189 lines
26 KiB
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189 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="252AB91E1A6C1DC45E392DED12187B66" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5499024" ID-ZooBank="95CC79A1-8A2D-4532-8E59-A3DA1A437A62" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1631246229247" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wanat, Marek" docDate="2021" docId="A40A5638E878CD60FF6B28FAFBDA6D75" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5035.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5035 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Lepanomini Wanat 2021, trib. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="57" masterDocId="58332E40E840CD59FFFC294CFFF26C34" masterDocTitle="New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae)" masterLastPageNumber="60" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="57" updateTime="1699406614121" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="6622D8793FADE5C9C72A58C970736478">New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="84B56AE116F32CC285BF66E31B360DE2">Wanat, Marek</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C62EF8E8792379135B3667C5B69E22DF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B301794E8930CA863A120EC56112CBA8">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9B00FCD93593FE5A803B18BC6B41C2F8">2021-09-10</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="EE540FE25FEDEC5B52E09C1FA260A520">5035</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="64B9B4A5E878CD61FF6B28FAFE736DE5" box="[151,385,438,465]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="2C1CE72EE878CD61FF6B28FAFE736DE5" blockId="56.[151,385,438,465]" box="[151,385,438,465]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<heading id="77545042E878CD61FF6B28FAFE736DE5" bold="true" box="[151,385,438,465]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="1ED73B3CE878CD61FF6B28FAFE736DE5" bold="true" box="[151,385,438,465]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FF6B28FAFEDA6DE4" authority="Wanat, 2021" authorityName="Wanat" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,296,438,464]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" status="trib. nov." tribe="Lepanomini">Lepanomini</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="05E48647E878CD61FED328FAFE736DE5" box="[303,385,438,465]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="tribe">trib. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="64B9B4A5E878CD61FF6B28B0FDEC6E06" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="2C1CE72EE878CD61FF6B28B0FD8B6E27" blockId="56.[151,633,507,562]" box="[151,633,507,532]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<typeStatus id="F318598CE878CD61FF6B28B0FF3B6E20" box="[151,201,508,532]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Type</typeStatus>
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genus:
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<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FEE428B0FD8B6E27" authority="Balfour-Browne, 1945" authorityName="Balfour-Browne" authorityYear="1945" box="[280,633,507,531]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" genus="Lepanomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1ED73B3CE878CD61FEE428B0FE7F6E27" box="[280,397,508,531]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Lepanomus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="48329ADFE878CD61FE6F28B7FD8B6E27" author="Balfour-Browne, J." box="[403,633,507,531]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="55 - 60" refId="ref43609" refString="Balfour-Browne, J. (1945) A contribution to the study of the fauna of Ukerewe Island, Victoria Nyanza (Col.: Curculionidae; Apioninae). Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society, 18 (1 - 2), 55 - 60." type="journal article" year="1945">Balfour-Browne, 1945</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="2C1CE72EE878CD61FF6B2B56FDEC6E06" blockId="56.[151,633,507,562]" box="[151,542,538,562]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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Genus included:
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<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FEBF2B56FE216E06" authority="Wanat, 2021" authorityName="Wanat" authorityYear="2021" box="[323,467,538,562]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Metteniusaceae" genus="Lepanomidius" kingdom="Plantae" order="Metteniusales" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="1ED73B3CE878CD61FEBF2B56FE216E06" box="[323,467,538,562]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Lepanomidius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="05E48647E878CD61FE252B56FDEC6E06" box="[473,542,538,562]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="64B9B4A5E878CD60FF6B2B2CFBDA6D75" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="2C1CE72EE878CD61FF6B2B2CFECB6F8A" blockId="56.[151,1437,608,1103]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis id="1ED73B3CE878CD61FF6B2B2CFEE06E4E" bold="true" box="[151,274,608,634]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Body with simple erect setae (
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<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FD8B2B2CFCE46E4E" authorityName="Wanat" authorityYear="2021" box="[631,790,608,634]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Metteniusaceae" genus="Lepanomidius" kingdom="Plantae" order="Metteniusales" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1ED73B3CE878CD61FD8B2B2CFCE46E4E" box="[631,790,608,634]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Lepanomidius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) or vestiture dual: truncate erect setae + appressed setae (
