treatments-xml/data/03/94/93/0394931F7935D04AFD6BFF1DDE1CF932.xml
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<document id="61922B41B21A4A197ED6543C50D0A4D8" ID-DOI="10.5252/a2009n2a4" ID-ISSN="1639-4798" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4601248" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1615555768837" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Judziewicz, Emmet J." docDate="2009" docId="0394931F7935D04AFD6BFF1DDE1CF932" docLanguage="en" docName="Adansonia.31.2.273-277.pdf" docOrigin="Adansonia (3) 31 (2)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/a2009n2a4" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4B218CE5E725ACA5B76DF48277ED11EE.1:Adansonia.2009-2010.journal_article" docStyleId="4B218CE5E725ACA5B76DF48277ED11EE" docStyleName="Adansonia.2009-2010.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Toliara arenacea Judziewicz, P. B. Phillipson 2009, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="276" masterDocId="FFADEB677934D049FF82FFCADF4DFF96" masterDocTitle="Toliara (Poaceae, Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae), a new grass genus endemic to southern Madagascar" masterLastPageNumber="277" masterPageNumber="273" pageNumber="274" updateTime="1698885163373" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="3B6AA3EEFA933180C09E227DBBF38A67">Toliara (Poaceae, Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae), a new grass genus endemic to southern Madagascar</mods:title>
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<mods:role id="6856C21F1940C39598AC6CE2DD128A17">
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<mods:namePart id="C8CEF6595C68EC4DFCD0A16213C68922">Judziewicz, Emmet J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="16FD71813A2503FC5C99C4714EB557D7">Adansonia</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E9EB64BFEEF252332270C70A5F5FE2B1">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BFEB94F7049ACBE9A0C2467079A2E63E">2009-12-31</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0394931F7935D04AFD6BFF1DDE1CF932" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0394931F7935D04AFD6BFF1DDE1CF932" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0394931F7935D04AFD6BFF1DDE1CF932" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="276" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">
<subSubSection id="C32771827935D048FD6BFF1DDB3BFF65" box="[745,1142,215,243]" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8222097935D048FD6BFF1DDB3BFF65" blockId="1.[745,1142,215,275]" box="[745,1142,215,243]" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">
<heading id="D0CA95657935D048FD6BFF1DDB3BFF65" box="[745,1142,215,243]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C3D598A7935D048FD6BFF1DDB54FF65" ID-CoL="57BG5" authority="Judziewicz" authorityName="Judziewicz, P. B. Phillipson" authorityYear="2009" box="[745,1049,215,243]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Toliara" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenacea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7935D048FD6BFF1DDCD0FF64" bold="true" box="[745,925,215,242]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">Toliara arenacea</emphasis>
Judziewicz
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A43607935D048FBA6FF12DB3BFF65" box="[1060,1142,216,243]" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32771827935D04AFC05FF32DD73FBDC" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="276" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8222097935D048FC05FF32DC9AFE85" blockId="1.[745,1142,215,275]" box="[903,983,248,275]" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">
(
<figureCitation id="13063E8C7935D048FC0DFF32DC81FE85" box="[911,972,248,275]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="2.[113,124,1590,1607]" captionTargetBox="[244,1078,219,1560]" captionTargetId="figure-125@2.[250,1078,221,1560]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIG. 1. — Toliara arenacea Judziewicz, P.B. Phillipson 4117 (P): A, habit of plant; B, base of leaf showing blade clasping culm; C, apex of inflorescence showing basipetally deciduous spikelets and persistent spikelet pedicels; D, spikelet, lateral view just after flowering showing “closed” glumes; E, fruiting spikelet, lateral view showing gaping glumes and protruding caryopsis; F, lemma, dorsal view; G, palea, dorsal view; H, caryopsis, lateral view showing basal embryo. Illustration by Eva Hathaway. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B, 2 mm; C, 1 mm; D-H, 0.25 mm" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4601250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4601250/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8222097935D048FD27FEFBDC66FD94" blockId="1.[676,1210,305,667]" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">
<typeStatus id="54869CAB7935D048FD27FEFBDDACFED1" box="[677,737,305,328]" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">TYPUS</typeStatus>
. —
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7935D048FC8BFEFBDCCFFEDF" bold="true" box="[777,898,305,329]" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">
<collectingCountry id="F32A62997935D048FC8BFEFBDC33FEDF" box="[777,894,305,329]" name="Madagascar" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="49F9ECEB7935D048FC07FEFBDB6DFEDF" box="[901,1056,305,329]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">
<taxonomicName id="4C3D598A7935D048FC07FEFBDC8AFEDF" box="[901,967,305,329]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Toliara" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="277" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Toliara</taxonomicName>
Province
</collectingRegion>
,
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7935D048FBAAFEFBDB28FEDF" box="[1064,1125,305,329]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" unit="km" value="35.0">35 km</quantity>
N of
<taxonomicName id="4C3D598A7935D048FB1AFEFBDD83FEF5" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Toliara" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="277" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Toliara</taxonomicName>
on road to Morombe, forest dominated by
<taxonomicName id="4C3D598A7935D048FBE5FE81DC7DFEE8" authority="Bojer" authorityName="Bojer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Colvillea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="racemosa">
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7935D048FBE5FE81DDBBFEEB" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">Colvillea racemosa</emphasis>
Bojer
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="4C3D598A7935D048FCB8FEACDCD8FEE8" box="[826,917,358,382]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
] and
<taxonomicName id="4C3D598A7935D048FC45FEAFDD95FE0E" authority="Baill." authorityName="Baill." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Didiereaceae" genus="Didierea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7935D048FC45FEAFDBF7FEEB" box="[967,1210,357,381]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">Didierea madagascariensis</emphasis>
Baill.
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="4C3D598A7935D048FD61FE4ADC28FE0E" authorityName="Radlkofer" authorityYear="1896" box="[739,869,384,408]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Didiereaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Didiereaceae</taxonomicName>
] and
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7935D048FC1EFE4ADC9DFE0E" box="[924,976,384,408]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
E by road,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0944CE7935D048FBC1FE4ADBF8FE0E" box="[1091,1205,384,408]" degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" precision="15" seconds="05" value="-23.084723">23°0505”S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0944CE7935D048FD27FE50DC57FE24" box="[677,794,410,434]" degrees="43" direction="east" minutes="38" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" precision="15" seconds="45" value="43.645836">43°3845”E</geoCoordinate>
, elev.
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7935D048FCD4FE50DCC0FE24" box="[854,909,410,434]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
, tufted annual grass, common in open places, inflorescence green,
<date id="FF8304C97935D048FB93FE7FDB32FE5B" box="[1041,1151,437,461]" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" value="1993-02-21">21.II.1993</date>
,
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7935D048FB08FE7CDC1BFE71" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">Peter B. Phillipson 4117</emphasis>
, with
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7935D048FC16FE1ADB6FFE71" box="[916,1058,463,487]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">J.R. Raharilala</emphasis>
(holo-, P!; iso-, GRA, TAN!).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8222097935D048FD27FDD1DC42FD0D" blockId="1.[676,1210,305,667]" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. —
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7935D048FC60FDD3DB10FDA7" bold="true" box="[994,1117,537,561]" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">
<collectingCountry id="F32A62997935D048FC60FDD3DB14FDA7" box="[994,1113,537,561]" name="Madagascar" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
Environs de Tuléar, bush à
<taxonomicName id="4C3D598A7935D048FCD0FDFEDCE9FDDA" box="[850,932,564,588]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Didiereaceae" genus="Didierea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7935D048FCD0FDFEDCE9FDDA" box="[850,932,564,588]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">Didierea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sur sable,
<date id="FF8304C97935D048FB8EFDFEDB2DFDDA" box="[1036,1120,564,588]" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" value="1956-11">XI.1956</date>
,
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7935D048FBEEFDFEDDA9FDF0" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">J. Bosser 10364</emphasis>
(P [2 sheets]; TAN). — Bush à
<taxonomicName id="4C3D598A7935D048FBA0FD84DB39FDF0" box="[1058,1140,590,614]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Didiereaceae" genus="Didierea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7935D048FBA0FD84DB39FDF0" box="[1058,1140,590,614]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">Didierea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sur sable, P.K. 15 Route Tuléar-Morombe,
<date id="FF8304C97935D048FB8CFDA3DB2EFD17" box="[1038,1123,617,641]" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" value="1960-03">III.1960</date>
,
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7935D048FBEFFDA3DDA9FD0D" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">J. Bosser 14975</emphasis>
(P).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8222097935D048FD27FD19DC78FD7D" blockId="1.[674,1211,723,1700]" box="[677,821,723,749]" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8222097935D04AFD27FD38DD73FBDC" blockId="1.[674,1211,723,1700]" lastBlockId="3.[111,648,691,1098]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="276" pageId="1" pageNumber="274">
Cespitose, somewhat sprawling, annual grass
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7935D048FB17FD38DDA8FCBB" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" unit="cm" value="22.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="10.0">10- 35 cm</quantity>
tall.Culms unbranched or branching, geniculate, both the culms and the open sheaths glabrous; ligule
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7935D048FD62FC9BDC16FCFA" box="[736,859,849,876]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" unit="mm" value="0.35" valueMax="0.4" valueMin="0.3">0.3-0.4 mm</quantity>
long, membranous, delicate, eciliate.Leaves with blades lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, 8-40 ×
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7935D048FD73FC5BDC01FC3A" box="[753,844,913,940]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" unit="mm" value="4.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="2.0">2-6 mm</quantity>
, somewhat coriaceous, antrorselyciliolate on margins (especially near base), the cilia
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7935D048FD26FC1ADC6AFC7D" box="[676,807,976,1003]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" unit="mm" value="0.25" valueMax="0.3" valueMin="0.2">0.2-0.3 mm</quantity>
long, otherwise glabrous, clasping at the base, acute at the apex. Inflorescence terminal,
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7935D048FD27FBDADDB2FBBD" box="[677,767,1040,1067]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" unit="cm" value="12.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="4.0">4-20 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7935D048FCC7FBDADCFCFBBD" box="[837,945,1040,1067]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1-1.5 mm</quantity>
wide, a delicate, spicate, densely-flowered, erect, straight to slightly arching raceme, its base enclosed in the uppermost leaf sheath; spikelets subsessile, produced spirally all around the rachis, their pedicels
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7935D048FCF5FB44DCB9FB3F" box="[887,1012,1166,1193]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" unit="mm" value="0.25" valueMax="0.3" valueMin="0.2">0.2-0.3 mm</quantity>
long, cupulate, decurrent on the rachis as minute, antrorsely scabrous ridges. Spikelets appressed,
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7935D048FC4AFB04DB04FB7F" box="[968,1097,1230,1257]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" unit="mm" value="1.55" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.3">1.3-1.8 mm</quantity>
long, falling entire (the inflorescence shattering basipetally), laterally compressed, 1-flowered with no extension of the rachilla; glumes as long as spikelet, narrowly elliptical, membranous, rounded at base, obtuse to acute at apex, awnless,covered with minute antrorsely scabrous spicules (especially on the midnerve)
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7935D048FB10FA46DDA7FA50" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="274" unit="mm" value="22.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="15.0">15- 30 µm</quantity>
long; lower glume slightly wider, longer and more arcuate than the upper glume, when in flower each glume stramineous with a prominent green midnerve (no lateral nerves present), slightly gaping but soon closing so that the glumes enfold each other, the spikelet thus appears narrowly elliptical; glumes becoming firmly membranous and brownish, gaping again when in fruit to expose the upper half the caryopsis. Floret solitary; lemma lanceolate,
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7937D04AFFEDFD19DFA0FD78" box="[111,237,723,750]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" unit="mm" value="0.7" valueMax="0.9" valueMin="0.5">0.5-0.9 mm</quantity>
long, 1-nerved, weakly keeled, hyalinediaphanous, tapering to an attenuate apex; palea
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7937D04AFFF1FCD8DFBAFCBB" box="[115,247,786,813]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" unit="mm" value="0.6" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.5">0.5-0.7 mm</quantity>
long, slenderly lanceolate, evidently nerveless, hyaline-diaphanous. Flower with lodicules not evident; stamens evidently 2, the anthers orange-brown,
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7937D04AFE8FFCBBDEC5FC1A" box="[269,392,881,908]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" unit="mm" value="0.35" valueMax="0.4" valueMin="0.3">0.3-0.4 mm</quantity>
long; ovary hairy at base,
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7937D04AFFEDFC58DFCDFC3D" box="[111,128,914,939]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">c.</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7937D04AFF0AFC5BDF90FC3A" box="[136,221,913,940]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
long, the stigmas 2, hispid. Fruit a caryopsis
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7937D04AFF28FC7ADE6AFC5D" box="[170,295,944,971]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" unit="mm" value="1.35" valueMax="1.4" valueMin="1.3">1.3-1.4 mm</quantity>
long, slenderly ellipsoidal, brown, laterally compressed by a ratio of about 1.25:1, its width
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7937D04AFF30FC3ADE4EFB9D" box="[178,259,1008,1035]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
dorsally and
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7937D04AFE05FC3ADE95FB9D" box="[391,472,1008,1035]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
laterally; embryo basal, dark brown,
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7937D04AFEBEFBDADEF0FBBD" box="[316,445,1040,1067]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" unit="mm" value="0.55" valueMax="0.6" valueMin="0.5">0.5-0.6 mm</quantity>
long; hilum basal, punctate. Chromosome number unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF4272817936D04BFFF3F9FCDE74F937" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4601250" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4601250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4601250/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="275" startId="2.[113,124,1590,1607]" targetBox="[244,1078,219,1560]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8B8222097936D04BFFF3F9FCDE74F937" blockId="2.[113,1211,1589,1697]" pageId="2" pageNumber="275">
FIG. 1. —
<taxonomicName id="4C3D598A7936D04BFF42F9FFDD69F9D0" authority="Judziewicz, P. B. Phillipson" authorityName="Judziewicz, P. B. Phillipson" authorityYear="2009" box="[192,548,1589,1607]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Toliara" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenacea">
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7936D04BFF42F9FFDE08F9D0" box="[192,325,1589,1606]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="275">Toliara arenacea</emphasis>
Judziewicz,
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7936D04BFE2DF9FFDD69F9D0" box="[431,548,1589,1606]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="275">P.B. Phillipson</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7936D04BFDABF9FFDD1EF9D0" box="[553,595,1589,1606]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="275">4117</emphasis>
(P):
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7936D04BFDF4F9FFDDCEF9D0" bold="true" box="[630,643,1589,1606]" pageId="2" pageNumber="275">A</emphasis>
, habit of plant;
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7936D04BFC81F9FFDC5DF9D0" bold="true" box="[771,784,1589,1606]" pageId="2" pageNumber="275">B</emphasis>
, base of leaf showing blade clasping culm;
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7936D04BFBFBF9FFDBCAF9D0" bold="true" box="[1145,1159,1589,1606]" pageId="2" pageNumber="275">C</emphasis>
, apex of inflorescence showing basipetally deciduous spikelets and persistent spikelet pedicels;
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7936D04BFCDEF986DC27F9CB" bold="true" box="[860,874,1612,1629]" pageId="2" pageNumber="275">D</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7936D04BFCF6F986DC33F9CB" bold="true" box="[884,894,1612,1629]" pageId="2" pageNumber="275">s</emphasis>
pikelet, lateral view just after flowering showing “closed” glumes;
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7936D04BFED3F9A9DE10F9E2" bold="true" box="[337,349,1635,1652]" pageId="2" pageNumber="275">E</emphasis>
, fruiting
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7936D04BFE24F9A9DEFDF9E2" bold="true" box="[422,432,1635,1652]" pageId="2" pageNumber="275">s</emphasis>
pikelet, lateral view showing gaping glumes and protruding caryopsis;
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7936D04BFC7FF9A9DB45F9E2" bold="true" box="[1021,1032,1635,1652]" pageId="2" pageNumber="275">F</emphasis>
, lemma, dorsal view;
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7936D04BFFF3F9B3DF32F91C" bold="true" box="[113,127,1657,1674]" pageId="2" pageNumber="275">G</emphasis>
, palea, dorsal view;
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7936D04BFEA9F9B3DE74F91C" bold="true" box="[299,313,1657,1674]" pageId="2" pageNumber="275">H</emphasis>
, caryopsis, lateral view showing basal embryo. Illustration by Eva Hathaway. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B, 2 mm; C, 1 mm; D-H, 0.25 mm
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4272817937D04AFEB4FF16DCBAFF7B" box="[310,1015,219,237]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
<paragraph id="8B8222097937D04AFEB4FF16DCBAFF7B" blockId="3.[310,1015,219,237]" box="[310,1015,219,237]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
TABLE 1. — Distinctive chjaracters of the genera
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7937D04AFD44FF11DC4DFF7A" box="[710,768,219,236]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Peroris</emphasis>
Aiton and
<taxonomicName id="4C3D598A7937D04AFCD8FF11DCBAFF7B" authority="Judziewicz." box="[858,1015,219,237]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Toliara" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7937D04AFCD8FF11DCC2FF7A" box="[858,911,219,236]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Toliara</emphasis>
Judziewicz.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8222097937D04AFFF3FEEDDB68FDF1" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
<table id="F93DD0A979372FB6FFF3FEEDDBDCFDF1" box="[113,1169,295,615]" gridcols="3" gridrows="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
<tr id="350D204B79372FB6FFF3FEEDDBDCFEAD" box="[113,1169,295,315]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
<th id="76DC493779372FB6FFF3FEEDDED9FEAD" box="[113,404,295,315]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7937D04AFFF3FEEDDF9AFEAD" bold="true" box="[113,215,295,315]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Character</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76DC493779372FB6FE44FEEDDCC3FEAD" box="[454,910,295,315]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
<taxonomicName id="4C3D598A7937D04AFE44FEEDDD43FEAD" box="[454,526,295,315]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Perotis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7937D04AFE44FEEDDD43FEAD" bold="true" box="[454,526,295,315]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Perotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76DC493779372FB6FC42FEEDDBDCFEAD" box="[960,1169,295,315]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
<taxonomicName id="4C3D598A7937D04AFC42FEEDDB4EFEAD" box="[960,1027,295,315]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Toliara" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7937D04AFC42FEEDDB4EFEAD" bold="true" box="[960,1027,295,315]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Toliara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350D204B79372FB6FFF3FE8FDBDCFECE" box="[113,1169,325,344]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
<th id="76DC493779372FB6FFF3FE8FDED9FECE" box="[113,404,325,344]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Distribution</th>
<td id="76DC493779372FB6FE44FE8FDCC3FECE" box="[454,910,325,344]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">widespread tropical (including Madagascar) and</td>
<td id="76DC493779372FB6FC42FE8FDBDCFECE" box="[960,1169,325,344]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">southern Madagascar</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350D204B79372FB6FFF3FE95DBDCFEE4" box="[113,1169,351,370]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1">
<td id="76DC493779372FB6FE44FE95DCC3FEE4" box="[454,910,351,370]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">warm temperate areas of Old World</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350D204B79372FB6FFF3FEBDDBDCFE1C" box="[113,1169,375,394]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
<th id="76DC493779372FB6FFF3FEBDDED9FE1C" box="[113,404,375,394]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Spikelet pedicels</th>
<td id="76DC493779372FB6FE44FEBDDCC3FE1C" box="[454,910,375,394]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">present or absent</td>
<td id="76DC493779372FB6FC42FEBDDBDCFE1C" box="[960,1169,375,394]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">present</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350D204B79372FB6FFF3FE44DBDCFE34" box="[113,1169,398,418]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
<th id="76DC493779372FB6FFF3FE44DED9FE34" box="[113,404,398,418]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Spikelet stipe or callus</th>
<td id="76DC493779372FB6FE44FE44DCC3FE34" box="[454,910,398,418]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
present, 0.1-2.3 mm long, or absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C3D598A7937D04AFCBAFE44DCC3FE34" box="[824,910,398,418]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Perotis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7937D04AFCBAFE44DCC3FE34" box="[824,910,398,418]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">P. patens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76DC493779372FB6FC42FE44DBDCFE34" box="[960,1169,398,418]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350D204B79372FB6FFF3FE63DBDCFE2A" box="[113,1169,425,444]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1">
<td id="76DC493779372FB6FE44FE63DCC3FE2A" box="[454,910,425,444]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Gand.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350D204B79372FB6FFF3FE0BDBDCFE42" box="[113,1169,449,468]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
<th id="76DC493779372FB6FFF3FE0BDED9FE42" box="[113,404,449,468]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Spikelet length</th>
<td id="76DC493779372FB6FE44FE0BDCC3FE42" box="[454,910,449,468]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">1.2-11 mm</td>
<td id="76DC493779372FB6FC42FE0BDBDCFE42" box="[960,1169,449,468]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">1.3-1.8 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350D204B79372FB6FFF3FE10DBDCFE7B" box="[113,1169,474,493]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76DC493779372FB6FFF3FE10DED9FE7B" box="[113,404,474,493]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">(excluding awns if present)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350D204B79372FB6FFF3FE38DBDCFD93" box="[113,1169,498,517]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
<th id="76DC493779372FB6FFF3FE38DED9FD93" box="[113,404,498,517]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Spikelet orientation at maturity</th>
<td id="76DC493779372FB6FE44FE38DCC3FD93" box="[454,910,498,517]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">ascending, divergent, or reflexed,</td>
<td id="76DC493779372FB6FC42FE38DBDCFD93" box="[960,1169,498,517]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">appressed</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350D204B79372FB6FFF3FDC6DBDCFD89" box="[113,1169,524,543]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1">
<td id="76DC493779372FB6FE44FDC6DCC3FD89" box="[454,910,524,543]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">or less commonly appressed</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350D204B79372FB6FFF3FDEEDBDCFDA1" box="[113,1169,548,567]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
<th id="76DC493779372FB6FFF3FDEEDED9FDA1" box="[113,404,548,567]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Glume awns</th>
<td id="76DC493779372FB6FE44FDEEDCC3FDA1" box="[454,910,548,567]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">present, (3-)5-45 mm long</td>
<td id="76DC493779372FB6FC42FDEEDBDCFDA1" box="[960,1169,548,567]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350D204B79372FB6FFF3FDF6DBDCFDD9" box="[113,1169,572,591]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
<th id="76DC493779372FB6FFF3FDF6DED9FDD9" box="[113,404,572,591]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Stamen number</th>
<td id="76DC493779372FB6FE44FDF6DCC3FDD9" box="[454,910,572,591]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">reportedly 3 in all species</td>
<td id="76DC493779372FB6FC42FDF6DBDCFDD9" box="[960,1169,572,591]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">apparently 2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350D204B79372FB6FFF3FD9EDBDCFDF1" box="[113,1169,596,615]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
<th id="76DC493779372FB6FFF3FD9EDED9FDF1" box="[113,404,596,615]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Ovary</th>
<td id="76DC493779372FB6FE44FD9EDCC3FDF1" box="[454,910,596,615]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">reportedly glabrous</td>
<td id="76DC493779372FB6FC42FD9EDBDCFDF1" box="[960,1169,596,615]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">pubescent</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C32771827937D04AFFF3FBA5DD2CFA50" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8222097937D04AFFF3FBA5DF98FB11" blockId="3.[111,647,1135,1700]" box="[113,213,1135,1161]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">REMARKS</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8222097937D04AFFF3FB44DD2CFA50" blockId="3.[111,647,1135,1700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
<taxonomicName id="4C3D598A7937D04AFFF3FB44DE55FB3E" authorityName="Judziewicz, P. B. Phillipson" authorityYear="2009" box="[113,280,1166,1192]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Toliara" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenacea">
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7937D04AFFF3FB44DE55FB3E" box="[113,280,1166,1192]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Toliara arenacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<materialsCitation id="3B5528547937D04AFE9FFB44DD10FA50" country="Madagascar" location="Madagascar" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" specimenCount="1">
grows only on sand dunes near the coast of southwestern
<collectingCountry id="F32A62997937D04AFED7FB64DE99FB5F" box="[341,468,1198,1225]" name="Madagascar" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
. The genus name is derived from the city near which it grows, and the specific epithet from the sandy soil it prefers to grow in. Using the latitude and longitude provided by the collectors and inserting these coordinates into the Google Earth website, the
<typeStatus id="54869CAB7937D04AFE03FA86DEE3FAF1" box="[385,430,1356,1383]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">type</typeStatus>
locality was found to be located in a forested area approximately
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7937D04AFDA1FAA6DD2BFA11" box="[547,614,1388,1415]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
by air north of the city of
<taxonomicName id="4C3D598A7937D04AFED5FA46DEE9FA31" box="[343,420,1420,1447]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Toliara" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="277" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Toliara</taxonomicName>
, and approximately
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7937D04AFDF4FA46DFDFFA50" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
inland (east) of the
<collectingCountry id="F32A62997937D04AFEE8FA61DEB5FA50" box="[362,504,1451,1478]" name="Mozambique" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
Channel
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32771827937D04AFF0AFA01DE1CF932" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8222097937D04AFF0AFA01DE1CF932" blockId="3.[111,647,1135,1700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
<taxonomicName id="4C3D598A7937D04AFF0AFA01DE7EFA73" authorityName="Judziewicz, P. B. Phillipson" authorityYear="2009" box="[136,307,1483,1509]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Toliara" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenacea">
<emphasis id="B949FE1B7937D04AFF0AFA01DE7EFA73" box="[136,307,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Toliara arenacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is assessed as Critically Endangered because its EOO (extent of occupancy) is less than
<quantity id="4CC58FEC7937D04AFF5AF9C0DE61F9B3" box="[216,300,1546,1573]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
2, it is only known to occur at a single location outside a protected area, and there is both current and predicted decline from human pressure, thus the criteria CR B1ab(i,ii,iii) of the
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC5FF87937D04AFFF3F943DE47F932" author="IUCN" box="[113,266,1673,1700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" refId="ref2800" refString="IUCN 2001. - IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland; Cambridge, UK, ii + 30 p." type="book" year="2001">IUCN (2001)</bibRefCitation>
apply.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>