498 lines
59 KiB
XML
498 lines
59 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="4AAD6A7DF4F08996E1A08E365FE8FCEB">Resolving pitfalls in pit viper systematics - A multi-criteria approach to species delimitation in pit vipers (Reptilia, Viperidae, Craspedocephalus) of Peninsular India reveals cryptic diversity</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D6A25A73D1EC648B01D70E382A10FBE6">Mallik, Ashok Kumar</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4422BE6B3833EA3A4713E07DB8BBF21D">Srikanthan, Achyuthan Needamangalam</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E5A5A6C46FBF0913F1728B4940E1DD04">Chennai Snake Park, Raj Bhavan post, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600022, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D645738D4D6334AEE8D8B4BDCC3AC823">Vijayakumar, Seenapuram Palaniswamy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5CFBE5C150FC85919F0C51137E599CC4">Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9FABC428066EA79AEEFF24620A0D715D">Campbell, Patrick D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="754B244F260770A8872688C18052ADD7">Malhotra, Anita</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A1357E5A9338B8AFEFCC50F4F318A79A">Shanker, Kartik</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E67BEF810F8E42812CE018C3D15B82FB">Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="5C00CE1BC5DAC164B6628B249D340E31">Vertebrate Zoology</mods:title>
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<treatment id="C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191979746" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA" lastPageNumber="577" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" scope_family="Viperidae" scope_subFamily="Crotalinae">
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<subSubSection id="4AA422F4C5B0488BAF79B53F4F0233EF" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="FB123301288BD20E16986CA5BAF97C98" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<taxonomicName id="04465859B5FB480A18CC0F7A46B3E6F9" ID-CoL="8S5BN" LSID="C31E03BF-EDE5-56EB-8885-99A75ABEDDBA" authority="(Jerdon, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malabaricus">Craspedocephalus malabaricus (Jerdon, 1854)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="7E784F93726BDC1ABB9AD4F92A3C0346" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="description">
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<paragraph id="20E0E4ABA127CB755365E5415D14B504" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<figureCitation id="139A9456E30CAA11E1634E8FFA097B53" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Craspedocephalus malabaricus in life, showing: (A) orange morph entire dorsal view (Agumbe), (B) purple morph (Anshi), (C) maroon morph (Agumbe), (D) cream morph (Amboli), (E) green morph (Amboli), (F) yellow morph (Anshi) & (G) brown morph (Anshi)." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596185" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Figures 10</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="2834D308DAED99CB286892837F696662" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Craspedocephalus malabaricus neotype (Lachesis coorgensis holotype) (ZSI- 18161), in preservation, showing: (A) head dorsal view, (B) head lateral left view, (C) head lateral right view, (D) head ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596186" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">, 11</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="A33CF1A9471783F2BDC09E5CF3D7EECE" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Craspedocephalus malabaricus neotype (Lachesis coorgensis holotype) (ZSI- 18161), in preservation, showing: (A) entire dorsal view, (B) entire ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596187" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">, 12</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="5BC27DC08B5E094F4F69E8AE845115DE" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="D88807A22C3931DF5A9407E3A170403C" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<taxonomicName id="914D50AB2A1B8E14BD3DA9C78C725CAB" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1854" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Trigonocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trigonocephalus (Cophias) malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malabaricus" subGenus="Cophias">Trigonocephalus (Cophias) malabaricus</taxonomicName>
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Jerdon, 1854
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="35A891F31B63AF053BBB92FD2F03A070" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<taxonomicName id="EF62DA2D86787BB061BB7C5EABF8D8E7" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1854" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Trigonocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trigonocephalus (Cophias) wardii" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wardii" subGenus="Cophias">Trigonocephalus (Cophias) wardii</taxonomicName>
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Jerdon, 1854
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A766B8E78EE9B851F4FB363373E1AD0A" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<taxonomicName id="A40C1815B881E5F647E05250228BDDFF" authorityName="Rao" authorityYear="1917" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Lachesis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lachesis coorgensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coorgensis">Lachesis coorgensis</taxonomicName>
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Rao, 1917
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FCC9BCA79232B79A380FDF4CA12A83F2" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<taxonomicName id="597907D6A7C45E7A86E9F9D2E2C06603" authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malabaricus">Trimeresurus malabaricus</taxonomicName>
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- Smith, 1943
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A49F3C3DC9A76B2CA1FFC51E4DE32B36" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<taxonomicName id="D1F39C8792B6D16A033D7856C57E0081" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1896" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Lachesis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lachesis anamallensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anamallensis">Lachesis anamallensis</taxonomicName>
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(non
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<normalizedToken id="1DCA9F2578AA8EF70CED63A60EB61F22" originalValue="Günther">Guenther</normalizedToken>