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<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FF5D2BC9FED06EAA" authorityName="Balfour-Browne" authorityYear="1945" box="[161,290,645,670]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" genus="Lepanomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1ED73B3CE878CD61FF5D2BC9FED06EAA" box="[161,290,645,670]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Lepanomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). Temples and genae punctate, not transversely wrinkled. Antennal scrobes sulciform, latero-ventral. Antennae inserted on rostrum in its basal third, distinctly longer than half length of elytra; scape shorter than 2 proximal segments of funicle combined; three most distal funicular segments barely elongate or transverse; antennal club long and loose. Pronotal disc punctate. Subhumeral portion of elytral stria 10 absent, apically striae joining in a formula (1+10)+(2+9). Front legs not enlarged. Procoxal cavities contiguous. Procoxae prominent, anteriorly without transverse subapical rim. Mesocoxae narrowly separated (less than 0.15 width of coxa). Dentiform process of pro- and mesocoxae low and obtuse. Trochanters shortly elongate (less than 1.5 × as long as wide). Femora unarmed. Tibiae lacking sharp edges, with long erect setae on outer side. Tarsi unmodified; protarsomere 1 subtruncate or emarginate.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2C1CE72EE878CD61FF3B2A84FDED687B" blockId="56.[151,1437,608,1103]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Male: mucrones present on mid and hind tibiae; membrane of tergite VII without median pocket-like invagination; pygidium lacking tongue-like internal process, with long anterior apodemes; sternite VIII carinate, with welldeveloped lobes; membrane between sternites VIII and IX without additional sclerites; typical endophallic frena absent, additional sclerites present.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2C1CE72EE878CD61FF6B2D30FED46ABA" blockId="56.[151,1437,1148,2039]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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All the above tribes represent an ancient fauna of
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<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FD372D30FCB168A2" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[715,835,1148,1174]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apioninae">Apioninae</taxonomicName>
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, currently restricted in its distribution to the southern hemisphere. Poorly diverse taxonomically, the tribes often comprise single genera that are markedly divergent morphologically. They well conform to the overall idea of the
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<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FCB12D88FC3068EA" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[845,962,1220,1246]" class="Insecta" family="Apionidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Apionidae</taxonomicName>
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phylogeny presented by
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<bibRefCitation id="48329ADFE878CD61FB252D89FA8168EA" author="Wanat, M." box="[1241,1395,1220,1247]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref44890" refString="Wanat, M. (2001) Genera of Australo-Pacific Rhadinocybinae and Myrmacicelinae, with biogeography of the Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) and phylogeny of the Brentidae (s. lato). Mantis, Olsztyn, 432 pp." type="book" year="2001">Wanat (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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, although with a limited taxon sampling. In the phylogenetic trees obtained for
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<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FC112DA4FBA86936" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[1005,1114,1256,1282]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brentidae</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="1ED73B3CE878CD61FB9C2DA5FB236936" box="[1120,1233,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">sensu lato</emphasis>
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, all the subgroups of derived apionines were resolved in the clade
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<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FD4B2C40FCD76912" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[695,805,1292,1318]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superTribe" superTribe="Apionitae">Apionitae</taxonomicName>
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+ Aspidapiitae, later merged by
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<bibRefCitation id="48329ADFE878CD61FB602C40FA6E6912" author="Bouchard, P. & Bousquet, Y. & Davies, A. E. & Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A. & Lawrence, J. F. & Lyal, C. H. C. & Newton, A. F. & Reid, C. A. M. & Schmitt, M. & Slipinski, S. A. & Smith, A. B. T." box="[1180,1436,1292,1318]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 972" refId="ref43704" refString="Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., Davies, A. E., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Lawrence, J. F., Lyal, C. H. C., Newton, A. F., Reid, C. A. M., Schmitt, M., Slipinski, S. A. & Smith, A. B. T. (2011) Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta). ZooKeys, 88, 1 - 972. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 88.807" type="journal article" year="2011">
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Bouchard
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<emphasis id="1ED73B3CE878CD61FAED2C41FAB96912" box="[1297,1355,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al.</emphasis>
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(2011)
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</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="48329ADFE878CD61FF382C7CFDB2697E" author="Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A. & Wanat, M." box="[196,576,1328,1355]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1823" refId="ref43460" refString="Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A. & Wanat, M. (2014) 3.6. 3. Apioninae Schoenherr, 1823. In: Leschen, R. A. B. & Beutel, R. G. (Eds.), Handbook of Zoology. Arthropoda: Insecta: Coleoptera, Beetles. Vol. 3. Morphology and Systematics (Phytophaga). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / Boston, pp. 395 - 415." type="book chapter" year="2014">Alonso-Zarazaga & Wanat (2014)</bibRefCitation>
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. The latter decision was subsequently corroborated in molecular phylogenetic analyses performed by
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<bibRefCitation id="48329ADFE878CD61FE632C18FD71695A" author="Winter, S. & Friedman, A. L. L. & Astrin, J. J. & Gottsberger, B. & Letsch, H." box="[415,643,1364,1390]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="179 - 190" refId="ref44975" refString="Winter, S., Friedman, A. L. L., Astrin, J. J., Gottsberger, B. & Letsch, H. (2017) Timing and host plant associations in the evolution of the weevil tribe Apionini (Apioninae, Brentidae, Curculionoidea, Coleoptera) indicate an ancient co-diversification pattern of beetles and flowering plants. Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution, 107, 179 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2016.10.015" type="journal article" year="2017">
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Winter
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<emphasis id="1ED73B3CE878CD61FE0F2C19FDDF695A" box="[499,557,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al.</emphasis>
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||
(2017)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
. Contrary to the morphologically well-defined supertribe
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<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FAEC2C18FA8C695A" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[1296,1406,1364,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superTribe" superTribe="Apionitae">Apionitae</taxonomicName>
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in the current sense, supported by non-homoplastic synapomorphies like the pocket-like lock of the elytral suture at the apex or the wrinkled and thin-walled spermatheca, all the remaining apionid lineages studied by
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<bibRefCitation id="48329ADFE878CD61FAFF2CD1FA6E6982" author="Wanat, M." box="[1283,1436,1436,1463]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref44890" refString="Wanat, M. (2001) Genera of Australo-Pacific Rhadinocybinae and Myrmacicelinae, with biogeography of the Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) and phylogeny of the Brentidae (s. lato). Mantis, Olsztyn, 432 pp." type="book" year="2001">Wanat (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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are much weaker and more ambiguously supported by homoplasies. They largely form a grade on the phylogenetic tree, particularly in its basal region. Therefore, they were given the same taxonomic rank as the current
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<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FADB2CA8FA6A69CA" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[1319,1432,1508,1534]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superTribe" superTribe="Apionitae">Apionitae</taxonomicName>
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, to comply with the rules of cladistic classification. This resulted in a division of
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<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FBE12F44FB606A16" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[1053,1170,1544,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apioninae">Apioninae</taxonomicName>
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of the current rank into 6 more supertribes (subfamilies in
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<bibRefCitation id="48329ADFE878CD61FDE72F61FD5E6A72" author="Wanat, M." box="[539,684,1580,1607]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref44890" refString="Wanat, M. (2001) Genera of Australo-Pacific Rhadinocybinae and Myrmacicelinae, with biogeography of the Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) and phylogeny of the Brentidae (s. lato). Mantis, Olsztyn, 432 pp." type="book" year="2001">Wanat, 2001</bibRefCitation>
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). That major division of the
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<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FC142F60FBAF6A72" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[1000,1117,1580,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apioninae">Apioninae</taxonomicName>
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was clearly considered temporary in 2001, knowing that some relevant basal genera could not be sufficiently studied, and others remained then undescribed.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2C1CE72EE878CD60FF3B2FD4FBDA6D75" blockId="56.[151,1437,1148,2039]" lastBlockId="57.[151,1436,151,321]" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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The three new genera described herein together with
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<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FCE92FD5FC256A86" authority="Balf." authorityName="Balfour-Browne" authorityYear="1945" box="[789,983,1688,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" genus="Lepanomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1ED73B3CE878CD61FCE92FD5FC646A86" box="[789,918,1689,1714]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Lepanomus</emphasis>
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Balf.
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</taxonomicName>
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-Br., require tribes of their own, based on remarkable morphological differences. This decision increases the problem of imbalance in the
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<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FB252FF0FABC6AE2" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[1241,1358,1724,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apioninae">Apioninae</taxonomicName>
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supertribal classification. Considering the mosaic distribution of many relevant characters between newly added ‘primitive tribes’, as well as the previously unstudied genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FCEE2E48FC6A6B2A" authorityName="Alonso-Zarazaga" authorityYear="1984" box="[786,920,1796,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" genus="Afrotibicina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1ED73B3CE878CD61FCEE2E48FC6A6B2A" box="[786,920,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Afrotibicina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FC2F2E48FBC76B2A" authorityName="Balfour-Browne" authorityYear="1944" box="[979,1077,1796,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" genus="Setapion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1ED73B3CE878CD61FC2F2E48FBC76B2A" box="[979,1077,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Setapion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it becomes evident that newly described genera and tribes cannot be simply incorporated into the existing supertribes. It concerns both the African basal taxa, and some other genera from remaining Austral Gondwanan refuges, like the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="54B4A7BEE878CD61FB782E01FAEE6B52" box="[1156,1308,1868,1895]" name="New Zealand" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FAD82E00FF046BBE" authority="Kuschel" authorityName="Kuschel" authorityYear="2003" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" genus="Zelapterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1ED73B3CE878CD61FAD82E00FA6E6B52" box="[1316,1436,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Zelapterus</emphasis>
|
||
Kuschel
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FEFC2E3CFE186BBE" authority="Kuschel" authorityName="Kuschel" authorityYear="2003" box="[256,490,1904,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" genus="Strobilobius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1ED73B3CE878CD61FEFC2E3CFE7A6BBE" box="[256,392,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Strobilobius</emphasis>
|
||
Kuschel
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FDE22E3CFCE66BBE" authority="Kuschel" authorityName="Kuschel" authorityYear="2003" box="[542,788,1904,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" genus="Cecidophyus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1ED73B3CE878CD61FDE22E3CFD5D6BBE" box="[542,687,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Cecidophyus</emphasis>
|
||
Kuschel
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and South American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FBFB2E3DFB056BBE" authority="Kissinger" authorityName="Kissinger" authorityYear="2002" box="[1031,1271,1904,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" genus="Noterapion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1ED73B3CE878CD61FBFB2E3DFB756BBE" box="[1031,1159,1905,1930]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Noterapion</emphasis>
|
||
Kissinger
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FAD02E3CFEBA6B9A" authority="Kissinger. They" authorityName="Kissinger. They" authorityYear="1968" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" genus="Chilapion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1ED73B3CE878CD61FAD02E3CFA6E6BBE" box="[1324,1436,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Chilapion</emphasis>
|
||
Kissinger. They
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represent relict apionine clades and cannot be simply assigned either to Rhadinocybitae or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE878CD61FAB92ED8FF486BE7" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1823" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superTribe" superTribe="Apionitae">Apionitae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, because of remarkable sets of plesiotypic morphological characters, and lack of autapomorphies of these two supertribes. One more such problematic relictual genus yet to be described occurs in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="54B4A7BEE878CD61FBA82E90FB2F6BC2" box="[1108,1245,2012,2038]" name="Madagascar" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and another one in Tasmania (Wanat, unpublished obs.). In the current stage of knowledge, the most reasonable solution concerning the higher classification of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE879CD60FE1329F7FD966CE1" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[495,612,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apioninae">Apioninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to abandon the provisional supertribal division proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48329ADFE879CD60FAA929F7FF166CCD" author="Wanat, M." pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refId="ref44890" refString="Wanat, M. (2001) Genera of Australo-Pacific Rhadinocybinae and Myrmacicelinae, with biogeography of the Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) and phylogeny of the Brentidae (s. lato). Mantis, Olsztyn, 432 pp." type="book" year="2001">Wanat (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, at least until a comprehensive combined morphological and molecular phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE879CD60FB3D2993FAC46CCD" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[1217,1334,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apioninae">Apioninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been carried out. An example of a similar approach was recently given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48329ADFE879CD60FC66284FFB166D29" author="Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A. & Barrios, H. & Borovec, R. & Bouchard, P. & Caldara, R. & Colonnelli, E. & Gultekin, L. & Hlavac, P. & B. A & Lyal, C. H. C. & Machado, A. & Meregalli, M. & Pierotti, H. & Ren, L. & Sanchez-Ruiz, M. & Sforzi, A. & Silfverberg, H. & Skuhrovec, J. & Tryzna, M. & Velazquez de Castro, A. J. & Yunakov, N. N." box="[922,1252,259,285]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 729" refId="ref43300" refString="Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Barrios, H., Borovec, R., Bouchard, P., Caldara, R., Colonnelli, E., Gultekin, L., Hlavac, P., Koro- tyaeev, B. A., Lyal, C. H. C., Machado, A., Meregalli, M., Pierotti, H., Ren, L., Sanchez-Ruiz, M., Sforzi, A., Silfverberg, H., Skuhrovec, J., Tryzna, M., Velazquez de Castro, A. J. & Yunakov, N. N. (2017) Cooperative Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera Curculionoidea. Monografias electronicas S. E. A, 8, 1 - 729. Available from: http: // www. sea-entomologia. org (accessed 2 November 2017)" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Alonso-Zarazaga
|
||
<emphasis id="1ED73B3CE879CD60FB9D284FFB616D29" box="[1121,1171,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">et al</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in the catalogue of the Palaearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBA39CADE879CD60FE9D286BFDE36D75" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[353,529,295,321]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Curculionoidea">Curculionoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and I follow this approach in the present study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |