top of the hole to the Lake’s surface and 30 m to the bottom of the lake) in the Miocene limestone. North is at the top of the image. B. Dense terrestrial vegetation, including mangroves at the lake edges, hangs over the lake. The surrounding vegetation contributes organic debris to the lake. C. Bottom of the lake from 0 to 13 m is covered with plant debris and algal growth. Photograph is at 2 m deep looking down slope. D. One of many logs that have fallen into the lake and are now inhabited by a wide variety of algae and animals including P. luteus. View is down the log from a depth of about 0.5 m. Credits: A. Aerial photograph courtesy of Dr. Pat Colin. B.-D. Photographs by Jere H. Lipps, 2013." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12724855" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12724855/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="191">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). The foraminifera from the lake are a fauna that that is typically associated with mangroves elsewhere in the Pacific (Langer and Lipps 2003, 2006; Lipps and Langer 1999). Indeed, these mangrove faunas are consistent across most ocean basins and hence provide excellent markers for sea level and tidal changes (Horton et. al 2005).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC38B1CFF9BFFDAA8EDCCBCFBD07DC9" blockId="10.[123,1174,414,1390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="191">
Species of
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF9BFFDAA96CCCBCFE4F7CED" authorityName=", Austin, Gosliner, and Malaquias" authorityYear="2018" box="[298,500,716,739]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF9BFFDAA96CCCBCFE4F7CED" box="[298,500,716,739]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="191">Phanerophthalmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were assumed to be herbivorous (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF9BFFDAABC6CCBCFBA67CED" author="RUDMAN, W. B." box="[896,1053,716,739]" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" pagination="189 - 210" refId="ref6220" refString="RUDMAN, W. B. 1972. The herbivorous opisthobranch genera Phanerophthalmus A. Adams and Smaragdinella A. Adams. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 40: 189 - 210." type="journal article" year="1972">Rudman 1972</bibRefCitation>
) on algae, although only one species
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF9BFFDAA9D8CC9CFE427D0D" baseAuthorityName="Quoy and Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[414,505,748,771]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="luteus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF9BFFDAA9D8CC9CFE427D0D" box="[414,505,748,771]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="191">P. luteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of several examined had food in their guts (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF9BFFDAAB98CC9CFEED7D2A" author="AUSTIN, J. &amp; T. GOSLINER &amp; M. A. E. MALAQUIAS" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" pagination="1336 - 1387" refId="ref4529" refString="AUSTIN, J., T. GOSLINER, AND M. A. E. MALAQUIAS. 2018. Systematic revision, diversity patterns and trophic ecology of the tropical Indo-West Pacific sea slug genus Phanerophthalmus A. Adams, 1850 (Cephalaspidea, Haminoeidae). Invertebrate Systematics 32 (6): 1336 - 1387." type="journal article" year="2018">Austin, Gosliner, and Malaquias 2018</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 28). That specimen had several species of centric and pennate diatoms in its gut. Diatoms, both benthic and the planktonic
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF9BFFDAAACDCD5DFCE17D4A" box="[651,858,813,836]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF9BFFDAAACDCD5DFCE17D4A" box="[651,858,813,836]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="191">Chaetoceros affinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, occur in abundance in Jellyfish Lake (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF9BFFDAA8B2CD3EFD3B7D6B" author="HAMNER, W. M. &amp; R. W. GILMER &amp; P. P. HAMNER" box="[244,640,846,869]" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" pagination="896 - 909" refId="ref5235" refString="HAMNER, W. M., R. W. GILMER, AND P. P. HAMNER. 1982. The physical, chemical and biological characteristics of a stratified, saline, sulfide lake in Palau. Limnology and Oceanography 27: 896 - 909." type="journal article" year="1982">Hamner, Gilmer, and Hamner 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF9BFFDAAAC8CD3EFCFC7D6B" author="HARA, Y. &amp; T. HORIGUCHI &amp; N. HANZAWA &amp; K. ISHIDA &amp; A. YOKOYAMA &amp; R. HOSHINA &amp; H. KUDOH &amp; A. OCHI &amp; M. KONNO" box="[654,839,846,869]" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" pagination="19 - 26" refId="ref5364" refString="HARA, Y., T. HORIGUCHI, N. HANZAWA, K. ISHIDA, A. YOKOYAMA, R. HOSHINA, H. KUDOH, A. OCHI, AND M. KONNO. 2002. The phylogeny of marine microalgae from Palau's marine lakes. Kaiyo Monthly 29: 19 - 26 [in Japanese]." type="journal article" year="2002">Hara et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF9BFFDAAB13CD3EFB987D6B" author="KONNO, S. &amp; N. INOUE &amp; D. U. HERNANDEZ-BECERRIL &amp; R. W. JORDAN" box="[853,1059,846,869]" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" pagination="257 - 264" refId="ref5656" refString="KONNO, S., N. INOUE, D. U. HERNANDEZ-BECERRIL, AND R. W. JORDAN. 2010. Chaetoceros affinis blooms in a Palauan meromictic marine lake. Vie et Milieu 60 (3): 257 - 264." type="journal article" year="2010">Konno et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF9BFFDAAC7ECD3EFB2D7D6B" baseAuthorityName="Quoy and Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1080,1174,846,869]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="luteus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF9BFFDAAC7ECD3EFB2D7D6B" box="[1080,1174,846,869]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="191">P. luteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
likely consumes both
<typeStatus id="54C735BEFF9BFFDAA92ACD1EFE1F7D8B" box="[364,420,878,901]" pageId="10" pageNumber="191">types</typeStatus>
of diatoms, the benthic ones as part of the periphyton on substrates where it lives and the planktonic kinds after they settled to the algae or sediment on the bottom. Periphyton is abundant on logs, smaller plant debris, on algae but less so on muddy substrata.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC38B1CFF9BFFDAA8EDCDA0FE797B60" blockId="10.[123,1174,414,1390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="191">
Jellyfish Lake, usually considered ecologically stable, has experienced changes in temperature, salinity and other factors due to El Niño events (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF9BFFDAAAF9CD81FBFA7A06" author="DAWSON, M. N. &amp; L. E. MARTIN &amp; L. K. PENLAND" box="[703,1089,1009,1032]" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" pagination="131 - 144" refId="ref5025" refString="DAWSON, M. N., L. E. MARTIN, AND L. K. PENLAND. 2001. Jellyfish swarms, tourists, and the Christ-child. Hydrobiologia 451: 131 - 144." type="journal article" year="2001">Dawson, Martin, and Penland 2001</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF9BFFDAAC0BCD81FF4D7A26" author="MARTIN, L. E. &amp; M. N. DAWSON &amp; L. J. BELL &amp; P. L. COLIN" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" pagination="144 - 147" refId="ref5947" refString="MARTIN, L. E., M. N. DAWSON, L. J. BELL, AND P. L. COLIN. 2006. Marine lake ecosystem dynamics illustrate ENSO variation in the tropical western Pacific. Biology Letters 2: 144 - 147." type="journal article" year="2006">Martin et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF9BFFDAA943CA61FE737A26" author="PATRIS, S. W. &amp; M. N. DAWSON &amp; L. J. BELL &amp; L. E. MARTIN &amp; P. L. COLIN &amp; G. UCHARM" box="[261,456,1041,1064]" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" refId="ref6163" refString="PATRIS, S. W., M. N. DAWSON, L. J. BELL, L. E. MARTIN, P. L. COLIN, AND G. UCHARM. 2012. Ongeim'l Tketau: Jellyfish Lake. Coral Reef Research Foundation and Etpison Museum, Palau. 44 pp." type="book" year="2012">Patris et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
), and longer-term sea level and climate changes (Dickinson and Athens 2007). During the 1997–1999 El Niño, the Golden Jellyfish
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF9BFFDAAB38CA42FB2E7A47" box="[894,1173,1074,1097]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Mastigiidae" genus="Mastigias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizostomeae" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="papua" subSpecies="etpisoni">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF9BFFDAAB38CA42FB2E7A47" box="[894,1173,1074,1097]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="191">Mastigias papua etpisoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
containing symbionts in their tissues declined to low numbers from a population in the millions and the Moon Jelly
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF9BFFDAA961CA03FECD7A84" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[295,374,1139,1162]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Ulmaridae" genus="Aurelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B908570EFF9BFFDAA961CA03FECD7A84" box="[295,374,1139,1162]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="191">Aurelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was completely extirpated from the lake and did not recover (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF9BFFDAAC5CCA03FF0E7AA4" author="PATRIS, S. W. &amp; M. N. DAWSON &amp; L. J. BELL &amp; L. E. MARTIN &amp; P. L. COLIN &amp; G. UCHARM" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" refId="ref6163" refString="PATRIS, S. W., M. N. DAWSON, L. J. BELL, L. E. MARTIN, P. L. COLIN, AND G. UCHARM. 2012. Ongeim'l Tketau: Jellyfish Lake. Coral Reef Research Foundation and Etpison Museum, Palau. 44 pp." type="book" year="2012">Patris et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). On a longer time of ~ 100 years ago, a core taken at
<quantity id="4C8426F9FF9BFFDAAABFCAE3FC947AA4" box="[761,815,1171,1194]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
depth in Jellyfish Lake showed a change from older carbonate to the present siliceous sediment and also in the benthic foraminiferal biota during the “Little Ice Age” time (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDF6EDFF9BFFDAAA74CAA5FD647AE2" author="KAWAGATA, S. &amp; M. YAMASAKI &amp; R. GENKA &amp; R. W. JORDAN" box="[562,735,1237,1260]" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" pagination="215 - 233" refId="ref5504" refString="KAWAGATA, S., M. YAMASAKI, R. GENKA, AND R. W. JORDAN. 2005. Shallow-water benthic foraminifers from Mecherchar Jellyfish Lake (Ongerul Tketau Uet), Palau. Micronesica 37 (2): 215 - 233." type="journal article" year="2005">Kawagata 2005</bibRefCitation>
). Over 1000s of years, sea level has risen first at 4000 years ago higher than present sea level but then retreating to the present level at least by 2000 years ago. These events indicate that the lake is a dynamic place over times longer than what ecologists have been able to study that likely impacted populations of animals, including
<emphasis id="B908570EFF9BFFDAA83DCB27FF677B60" box="[123,220,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="191">
<taxonomicName id="4C7CF09FFF9BFFDAA83DCB27FF637B60" baseAuthorityName="Quoy and Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[123,216,1367,1390]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haminoeidae" genus="Phanerophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="191" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="luteus">P. luteus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
plants and microbes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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