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, 1864) - Wall, 1919, 1924 part
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CD5C07E966E16D41B622CBA252AABC02" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<taxonomicName id="A720F4C66DDF0B385A2AE34ACF911DFA" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malabaricus">Craspedocephalus malabaricus</taxonomicName>
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-
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<bibRefCitation id="931C68DB2A18E0FA330AA2F5A89EEE86" author="Wallach, V" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refId="B64" refString="Wallach, V, Williams, KL, Boundy, J, 2014. Snakes of the World: a Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 1209 pp." title="Snakes of the World: a Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 1209 pp." year="2014">Wallach et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="7967276A11416AFCE47D77945A9066FA" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="taxonomic history">
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<paragraph id="F3A8FB610FA83CBAA3261A750F167D44" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Taxonomic history.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DBDC97E041DA87D507C577AFBE07E6E1" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<bibRefCitation id="60EF09B92D7DE3B7FE7075F850610E6E" author="Jerdon, TC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" pagination="522 - 534" publicationUrl="http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.120250/221450/004" refId="B28" refString="Jerdon, TC, 1854. Catalogue of the Reptiles inhabiting the Peninsula of India, Part 2. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 22: 522 - 534, http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.120250/221450/004" title="Catalogue of the Reptiles inhabiting the Peninsula of India, Part 2." url="http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.120250/221450/004" volume="22" year="1854">Jerdon (1854)</bibRefCitation>
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originally described this species as
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<taxonomicName id="707DFA4854FA6C0775ABBA6E21170CC7" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1854" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Trigonocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trigonocephalus (Cophias) malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malabaricus" subGenus="Cophias">Trigonocephalus (Cophias) malabaricus</taxonomicName>
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and the type locality of this species was mentioned as the "West Coast of Peninsular India", restricted to the Western Ghats. The types of this species are currently untraceable (Goley et al. 1993,
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<bibRefCitation id="C8EE21F082D76074F7FBB34AF0045B19" author="Gumprecht, A" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Miscellany" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refId="B19" refString="Gumprecht, A, Tillack, F, Orlov, NL, Captain, A, Ryabow, S, 2004. Asian pitvipers. Berlin: Geitje Books." title="Asian pitvipers. Berlin: Geitje Books." year="2004">Gumprecht et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="84DB709E327B8837B626E25DADF350DF" author="Wallach, V" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refId="B64" refString="Wallach, V, Williams, KL, Boundy, J, 2014. Snakes of the World: a Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 1209 pp." title="Snakes of the World: a Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 1209 pp." year="2014">Wallach et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Other subsequently described nomina of
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<taxonomicName id="0E7E6F1656938DD08DD4873FCA254812" lsidName="C. malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
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<emphasis id="185BDF2E62EB519A34DD911B4289A1AB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. malabaricus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, that are currently recognized as synonyms include
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<taxonomicName id="C75335FBE2A029109D824F4DB2C2616D" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1854" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Trigonocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trigonocephalus (Cophias) wardii" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wardii" subGenus="Cophias">Trigonocephalus (Cophias) wardii</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="D9D8BD9C6E6994E6035382C62EC66AC6" author="Jerdon, TC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" pagination="522 - 534" publicationUrl="http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.120250/221450/004" refId="B28" refString="Jerdon, TC, 1854. Catalogue of the Reptiles inhabiting the Peninsula of India, Part 2. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 22: 522 - 534, http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.120250/221450/004" title="Catalogue of the Reptiles inhabiting the Peninsula of India, Part 2." url="http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.120250/221450/004" volume="22" year="1854">Jerdon 1854</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8C3D762B26566ED9E41493E3739CA60" authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus anamallensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anamallensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1D690473F58D645E28C4A1015EFB338E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Trimeresurus anamallensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4F31DC3E129D09E002A505D5DFF85A75" originalValue="Günther">Guenther</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1864 (now a valid species; see below) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C6BEB6406CD75FB9860AF2E9E832E3E1" authorityName="Rao" authorityYear="1917" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Lachesis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lachesis coorgensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coorgensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="64D378E0C07D7B5DD49CF9024DD5A3F4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Lachesis coorgensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Rao, 1917.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9EBBB5FA5BED8074088F21A52C549786" author="Jerdon, TC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" pagination="522 - 534" publicationUrl="http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.120250/221450/004" refId="B28" refString="Jerdon, TC, 1854. Catalogue of the Reptiles inhabiting the Peninsula of India, Part 2. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 22: 522 - 534, http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.120250/221450/004" title="Catalogue of the Reptiles inhabiting the Peninsula of India, Part 2." url="http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.120250/221450/004" volume="22" year="1854">Jerdon (1854)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in his original descriptions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84927554B45ACE099CCDF7F5DE39B5F1" authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="85459B66F1F264421067D9040C805E4A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Trimeresurus malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53F979AF5EB4D3E83522D3AD63303F1D" lsidName="Tri. wardii" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="wardii">
|
||
<emphasis id="224006C41F52D55DD7FF47DC803D4F84" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Tri. wardii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
did not mention any locality names or geographic province. Our perusal of historical collection catalogues (Boulenger, 1896;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2B322155AB7B60A7FF705F251659FFC5" author="Das, I" journalOrPublisher="Journal of South Asian Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" pagination="121 - 172" refId="B10" refString="Das, I, Dattagupta, B, Gayen, NC, 1998. History and catalogue of reptile types in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Journal of South Asian Natural History 3 (2): 121 - 172" title="History and catalogue of reptile types in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India." volume="3" year="1998">Das et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Sclater, 1891; Theobald, 1868, 1876) in two potential repositories associated with
|
||
<normalizedToken id="77F76D16DB72A4FFFEC9270603CA5058" originalValue="Jerdon’s">Jerdon's</normalizedToken>
|
||
herpetological specimens (the Natural History Museum London and the Zoological Survey of India Kolkata) all reveal that only three precisely-named places have ever been associated with these nomina: Anamalais, Nilgiris and Wayanad (also see Beddome, 1862; Boulenger, 1890).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="43639E7896BC90607BF566E49DA45F9A" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
The specific epithets, mostly toponyms, also suggest the same:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69C6F097F82E066A47BDFA31568FD60F" lsidName="C. malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16A0F96126B37A2DCE48C80E5E76FC47" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C7AD1C95DECFCEA3961D8DAE9FA19CB4" originalValue="‘Malabar’">'Malabar'</normalizedToken>
|
||
i.e. north Kerala and Coimbatore / Nilgiris, in the Western Ghats;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="047B7E3E5EE4EC4493C1DAEA79F4850F" lsidName="C. anamallensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="anamallensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DEDA220C690BA9FB85D9138BEE22F69A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. anamallensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: from Anamalai hills of the Southern Western Ghats;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="811112DD43CE3A49395AEFF67D05871C" authorityName="Rao" authorityYear="1917" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Lachesis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lachesis coorgensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coorgensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="04FEC280412155E0B65F57FAE78277A1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Lachesis coorgensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5E7382354374F372023FAE7A7FA92537" originalValue="‘Coorg’">'Coorg'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(=Kodagu) a part of Malnad region in Central Western Ghats. The only remaining nomen in its synonymy is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E808E1DCA3DFBA51151E6D9B680F83E" lsidName="Tri. wardii" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="wardii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B723B6874B12F105E8786ED82DE91787" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Tri. wardii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of Jerdon, 1854. Our perusal of historical literature reveal that this eponym could only be named after Samuel Neville Ward (18th June 1813 - 31st January 1897). Samuel M. Ward was with the Madras Civil Service (1832-63) and had a final appointment as Judge of Koyambatur (=Coimbatore). He had reportedly been corresponding with naturalists such as Charles Darwin, Edward Blyth, as well as T. C. Jerdon, who described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A7452B61A0D01E9C57749120653ACC0" lsidName="Tri. wardii" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="wardii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B24CD4C56478A0CBE3D70A62D8644C48" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Tri. wardii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Ward had been reported to have visited Sirsi, in North Canara for his work on Indian wildlife, mostly butterflies and birds (Pittie, 2016 and references therein).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E2710EF0B4860BE005EE57F46175D7DB" author="Beddome, RH" journalOrPublisher="Madras Quarterly Journal of Medical Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" pagination="1 - 31" refId="B3" refString="Beddome, RH, 1862. Notes upon the land and freshwater snakes of the Madras Presidency. Madras Quarterly Journal of Medical Sciences 5: 1 - 31" title="Notes upon the land and freshwater snakes of the Madras Presidency." volume="5" year="1862">Beddome (1862)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
explicitly stated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9E454F8857D648DDAB1414323D28F7A3" lsidName="Tri. wardii" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="wardii">
|
||
<emphasis id="88996CED9100C45D928F48C5829773A3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Tri. wardii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is from the Nilgiris. The earliest reference of this group from Agasthyamalai is that of Ferguson (1895), who used
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B143CC8B2E2DC491FDB910555CB6E821" originalValue="Günther’s">Guenther's</normalizedToken>
|
||
name (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AC2F60F24A81921ECEB0C3237196582C" lsidName="C. anamallensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="anamallensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="96E1221AA917505547368659298C7A0C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. anamallensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) to refer to it. Thus historical collections prior to typifications (till Rao, 1917) of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C6F534018AEF9516C3B0366E430E29A6" lsidName="C. malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BED3692713ECCA7FFFD24F19188E4FB9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex apparently happened only from Anaimalai, Nilgiris and Wayanad.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="63D1CC158B1001391F76D4D8C8130C72" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="19E4F834C7DD5E1847CF091BB92FF543" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
<typeStatus id="9C8C067AF8DA8868AA5ED9EFA7CBFA42">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="555090D6BD13969724490494B8475C4E" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
<typeStatus id="13FD1ABD49507F71EAA082C73289876F">Syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
lost (after Smith, 1943; also see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D595A7D4E08B1C1950C39CD1F74264D9" author="Wallach, V" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refId="B64" refString="Wallach, V, Williams, KL, Boundy, J, 2014. Snakes of the World: a Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 1209 pp." title="Snakes of the World: a Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 1209 pp." year="2014">Wallach et al. (2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:188),
|
||
<normalizedToken id="86EF90074A5D996C88EFC6C9D244EE2E" originalValue="‘Holotype’">'Holotype'</normalizedToken>
|
||
lost (after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5E63327AD55D8FE005CFDE95CCA4167D" author="Das, I" journalOrPublisher="Journal of South Asian Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" pagination="121 - 172" refId="B10" refString="Das, I, Dattagupta, B, Gayen, NC, 1998. History and catalogue of reptile types in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Journal of South Asian Natural History 3 (2): 121 - 172" title="History and catalogue of reptile types in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India." volume="3" year="1998">Das et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hence, as per Art. 75.3 of the Code (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="904868ABF9F9FCF52364A166CFB46479" author="ICZN" journalOrPublisher="The journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" publicationUrl="https://www.iczn.org/the-code/the-international-code-of-zoological-nomenclature" refId="B26" refString="ICZN, 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Third edition, The Natural History Museum, London. https://www.iczn.org/the-code/the-international-code-of-zoological-nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Third edition, The Natural History Museum, London." url="https://www.iczn.org/the-code/the-international-code-of-zoological-nomenclature" year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) since we are revising the taxonomy of this group, we designate as
|
||
<typeStatus id="D09DBC11006F6A4C7660652846B76F8A">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
the
|
||
<typeStatus id="ED9E100CF3F43B830E50F0CFA70CDD9C">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of its junior synonym
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6240B972A91DE201FC81757629703D5" authorityName="Rao" authorityYear="1917" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Lachesis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lachesis coorgensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coorgensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="934608A65091EDBFCD700C7FEFB782A3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Lachesis coorgensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Rao, 1917. The selected
|
||
<typeStatus id="76110C221EA35B0EA540B57353602DBD">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(read below) is chosen to clarify the identity of this nominal taxon, a well-preserved adult originating from a precise locality, in conformity with the original description of the conferred nomen and housed in a permanent national repository/museum. Thus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95A86AE7BB7EC8A8CA12C13DDAC45A6A" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB529B08F1604D859FEE53A1F93D5A9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ADD9F056847EC567C3E71C7FEED1A009" authorityName="Rao" authorityYear="1917" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Lachesis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lachesis coorgensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coorgensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBBB678E3AFCC4D7E451CC7F0EAB8F9D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Lachesis coorgensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are now objective synonyms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C77DBB191001AD2F6875304852AABBA8" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="3BB7279AF5259BEEE09BBD4C430AEDB1" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Materials examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CB9E92B928ABB1F2340F755B7D523919" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="1E797AE8C8FBB3B086A418ACFEB5864F" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" collectorName="C. R. Narayan Rao, A. M. Kinloch, A. P Kinloch, H. Abdulali, Mrs. H. Pearson" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" location="Rao" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Neotype">
|
||
Specimen series:
|
||
<emphasis id="00A4F8F6B487A51F9B975621F86F1606" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
<typeStatus id="0D6F4E5A9FB7740DAB711E5A759F5CAE">Neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: ZSI-18161 from Coorg, Karnataka,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="74DB638B044BC36D91D556B678886898" degrees="12" direction="north" minutes="24.82" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="12.413667">12°24.82'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="24F0B6FDB5C98119C3992054B7B96B0B" degrees="75" direction="east" minutes="43.85" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="75.730835">75°43.85'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="DEADBB56DB7E743F6175776BA3C5C969">C.R. Narayan Rao</collectorName>
|
||
in 1917, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AA14960D8DF97E0BC396D6C60AD7A310">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E29A759697E3201AE41FFAE0F012FFE6" authorityName="Rao" authorityYear="1917" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Lachesis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lachesis coorgensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coorgensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="148DAED3C08439BB2E3B8D664DBAB524" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Lachesis coorgensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<location id="5787DFF6B7A6CAF8EE7E00DCB35DEFED" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:5787DFF6B7A6CAF8EE7E00DCB35DEFED" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Rao">Rao</location>
|
||
, 1917. -
|
||
<location id="FC3F8F4CB92D3158357626B00DCE0371" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:FC3F8F4CB92D3158357626B00DCE0371" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Other">Other</location>
|
||
referred material: BNHS 2609-778 from
|
||
<location id="5A0BEB42BC6E30F3FC0EE29539BBDFF1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:5A0BEB42BC6E30F3FC0EE29539BBDFF1" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Kotagiri">Kotagiri</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="BB08B4304F101FEC3686EA31AFB7361E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:BB08B4304F101FEC3686EA31AFB7361E" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</location>
|
||
and BNHS 2069-781 from
|
||
<location id="830C3A98EE768FBF5B318EB9512D876D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:830C3A98EE768FBF5B318EB9512D876D" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Coonoor">Coonoor</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="4A9A85519C91EB500D44CFCE980A9971" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:4A9A85519C91EB500D44CFCE980A9971" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</location>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="E27D9D3950380969FA812D23570D2A84">A. M. Kinloch</collectorName>
|
||
in 1907. Additional comparative material collected for this study - CESS053, CESS055 from
|
||
<location id="AA2DB1D602C946C6F857DE139CB010BD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:AA2DB1D602C946C6F857DE139CB010BD" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Amboli">Amboli</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="3F591A80F09647C734C4535CBF4BB10B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:3F591A80F09647C734C4535CBF4BB10B" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</location>
|
||
; CESS063, CESS065 from
|
||
<location id="5C9CC49A5CA68CE1A84280A86F2C0491" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:5C9CC49A5CA68CE1A84280A86F2C0491" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Saklespura Karnataka">Saklespura Karnataka</location>
|
||
; CESS273 from
|
||
<location id="63D816A950AA433B197354309FC0B8BE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:63D816A950AA433B197354309FC0B8BE" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Coorg">Coorg</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="02C7DD5A511DA9D7184A8440F82ED2C6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:02C7DD5A511DA9D7184A8440F82ED2C6" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Karnataka">Karnataka</location>
|
||
; CESS086 from
|
||
<location id="67FE33DBE3AA19FE706EDDBAAFDAFAC3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:67FE33DBE3AA19FE706EDDBAAFDAFAC3" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Thirunelli">Thirunelli</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="0E33FAA4D002CCA29610CF535736803F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:0E33FAA4D002CCA29610CF535736803F" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Kerala">Kerala</location>
|
||
by
|
||
<location id="EAE625F39841FCCE60D38D0981AF677A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:EAE625F39841FCCE60D38D0981AF677A" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Ashok Kumar Mallik">Ashok Kumar Mallik</location>
|
||
between 2009-11 and CESS141 from
|
||
<location id="A49F53776F37377373B07158629DC2C3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:A49F53776F37377373B07158629DC2C3" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Silent valley">Silent valley</location>
|
||
by
|
||
<location id="F46CC4F2A438A11FE40C9428F485D7A8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:F46CC4F2A438A11FE40C9428F485D7A8" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Saunak Pal">Saunak Pal</location>
|
||
and
|
||
<location id="7D4313CF1542BA7E0D5BE97E2F0D13E5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:7D4313CF1542BA7E0D5BE97E2F0D13E5" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Mrugank Prabhu">Mrugank Prabhu</location>
|
||
in 2010; BNHS 2609A from
|
||
<location id="3373AFF3B99AB4A402049C6A2577A243" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:3373AFF3B99AB4A402049C6A2577A243" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Kotagiri">Kotagiri</location>
|
||
and BNHS 2609B from
|
||
<location id="E5568247C03DB687B56BC4C1A48983E8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:E5568247C03DB687B56BC4C1A48983E8" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Coonor">Coonor</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="95DED9C10EB08D23CE5308910C276EB4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:95DED9C10EB08D23CE5308910C276EB4" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Nilgiris">Nilgiris</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="20BD1FE8261D20360BEE3469AE1255AD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:20BD1FE8261D20360BEE3469AE1255AD" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</location>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="A64E70A684D1EE2A4828D6DAC12C77AB">A.P Kinloch</collectorName>
|
||
in 1907; BNHS 2596 from
|
||
<location id="0F3AB01B95C9AD894B6357E0F08C6CA9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:0F3AB01B95C9AD894B6357E0F08C6CA9" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Sirsi">Sirsi</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="9BF293192B423D2F869B7DEED0D7ACA1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:9BF293192B423D2F869B7DEED0D7ACA1" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Karnataka">Karnataka</location>
|
||
by
|
||
<location id="A31FCE9001DFF9419886AB0E26CD5A67" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:A31FCE9001DFF9419886AB0E26CD5A67" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Charles McCann">Charles McCann</location>
|
||
in 1938; BNHS 2599 from
|
||
<location id="A41D6EB16C6913E92E4965363801D5B0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:A41D6EB16C6913E92E4965363801D5B0" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Mahabaleshwar">Mahabaleshwar</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="08476E0A750CAED10FF9AC19BE35029E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31E03BFEDE556EB888599A75ABEDDBA:08476E0A750CAED10FF9AC19BE35029E" county="Karnataka" latitude="12.413667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="75.730835" municipality="Castle Rock" name="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</location>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="06EE02A43DFAC01C9091B4D7F7D37E82">H. Abdulali</collectorName>
|
||
in 1953; BNHS 2601 from
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="9A66263158E5C74CD6CBF2458209F440">Castle Rock</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="795201F5F5CE82BD39E75A0910341AC1">Karnataka</collectingCounty>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="8692A383B6D84879D5E98044393EF841">Mrs. H. Pearson</collectorName>
|
||
in 1907.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="07FFB0CB374C6B4FEE366882F8E3B918" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="type locality">
|
||
<paragraph id="1CB67153DC7A734D22C11C2D2D4F90C2" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Type locality.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8E1971A4B09F7F7D5CA342241B6FD17B" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
Originally given as "West Coast, Peninsula of India". Here restricted to Coorg (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="98A42960BBD1E0048A70C161869C973B" degrees="12" direction="north" minutes="24.82" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="12.413667">12°24.82'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="C3F410FBAA3FD1DF23BDEAF3682D5E5C" degrees="75" direction="east" minutes="43.85" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="75.730835">75°43.85'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) in Central Western Ghats, by neotype designation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="CF13A83BB6E086382B0C91B0A8FA0667" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="86A296E4144352E1216FBA1A4D6CFFCE" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="947FED09FB83A2ACDB985B2956FF1BB9" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
The specific epithet
|
||
<taxonomicName id="483BEC09AD72842A6AF081B428A06E45" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="455A2EFB67593C4BC9B9487DDC0E5116" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a toponym, alluding to its type locality - the Malabar region of the Western Ghats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4D8EE5B6092BE4E3131EECB3F948A558" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="lineage diagnosis (redefined herein)">
|
||
<paragraph id="805E848DB31F0F0EFF788E73F95E016E" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Lineage diagnosis (redefined herein).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E376B1493A68AA33F50F7FDBD4476B1" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
A lineage of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="745AD3C385E326DF46EA6C0D6651BCE7" lsidName="C. malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="79D304B643181EC8A02BF658BCD94B75" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FD3EA2E8EEF6D22510791E014A3CC3D1" lsidName="C. malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A55A8E3D6CE4F9BB17613989022B730" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="55F9DCA5BAF8906D541FF9A7A527CB08" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">s. str.</emphasis>
|
||
(L5) is here restricted only to populations north of the Palghat Gap. This nominotypical population is 8.3-9% and 1.2-2.2% divergent at cyt
|
||
<emphasis id="C514963B3A0F27A76C24CF5762CAAAA3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">b</emphasis>
|
||
and 16S respectively, from those south of the Palghat Gap (L3 & L4), recognised here as two nominate taxa:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFB5C394DEC18268283E35FE31A454E4" lsidName="C. anamallensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="anamallensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="06787DCDDFA64D1E886D277CC42E563A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. anamallensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2D66B8F347D01D6D1948F06B1952CE43" originalValue="Günther">Guenther</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1864) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="50E3C2395F1B242BE54658600742A3C3" authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus travancoricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="travancoricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="712DB96A5F98D189BF39A27A54004489" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus travancoricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. (see below). These taxa are allopatric with respect to each other and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="19C7FA16785901544B6C5D0F7400EE0A" lsidName="C. malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DEADF7158866140D9F8914981B7D88BC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0873DE3694C5954C202A35669CD303E4" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="B2D9A39403136EAFD510FC676EB2E0B8" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A812F2C31B19EA4000B7946A11628D7A" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Neotype in good condition, small lesion near the nape, possibly caused while collecting and euthanizing the individual; specimen with a slender, cylindrical body of snout to vent length (SVL) 481 mm and a prehensile tail of length (TL) 73 mm; dorsal scales keeled with anterior dorsal scale rows (DSR) 21, mid body scale rows (MSR) 21 and posterior scale rows (PSR) 13; head prominent, of length 24.3 mm, clearly distinguished from the neck with small, mildly keeled scales on the head; rostral scale trapezoid, with the lower side roughly more than twice the size of the upper side with the tip visible from above; supraoculars divided, separated by eight cephalic scales between both supraoculars at its posterior border; seven scales bordering each supraocular. Canthus rostralis distinct with four canthal scales; three preoculars, two postoculars and a thin elongated crescent shaped subocular; eye with a distinct elliptical pupil, vertical diameter of the eye 3.31 mm and horizontal diameter 3.68 mm; strongly keeled temporal scales and cephalic scales in the posterior sides above the mandibular joint; aperture of the nostril completely covered by the nasal scale, undivided and sub-pentagonal shaped, in contact with the first two canthal scales and the 1st and 2nd supralabial; loreal pit present in contact with the second supralabial and the 2nd and 3rd preoculars; nine supralabials and 12 infralabials, with eight scales between the last supralabial, including the last supralabial up to the start of the ventral scales; 1st, 2nd and 3rd infralabial scale in contact with the first pair of genials; a gap of four scales including the posterior genials followed by 148 ventrals, laterally separated from the dorsal scale rows by a slightly broader row of dorsal scales; anal scale undivided, followed by 38 divided subcaudals scales; Terminal scale on the tail larger than the previous scale, blunt at the tip.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="824B64FE03AE3E041C76D39F2F0B6DA2" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="variation">
|
||
<paragraph id="81BB9872E508369F5CF3E93B522F50FA" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Variation (n=20).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B65BC4CF62CDCB2ABFC9D612C1DE6664" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">The referred materials are of SVL up to 670 mm and TL up to 126 mm with colours varying from dark brownish red to light green throughout the specimens in its current preservation state, differs from the holotype with respect to pholidosis by having 19 to 22 DSR, 19 to 23 MSR, 13 to15 PSR, 145-149 ventrals and 52-54 subcaudals; head distinct with supralabials ranging between 8-10 and infralabials ranging between 10-13; one to three preocular scales, one to two scales (some specimens showing an absence of these scales) between the 3rd supralabial scale and the suboculars, seven to nine cephalic scales and seven to eight scales surrounding the supraoculars from the dorsum.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BA88873F5F4AE89CA365D7499030E8F5" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="colour in life">
|
||
<paragraph id="0A13CBA22767456AE35602EC1A4D8F29" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Colour in life.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2883EEF0C03CCE24CE6CB09B26734811" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
A highly variable and polymorphic species, with respect to colour, specimens can be found in a variety of colour morphs - greenish blue-cyan, bright yellow, green, rufous brown, bright orange and red coloured specimens have been encountered during this study; head characterized with a thick dark brown to black postocular stripe till the nape, labials sometimes marked with blotches and a highly variable pattern above the head, sometimes fully dark, some individuals with no markings at all, body with alternating zig-zag saddle shaped markings with the last rows of scales on the tail banded with different colour; these markings vary from brick reddish, dark brown to black, sometimes intermixed with spots of other colours such as green, yellow and blue; the base colour of the body varies from light brown in juveniles, light cream, orange, yellow, brick red, bluish green and sometimes morphs mottled with all or some of the aforementioned colours; ventrals sometimes vary from the colour of the dorsum, complementing the variety of vibrant dorsal colours, but often are coloured similar to the dorsum; colour change is also observed to be seasonal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="989BF51E9055C425CF54AAA121B69EB6" author="Kanagavel, A" journalOrPublisher="Herpetology Notes" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" publicationUrl="https://www.zoosprint.zooreach.org/ZoosPrintNewsLetter/Reptile_Rap_14_June_2012.pdf" refId="B30" refString="Kanagavel, A, Whitaker, N, Rajkumar, S, Raghavan, R, 2012. A new Malabar pit viper (Trimeresurus malabaricus) morph from the southern Western Ghats. Reptile Rap.14: 27-28. https://www.zoosprint.zooreach.org/ZoosPrintNewsLetter/Reptile_Rap_14_June_2012.pdf" title="A new Malabar pit viper (Trimeresurus malabaricus) morph from the southern Western Ghats. Reptile Rap. 14: 27 - 28." url="https://www.zoosprint.zooreach.org/ZoosPrintNewsLetter/Reptile_Rap_14_June_2012.pdf" year="2012">Kanagavel et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); juveniles brown with dark brown to black markings, neonates and younger juveniles possess a tail
|
||
<normalizedToken id="499FE7F27FB8263F2864BB14D4BEDDD2" originalValue="‘lure’">'lure'</normalizedToken>
|
||
that is often different from the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C324562C7DBA3585C5B62C5752A878C7" originalValue="body’s">body's</normalizedToken>
|
||
colouration. Mandibular region and the ventrals in alternating light green, blue, yellow to creamy yellow with speckles, separated from the dorsal scales with a longitudinal lighter irregular stripe, two prominent, labial stripes from the eye and the loreal pit, up to the edge of the lower end of the supralabial region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1E6AF2FC080CF7AD4B9B8E28BC73302A" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="colour in preservative">
|
||
<paragraph id="E46E9ACB3D889EE9104B335849B2FCEA" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Colour in preservative.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E39B3099AA402BCD9E787096D2F20287" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Fairly faded specimen with a light brown dorsum, ventrals and tail; scales bordered with dark brown; temporal stripe visible on the right side of the specimen in dark brown, left side with no visible temporal stripe; body with barely distinguishable dark brown saddle shaped markings throughout the body; tail with dark brown stripes from the vent up to the tip.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5D46099559192AC3CD7C0E37C71576D5" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="habitat">
|
||
<paragraph id="4D421FECDD84A48B83BC4A55886D3200" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Habitat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="79BF32E95D24B5D7BA2EDE98E3155144" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">An arboreal species, commonly found on bushes and in undergrowth in forests and near streams in evergreen forests to moist deciduous and lowland riparian forests. Due to anthropogenic changes to the landscape, this species is also abundantly found in agricultural landscapes such as coffee plantations, from 100-1800m MSL.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2DAC615BCEE10F7B99FF142BA227E038" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="B9AA2A825383DA3D470214230F7562DA" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8EDB4809352F099ED4E04D1926C46ED4" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
Restricted to the central and northern Western Ghats from Mahabaleshwar - Koyna in Maharashtra to the Nilgiris and Elivalmalai hills, north of the Palghat Gap. Known to occur sympatrically with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED43326D01F290063F9886AB17760DB2" lsidName="C. occidentalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2614E1CCAC538125F82578C2AACE1EA7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comb. nov. in Nilgiris and Coorg, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="19DC438CD46A73566B338719FBDC0B62" lsidName="C. gramineus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="gramineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEEF85A494127338AA0B016C5B2FCA7D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. gramineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Amboli and may have some overlap with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ADEA2D403E77F7711EC4D48F4FB3B5CA" lsidName="C. strigatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="strigatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="660CD902E91ABAB8BDDDCDD440F9C91F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. strigatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the mid to high elevations of the western slopes of the Nilgiris (at the upper limit of its altitudinal distribution).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="65E2D4215E9E8C90E7EB339DA1634EB0" doi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596185" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
|
||
<paragraph id="7932E7DD89B9546072230BFB9CDBBACA" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
<emphasis id="D05ADAF44007E830FCFDA870813CC406" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEF82D93F0B06DD3155A7ECF49E9E98C" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959F702C895F684AA4B017FE3B80D9F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in life, showing: (
|
||
<emphasis id="D1E4D27C9EFB4D0B45FF827E47B7E6D9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">A</emphasis>
|
||
) orange morph entire dorsal view (Agumbe), (
|
||
<emphasis id="D091DBE83D0A996EC25CF3452916A839" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">B</emphasis>
|
||
) purple morph (Anshi), (
|
||
<emphasis id="12AA5A8C0897991D58E1635D09B48BA1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C</emphasis>
|
||
) maroon morph (Agumbe), (
|
||
<emphasis id="E5626986463E43490B90AD471AD477FF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">D</emphasis>
|
||
) cream morph (Amboli), (
|
||
<emphasis id="5345D5E8A0955FF865CC194F512B48F4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">E</emphasis>
|
||
) green morph (Amboli), (
|
||
<emphasis id="0095CB0C2EF4531899CDEE80D1B1125B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">F</emphasis>
|
||
) yellow morph (Anshi) & (
|
||
<emphasis id="37C86AD46D05A496FF4DE6F6960F0E59" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">G</emphasis>
|
||
) brown morph (Anshi).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="1818C8A3012E92ED527ACFF62BEAC205" doi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596186" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" start="Figure 11" startId="F11">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D32BD3C1A2DD78D511B24E4577B9725" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA929C999D5616F88314F106DAAD28" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A707837CF2A2DA01129829FEB8C4DC80" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FA813F4A4DFCF44ACEDFDBB57C2B564F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
neotype (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7EFAC69693B4720FBDA1710EBDC5D8B9" authorityName="Rao" authorityYear="1917" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Lachesis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lachesis coorgensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coorgensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="19E814A09B32CD787B901D3DF4B64C97" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Lachesis coorgensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
holotype) (ZSI-18161), in preservation, showing: (
|
||
<emphasis id="625164259E4AC8FB880279F217CA8BB3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">A</emphasis>
|
||
) head dorsal view, (
|
||
<emphasis id="14AE4A30F8F47769FEEC610C5CF6F8DE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">B</emphasis>
|
||
) head lateral left view, (
|
||
<emphasis id="D3E4FB023BFD0711064AF75F71B92A66" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C</emphasis>
|
||
) head lateral right view, (
|
||
<emphasis id="FDBEA86C2DA6045A8A527F635169D65D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">D</emphasis>
|
||
) head ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DC9623BF10D113601E32721BDB2FAAD6" doi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596187" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" start="Figure 12" startId="F12">
|
||
<paragraph id="075736014CF6245FF62BA75EF6A86FCC" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3CA8B937ED7DBC99AA63410F3973B1D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CAE6BC7AB00C03EE94FC0F931A7627DF" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DC15815FC4E44922F2C2E9EC58E22E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
neotype (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7148B832DFA025C96B11F789E7F647F2" authorityName="Rao" authorityYear="1917" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Lachesis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lachesis coorgensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coorgensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C57729ADD63D4E0A387FED20629470B0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Lachesis coorgensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
holotype) (ZSI-18161), in preservation, showing: (
|
||
<emphasis id="A006FE41C5193B495FB04C1A3938ECE9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">A</emphasis>
|
||
) entire dorsal view, (
|
||
<emphasis id="022A256F142085F6BE537E88683E5C44" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">B</emphasis>
|
||
) entire ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |