274 lines
35 KiB
XML
274 lines
35 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="91C68BADA3AA39B04D2A809793E85609">
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<mods:title id="818EB18F4061ABA32761F913F08745B9">The oldest cynodont: new clues on the origin and early diversification of the Cynodontia</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="E645980C4B30BB61F0DF3615CA77FCFE" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="416FBB6F8E63AB094A66861BD058FDD3">Botha, J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FDD249B7020F69606A54CDB7171E183F">Abdala, F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A7463F75577A9A89C21AB91AF6E39A32">Smith, R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="F17E56695034B69C518D803F9053FE0A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="2362C14A8A45FC7C6132A2FCA424D30A">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="EE894B785E220656B1529B57F323B0C5">
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<mods:date id="EBAFB745FA86296E1C18D24AB407B5F8">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E3C44D40D966A3AEF0C0D31584C6C55E">2007-03-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="97D44A3229D52A7ACDA136124D12B18E">149</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="4268187804EB076E465465DCB092990B" type="DOI">10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00268.x</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03944755FFF92C34BEF3F9E2ACFEFE58" ID-GBIF-Taxon="217236022" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03944755FFF92C34BEF3F9E2ACFEFE58" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03944755FFF92C34BEF3F9E2ACFEFE58" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="480" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">
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<subSubSection id="C327A5C8FFF92C36BEF3F9E2ADF9F9A2" box="[186,754,1619,1643]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B82F643FFF92C36BEF3F9E2ADF9F9A2" blockId="1.[186,754,1555,1643]" box="[186,754,1619,1643]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">
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<heading id="D0CA412FFFF92C36BEF3F9E2ADF9F9A2" box="[186,754,1619,1643]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B9492A51FFF92C36BEF3F9E2ADF9F9A2" bold="true" box="[186,754,1619,1643]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFF92C36BEF3F9E2AD14F9A0" authority="Botha & Abdala & Smith, 2007" authorityName="Botha & Abdala & Smith" authorityYear="2007" box="[186,543,1619,1643]" class="Reptilia" family="Charassognathidae" genus="Charassognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="1" pageNumber="483" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9492A51FFF92C36BEF3F9E2AD14F9A0" bold="true" box="[186,543,1619,1643]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">CHARASSOGNATHUS GRACILIS</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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GEN. ET SP. NOV.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C327A5C8FFF92C34BEEBF935ACFEFE58" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="480" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B82F643FFF92C36BEEBF935ABC5FE58" blockId="1.[162,778,1667,1904]" lastBlockId="1.[826,1442,195,401]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">
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<emphasis id="B9492A51FFF92C36BEEBF935AE19F950" box="[162,274,1668,1689]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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: This new cynodont is distinguished by the presence of a small notch in the base of the coronoid process, located in a similar position to the base of the masseteric fossa in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFF92C36BFDBF951AEEBF93C" box="[402,480,1760,1781]" class="Reptilia" family="Dviniidae" genus="Dvinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Vendotaeniales" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9492A51FFF92C36BFDBF951AEEBF93C" box="[402,480,1760,1781]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Dvinia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFF92C36BC6DF96EADC7F93D" box="[548,716,1759,1780]" class="Reptilia" family="Procynosuchidae" genus="Procynosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9492A51FFF92C36BC6DF96EADC7F93D" box="[548,716,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Procynosuchus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The angle of the dentary is prominent, appearing more developed than in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFF92C36BF3CF8ACAD16F8FB" box="[373,541,1821,1842]" class="Reptilia" family="Procynosuchidae" genus="Procynosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9492A51FFF92C36BF3CF8ACAD16F8FB" box="[373,541,1821,1842]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Procynosuchus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFF92C36BC1EF8ACADAEF8FB" box="[599,677,1821,1842]" class="Reptilia" family="Dviniidae" genus="Dvinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Vendotaeniales" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9492A51FFF92C36BC1EF8ACADAEF8FB" box="[599,677,1821,1842]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Dvinia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but less so than in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFF92C36BF56F88DAECDF898" box="[287,454,1852,1873]" class="Reptilia" family="Galesauridae" genus="Nanictosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9492A51FFF92C36BF56F88DAECDF898" box="[287,454,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Nanictosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The dental formula is?4·1· 8/3·1·?, and it is distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFF92C36BC28F8EBAC02F8A6" box="[609,777,1882,1903]" class="Reptilia" family="Procynosuchidae" genus="Procynosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9492A51FFF92C36BC28F8EBAC02F8A6" box="[609,777,1882,1903]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Procynosuchus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFF92C36BD3AFF75ACCAFF10" box="[883,961,196,217]" class="Reptilia" family="Dviniidae" genus="Dvinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Vendotaeniales" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9492A51FFF92C36BD3AFF75ACCAFF10" box="[883,961,196,217]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Dvinia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by the absence of maxillary precanine teeth. The anterior postcanines have a single high cusp in labial view, whereas the posterior postcanines exhibit a main cusp directed slightly backward, and tiny anterior and posterior accessory cusps, with the anterior accessory cusps positioned slightly higher than the posterior accessory cusps.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B82F643FFF92C36BD73FE1BAA65FD7C" blockId="1.[826,1442,425,693]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">
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<emphasis id="B9492A51FFF92C36BD73FE1BACB9FE76" box="[826,946,426,447]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Comments</emphasis>
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: The combined presence of the following characters indicates that
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFF92C36BA3CFE79ABECFE14" authorityName="Botha & Abdala & Smith" authorityYear="2007" box="[1141,1255,456,477]" class="Reptilia" family="Charassognathidae" genus="Charassognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="B9492A51FFF92C36BA3CFE79ABECFE14" box="[1141,1255,456,477]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">C. gracilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a cynodont: multicuspidated postcanines; groove in the squamosal for the quadratojugal; two occipital condyles; elongated ascending process of the epipterygoid; frontal excluded from the orbital margin; prominent angle of the dentary; reflected laminar of the angular with small lateral crests and femoral head set off dorsally from the shaft (see Description for more details).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B82F643FFF92C36BD73FD7CAB4FFC94" blockId="1.[826,1442,717,861]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">
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<emphasis id="B9492A51FFF92C36BD73FD7CAC95FD2B" box="[826,926,717,738]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">
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<typeStatus id="548648E1FFF92C36BD73FD7CAC95FD2B" box="[826,926,717,738]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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: SAM-PK-K10369 consists of a complete skull with lower jaw in occlusion, the axis, third cervical vertebra,?cervical ribs and a few indeterminate bones. Associated material includes a right articulated femur, tibia and fibula.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B82F643FFF92C36BD73FCC4ACFDFBCF" blockId="1.[826,1442,885,1030]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">
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<emphasis id="B9492A51FFF92C36BD73FCC4ACBAFC43" box="[826,945,885,906]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Etymology</emphasis>
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: Greek,
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<emphasis id="B9492A51FFF92C36BA69FCC4AB88FC43" box="[1056,1155,885,906]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">charasso</emphasis>
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, prefix meaning ‘notch’ and
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<emphasis id="B9492A51FFF92C36BD3FFC25ACD9FC60" box="[886,978,916,937]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">gnathus</emphasis>
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, ‘jaw’, referring to the characteristic notch on the dentary. The specific epithet,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFF92C36BB0FFC02AC71FC2E" authority=", Latin" authorityName="Latin" class="Reptilia" family="Charassognathidae" genus="Charassognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="B9492A51FFF92C36BB0FFC02AA90FC01" box="[1350,1435,947,968]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">gracilis</emphasis>
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, Latin
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</taxonomicName>
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, meaning ‘slender’, refers to the delicate nature of the specimen.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B82F643FFF92C34BD73FBAFADE4F9F4" blockId="1.[826,1442,1054,1904]" lastBlockId="3.[162,779,1391,1904]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="480" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">
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<emphasis id="B9492A51FFF92C36BD73FBAFAB2CFBFA" box="[826,1063,1054,1075]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Locality and horizon</emphasis>
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: The specimen was found in a roadside cutting of highway R
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<quantity id="4CC55BA6FFF92C36BAECFB8CABFAFB9A" box="[1189,1265,1085,1107]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9662" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" unit="in" value="353.0">353 in</quantity>
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Teekloof Pass, between the towns Leeu Gamka and Fraserburg in the Beaufort West District,
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<collectingRegion id="49F938A1FFF92C36BA0EFBCBAA58FB59" box="[1095,1363,1146,1168]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Western Cape Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F32AB6D3FFF92C36BB17FBCBAC89FB66" name="South Africa" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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. The locality lies on the farm Willowdene, a portion of Beato 238 (
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<figureCitation id="1306EAC6FFF92C36BA59FB06AB45FB04" box="[1040,1102,1207,1229]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[142,220,1794,1813]" captionTargetBox="[407,1135,199,1761]" captionTargetId="graphics-89@2.[466,1096,629,1522]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. A, map of South Africa showing the extent of the Hoedemaker Member in the Beaufort Group; B, detailed map showing fossiliferous localities of the Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone, including the locality where Charassognathus gracilis gen. et sp. nov., SAM-PK-K10369, was found (star, locality 16; for additional information on material found in these localities see Table 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5429122" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5429122/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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); exact coordinates are given in the Iziko South African Museum. It is stratigraphically positioned in the upper half of a thick mudrockdominated succession of fluvio-lacustrine strata, known locally as the Hoedemaker Member of the Teekloof Formation (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAC8BB2FFF92C36BA74FAE0ABE6FAAE" author="Rubidge BS" box="[1085,1261,1361,1383]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" refId="ref7781" refString="Rubidge BS, ed. 1995. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). Pretoria: South African Committee for Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphic Series 1." type="book" year="1995">Rubidge, 1995</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="1306EAC6FFF92C36BB4DFAE0AA57FAAF" box="[1284,1372,1361,1383]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[142,220,1794,1813]" captionTargetBox="[407,1135,199,1761]" captionTargetId="graphics-89@2.[466,1096,629,1522]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. A, map of South Africa showing the extent of the Hoedemaker Member in the Beaufort Group; B, detailed map showing fossiliferous localities of the Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone, including the locality where Charassognathus gracilis gen. et sp. nov., SAM-PK-K10369, was found (star, locality 16; for additional information on material found in these localities see Table 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5429122" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5429122/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1306EAC6FFF92C36BB3AFAE0AA9DFAAE" box="[1395,1430,1361,1383]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[162,240,1031,1050]" captionTargetBox="[166,774,200,999]" captionTargetId="graphics-665@3.[203,774,269,999]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. A, chronostratigraphic, lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic chart of the Permian section of the Beaufort Group; B, sedimentological section of the locality showing the occurrence of Charassognathus gracilis gen. et sp. nov., SAM-PK-K10369 (arrow). Abbreviations: AZ, Assemblage Zone; BIO., biostratigraphy; CHRONO., chronostratigraphy; Chsn, Changhsingian; Ciste., Cistecephalus; FM., Formation; LITHO., lithostratigraphy; MEM., Member; Steenkamp., Steenkampsberg; Tapino., Tapinocephalus; Tropid., Tropidostoma." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5429124" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5429124/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">2A</figureCitation>
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), which is considered to be early Late Permian (Wuchiapingian) in age (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAC8BB2FFF92C36BA48FA3FAA03FA6D" author="Catuneanu O & Wopfner H & Eriksson PG & Cairncross B & Rubidge BS & Smith RMH & Hancox PJ" box="[1025,1288,1422,1444]" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" pagination="211 - 253" refId="ref6486" refString="Catuneanu O, Wopfner H, Eriksson PG, Cairncross B, Rubidge BS, Smith RMH, Hancox PJ. 2005. The Karoo basins of south-central Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences 43: 211 - 253." type="journal article" year="2005">
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||
Catuneanu
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||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFF92C36BAC0FA3EABB1FA6A" box="[1161,1210,1422,1444]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">et al</emphasis>
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||
., 2005
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The few laterally extensive sandstone bodies in the Hoedemaker Member (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306EAC6FFF92C36BDF8FA7AAB08FA28" box="[945,1027,1483,1505]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[162,240,1031,1050]" captionTargetBox="[166,774,200,999]" captionTargetId="graphics-665@3.[203,774,269,999]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. A, chronostratigraphic, lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic chart of the Permian section of the Beaufort Group; B, sedimentological section of the locality showing the occurrence of Charassognathus gracilis gen. et sp. nov., SAM-PK-K10369 (arrow). Abbreviations: AZ, Assemblage Zone; BIO., biostratigraphy; CHRONO., chronostratigraphy; Chsn, Changhsingian; Ciste., Cistecephalus; FM., Formation; LITHO., lithostratigraphy; MEM., Member; Steenkamp., Steenkampsberg; Tapino., Tapinocephalus; Tropid., Tropidostoma." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5429124" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5429124/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="478">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
) are interpreted as having been deposited as amalgamated point bars within high-sinuosity Mississippi-sized meandering rivers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC8BB2FFF92C36BB1AF9B8AC7FF9F4" author="Smith RMH" pageId="1" pageNumber="478" pagination="19 - 29" refId="ref7966" refString="Smith RMH. 1987. Morphology and depositional history of exhumed Permian point bars in the southwestern Karoo, South Africa. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 57: 19 - 29." type="journal article" year="1987">Smith, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Most of the vertebrate fossils are found in the thick greenish-grey massively bedded siltstone with minor mudstone intercalations that occur between the main channel sandstones. These sediments occur in 5– 10-m-thick coarsening-upward sequences interpreted as prograding crevasse splay sequences. They were laid down by repeated overbank flood events emanating from the channel banks and ponding in the lowland flood basins. The new cynodont specimen was recovered from a 0.25-m-thick lens of fissile, dark purple, mudstone on a parting between two 1-m-thick beds of massive grey siltstone with purple mottles. The massive siltstones contain scattered oblate pedogenic carbonate nodules and are interpreted as proximal floodplain deposits laid down at the base of the meanderbelt slope. The fissile mudstone interlayer in which the study specimen was found is interpreted as a small pond deposit within the splay sequence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF42A6CBFFFA2C35BEC7F8B3AE7CF8A4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5429122" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5429122" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5429122/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="479" startId="2.[142,220,1794,1813]" targetBox="[407,1135,199,1761]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82F643FFFA2C35BEC7F8B3AE7CF8A4" blockId="2.[142,1422,1794,1901]" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFA2C35BEC7F8B3AFFDF8DC" bold="true" box="[142,246,1794,1813]" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
A, map of South Africa showing the extent of the Hoedemaker Member in the Beaufort Group; B, detailed map showing fossiliferous localities of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFFA2C35BC59F8AEAC50F8FA" authority="Assemblage Zone" authorityName="Assemblage Zone (Rubidge" authorityYear="1995" box="[528,859,1823,1843]" class="Reptilia" family="Oudenodontidae" genus="Tropidostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="2" pageNumber="479" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFA2C35BC59F8AEADABF8FB" box="[528,672,1823,1842]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">Tropidostoma</emphasis>
|
||
Assemblage Zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including the locality where
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFA2C35BAC3F8AEAE7BF899" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFFA2C35BAC3F8AEAFCBF886" authority="Botha & Abdala & Smith, 2007" authorityName="Botha & Abdala & Smith" authorityYear="2007" class="Reptilia" family="Charassognathidae" genus="Charassognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="2" pageNumber="479" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFA2C35BAC3F8AEAFCBF886" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="479">Charassognathus gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A972AFFFA2C35BE8FF88CAE7BF899" box="[198,368,1853,1872]" pageId="2" pageNumber="479" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, SAM-PK-K10369, was found (star, locality 16; for additional information on material found in these localities see Table 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF42A6CBFFFB2C34BEEBFBB6AD1FFAEA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5429124" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5429124" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5429124/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" startId="3.[162,240,1031,1050]" targetBox="[166,774,200,999]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82F643FFFB2C34BEEBFBB6AD1FFAEA" blockId="3.[162,778,1031,1315]" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BEEBFBB6AE01FBD3" bold="true" box="[162,266,1031,1050]" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
A, chronostratigraphic, lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic chart of the Permian section of the Beaufort Group; B, sedimentological section of the locality showing the occurrence of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BFD0FBEEAE12FB59" bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFFB2C34BFD0FBEEADC7FBBB" authority="Botha & Abdala & Smith, 2007" authorityName="Botha & Abdala & Smith" authorityYear="2007" box="[409,716,1119,1138]" class="Reptilia" family="Charassognathidae" genus="Charassognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BFD0FBEEADC7FBBB" bold="true" box="[409,716,1119,1138]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Charassognathus gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A972AFFFB2C34BC90FBEEAE12FB59" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, SAM-PK-K10369 (arrow). Abbreviations: AZ, Assemblage Zone; BIO., biostratigraphy; CHRONO., chronostratigraphy; Chsn, Changhsingian;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BC18FB06AD8EFB03" box="[593,645,1207,1226]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Ciste</emphasis>
|
||
.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFFB2C34BCD6FB06AFC5FB2E" class="Reptilia" family="Cistecephalidae" genus="Cistecephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BCD6FB06AFC5FB2E" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Cistecephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; FM., Formation; LITHO., lithostratigraphy; MEM., Member; Steenkamp., Steenkampsberg;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BC25FB43ADBEFACD" box="[620,693,1266,1284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Tapino</emphasis>
|
||
.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFFB2C34BC9AFB43AE1CFAEB" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1876" class="Reptilia" family="Tapinocephalidae" genus="Tapinocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BC9AFB43AE1CFAEB" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Tapinocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BF6DFABEAE61FAEB" box="[292,362,1295,1314]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Tropid</emphasis>
|
||
.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFFB2C34BF37FABEAD05FAEB" authorityName="Assemblage Zone (Rubidge" authorityYear="1995" box="[382,526,1295,1314]" class="Reptilia" family="Oudenodontidae" genus="Tropidostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BF37FABEAD05FAEB" box="[382,526,1295,1314]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Tropidostoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82F643FFFB2C34BEF2F9F7ACFEFE58" blockId="3.[162,779,1391,1904]" lastBlockId="3.[826,1442,195,401]" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">
|
||
Numerous skulls and skeletons of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFFB2C34BC13F9F7AFCCF9B3" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1913" class="Reptilia" family="Diictodontidae" genus="Diictodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="galeops">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BC13F9F7AFCCF9B3" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Diictodon galeops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, along with other dicynodonts, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFFB2C34BCC1F9D4AFD6F951" class="Reptilia" family="Oudenodontidae" genus="Oudenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="baini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BCC1F9D4AFD6F951" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Oudenodon baini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFFB2C34BEA5F932AEA9F950" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1912" box="[236,418,1667,1689]" class="Reptilia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Emydops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BEA5F932AEA9F950" box="[236,418,1667,1689]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Emydops minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFFB2C34BF97F932ADC1F951" authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[478,714,1667,1688]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mackayi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BF97F932ADC1F951" box="[478,714,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Pristerodon mackayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and, most significantly, the biozone indicator fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFFB2C34BC8DF912AE85F91F" baseAuthorityName="Seeley" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Reptilia" family="Oudenodontidae" genus="Tropidostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microtrema">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BC8DF912AE85F91F" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Tropidostoma microtrema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected from nearby outcrops (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306EAC6FFFB2C34BF6FF96EAE7CF93D" box="[294,375,1759,1781]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[142,220,1794,1813]" captionTargetBox="[407,1135,199,1761]" captionTargetId="graphics-89@2.[466,1096,629,1522]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. A, map of South Africa showing the extent of the Hoedemaker Member in the Beaufort Group; B, detailed map showing fossiliferous localities of the Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone, including the locality where Charassognathus gracilis gen. et sp. nov., SAM-PK-K10369, was found (star, locality 16; for additional information on material found in these localities see Table 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5429122" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5429122/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6BFC3F8FFFB2C34BFF7F96EAD1BF93C" box="[446,528,1759,1781]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[142,206,196,215]" captionText="Table 1. Localities and taxonomic identification of fossils from the Teekloof Pass between the towns Leeu Gamka and Fraserburg in the Beaufort West District, Western Cape Province. The Hoedemaker Member of the Beaufort Group outcrops in these localities (see Fig. 1)" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). The gorgonopsians
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFFB2C34BEEBF94EAE77F8DD" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1925" box="[162,380,1791,1812]" class="Reptilia" family="Gorgonopsidae" genus="Lycaenops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BEEBF94EAE77F8DD" box="[162,380,1791,1812]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Lycaenops ornatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFFB2C34BF8FF94FADC4F8DA" authorityName="Olson" authorityYear="1937" box="[454,719,1790,1811]" class="Reptilia" family="Gorgonopidae" genus="Cyonosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BF8FF94FADC4F8DA" box="[454,719,1790,1811]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Cyonosaurus longiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the therocephalian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFFB2C34BF13F8ACAD76F8FB" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1920" box="[346,637,1821,1842]" class="Reptilia" family="Ictidosuchidae" genus="Ictidosuchoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Theriodontia" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BF13F8ACAD76F8FB" box="[346,637,1821,1842]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Ictidosuchoides longiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a new burnetiamorph comprise the carnivore fossil fauna collected in the vicinity. The presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFFB2C34BC24F8EBAC01F8A6" authorityName="Assemblage Zone (Rubidge" authorityYear="1995" box="[621,778,1882,1903]" class="Reptilia" family="Oudenodontidae" genus="Tropidostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BC24F8EBAC01F8A6" box="[621,778,1882,1903]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Tropidostoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well as the abundant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFFB2C34BA21FF72AA3EFF11" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1913" box="[1128,1333,195,216]" class="Reptilia" family="Diictodontidae" genus="Diictodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="galeops">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BA21FF72AA3EFF11" box="[1128,1333,195,216]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Diictodon galeops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the absences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFFB2C34BD8EFF53AB76FF3E" authorityName="Seeley" authorityYear="1895" box="[967,1149,226,247]" class="Reptilia" family="Pristerognathidae" genus="Pristerognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BD8EFF53AB76FF3E" box="[967,1149,226,247]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Pristerognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which characterizes the underlying zone, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFFB2C34BA75FEB0ABD3FEDF" box="[1084,1240,257,278]" class="Reptilia" family="Cistecephalidae" genus="Cistecephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BA75FEB0ABD3FEDF" box="[1084,1240,257,278]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Cistecephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFFB2C34BB53FEB0AC7AFEFD" authorityName="Seeley" authorityYear="1898" class="Reptilia" family="Geikiidae" genus="Aulacephalodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BB53FEB0AC7AFEFD" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Aulacephalodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the succeeding biozone, biostratigraphically positions this specimen in the upper half of the 180-m-thick
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D8DC0FFFB2C34BA51FEECACFAFE58" authority="Assemblage Zone (Rubidge, 1995)" authorityName="Assemblage Zone (Rubidge" authorityYear="1995" class="Reptilia" family="Oudenodontidae" genus="Tropidostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9492A51FFFB2C34BA51FEECABBEFEBB" box="[1048,1205,349,370]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="480">Tropidostoma</emphasis>
|
||
Assemblage Zone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC8BB2FFFB2C34BD0BFECAACE3FE58" author="Rubidge BS" box="[834,1000,379,401]" pageId="3" pageNumber="480" refId="ref7781" refString="Rubidge BS, ed. 1995. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). Pretoria: South African Committee for Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphic Series 1." type="book" year="1995">Rubidge, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |