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<document id="BFD613307FFC4F2A246CBACF8BA5FA23" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4032.5.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="12382633-e8f9-4d2a-b369-0e8384f28623" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="235943" ID-ZooBank="A74E3D9C-8424-4FC4-942A-F4EB80938F8B" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461295350994" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bourdon, Estelle &amp; Lindow, Bent" docDate="2015" docId="5F3487D0FFE75A1FFF23FD44FD9FF934" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04032p514.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4032 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Lithornis vulturinus Owen 1840" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="496" masterDocId="A30DFFA8FFE55A1CFFB4FFA8FF8DFFAC" masterDocTitle="A redescription of Lithornis vulturinus (Aves, Palaeognathae) from the Early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark" masterLastPageNumber="514" masterPageNumber="493" pageNumber="495" updateTime="1698616283978" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="88F7BAB12E92160BDE675CB3CD4AD1DF" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="DF28F0A0C4F23C4345B65D9FD6517984">
<mods:title id="9393854C7A676CA3822E85A38E4B5C79">A redescription of Lithornis vulturinus (Aves, Palaeognathae) from the Early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="66D47525A84FBA727B1944323C32C6B1" type="personal">
<mods:role id="AEEC31E75D107A4FF07ACFE16254834F">
<mods:roleTerm id="6AF5219E472D9C124FF497E42AAD88F3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="3233C0DC974536EAA3ADA8D1F3E205ED">Bourdon, Estelle</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="B77F5FD6D4E52D2CB8A0946180A056ED" type="personal">
<mods:role id="0D270432677A497F0145E2422418730F">
<mods:roleTerm id="70AF93C3C1CEFB5FC87E0E2707CF203A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="29260E76B3D1E51F00289DAA4FFDD343">Lindow, Bent</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="EDED483363A3C1E255C6E6B57534774D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="5F244577D421C63E3F29B580A3107847" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="542117DAAC6A827960001F584D195494">
<mods:title id="279ED9E32910798E00BD75BE742CAA31">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="B48533BFBCFF14764E357B9948062BE5">
<mods:date id="6984A4CDED40555FC0E5B481E9C72B5B">2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="B4DCA8156026B2C159D1E45A158C6D25" type="volume">
<mods:number id="0D09AC11ED8FCE8A5A4E9BD6627DCC0F">4032</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="062EC070BB3A51D6BB41FC8A99D9C93E" type="issue">
<mods:number id="377ACEA2157011D4EFA1B5A45EF486FE">5</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="2EE62C68C16EC6DC6D3A98850326D44E" unit="page">
<mods:start id="54F859B5FC550AE00E0A0AB9EA15DF72">493</mods:start>
<mods:end id="6D77C593369C08AB9BBA091853F7DE26">514</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="553487D9E12A419FBDF56605BC947A48">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="B86217EF4EB213E513BF6B243F3419FF" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4032.5.2</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C0102AEAC0E8374576F70CEB98CE2AB5" type="GBIF-Dataset">12382633-e8f9-4d2a-b369-0e8384f28623</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="20C10DAB36AA3B0D48AD6CEA730B6E81" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="874401EE753A2BC62BF77DC09C00EBC1" type="Zenodo-Dep">235943</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1C395F51141CEBA0C46C39FAAFB38704" type="ZooBank">A74E3D9C-8424-4FC4-942A-F4EB80938F8B</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="5F3487D0FFE75A1FFF23FD44FD9FF934" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5670198" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119642405" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5670198" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5F3487D0FFE75A1FFF23FD44FD9FF934" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F3487D0FFE75A1FFF23FD44FD9FF934" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="496" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<subSubSection id="9F87654DFFE75A1EFF23FD44FB48FBE0" pageId="2" pageNumber="495" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D72236C6FFE75A1EFF23FD44FDABFCAB" blockId="2.[151,550,748,775]" box="[151,550,748,775]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<heading id="8C6A81AAFFE75A1EFF23FD44FDABFCAB" bold="true" box="[151,550,748,775]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="495" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="109D4D45FFE75A1EFF23FD44FDABFCAB" authority="Owen, 1840" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,550,748,775]" class="Aves" family="Lithornithidae" genus="Lithornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithornithiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="495" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulturinus">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE75A1EFF23FD44FDABFCAB" bold="true" box="[151,550,748,775]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE75A1EFF23FD44FE06FCAA" bold="true" box="[151,395,748,774]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">Lithornis vulturinus</emphasis>
Owen, 1840
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D72236C6FFE75A1EFF23FC9CFD2BFCE6" blockId="2.[151,834,820,995]" box="[151,678,820,842]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<bibRef id="0E3DA230FFE75A1EFF23FC9CFD2BFCE6" box="[151,678,820,842]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495" type="book chapter">
<year id="A3357795FFE75A1EFF23FC9CFF40FCE6" box="[151,205,820,842]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">1891</year>
.
<title id="A599DDF0FFE75A1EFF62FC9CFE70FCE6" box="[214,509,820,842]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE75A1EFF62FC9CFE18FCE6" box="[214,405,820,842]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">Proherodius oweni</emphasis>
Lydekker
</title>
, p.
<pagination id="EE54C832FFE75A1EFD94FC9CFDCBFCE6" box="[544,582,820,842]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495" type="pagination">363</pagination>
<journalOrPublisher id="0D5C3C0AFFE75A1EFDF9FC9CFD2FFCE6" box="[589,674,820,842]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">(in part)</journalOrPublisher>
.
</bibRef>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D72236C6FFE75A1EFF23FCFAFD33FC2B" blockId="2.[151,834,820,995]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<bibRef id="0E3DA230FFE75A1EFF23FCFAFD33FC2B" pageId="2" pageNumber="495" type="journal article">
<year id="A3357795FFE75A1EFF23FCFAFF40FCC4" box="[151,205,850,872]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">1977</year>
.
<title id="A599DDF0FFE75A1EFF62FCFBFD7BFCC4" box="[214,758,850,872]" jopScore="0.053957514" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE75A1EFF62FCFBFE18FCC4" box="[214,405,851,872]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">Parvigyps praecox</emphasis>
Harrison &amp; Walker, p. 31 (in part)
</title>
.
<part id="A3399C5BFFE75A1EFF23FCD9FF40FC2B" box="[151,205,881,903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495" type="volume">1977</part>
.
<journalOrPublisher id="0D5C3C0AFFE75A1EFF62FCD9FDF7FC2B" box="[214,634,881,903]" jopScore="0.06166573" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE75A1EFF62FCD9FE3CFC2B" box="[214,433,881,903]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">Pediorallus barbarae</emphasis>
Harrison &amp; Walker
</journalOrPublisher>
, p.
<pagination id="EE54C832FFE75A1EFD29FCD9FD34FC2B" box="[669,697,881,903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495" type="pagination">36</pagination>
.
</bibRef>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D72236C6FFE75A1EFF23FC38FD65FC0A" blockId="2.[151,834,820,995]" box="[151,744,912,934]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<bibRef id="0E3DA230FFE75A1EFF23FC38FD65FC0A" box="[151,744,912,934]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495" type="book chapter">
<year id="A3357795FFE75A1EFF23FC38FF40FC0A" box="[151,205,912,934]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">1977</year>
.
<title id="A599DDF0FFE75A1EFF62FC38FD29FC0A" box="[214,676,912,934]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE75A1EFF62FC38FE56FC0A" box="[214,475,912,934]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">Promusophaga magnifica</emphasis>
Harrison &amp; Walker
</title>
, p.
<pagination id="EE54C832FFE75A1EFD7CFC38FD69FC0A" box="[712,740,912,934]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495" type="pagination">40</pagination>
.
</bibRef>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D72236C6FFE75A1EFF23FC06FCCFFC4F" blockId="2.[151,834,820,995]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<bibRef id="0E3DA230FFE75A1EFF23FC06FCCFFC4F" pageId="2" pageNumber="495" type="journal volume">
<title id="A599DDF0FFE75A1EFF23FC06FCB6FC68" box="[151,827,942,964]" jopScore="0.0920379" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE75A1EFF23FC06FCB6FC68" bold="true" box="[151,827,942,964]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
1984.
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE75A1EFF62FC06FE0DFC68" bold="true" box="[214,384,942,964]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">Pediorallus nasi</emphasis>
Harrison, pp 19–21. NEW SYNONYMY
</emphasis>
</title>
<year id="A3357795FFE75A1EFF23FC65FF40FC4F" box="[151,205,973,995]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">1988</year>
.
<journalOrPublisher id="0D5C3C0AFFE75A1EFF62FC65FDAAFC4F" box="[214,551,973,995]" jopScore="0.101115555" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE75A1EFF62FC65FEEEFC4F" box="[214,355,973,995]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">Lithornis nasi</emphasis>
(Harrison): Houde
</journalOrPublisher>
, p.
<part id="A3399C5BFFE75A1EFDFEFC65FDEBFC4F" box="[586,614,973,995]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495" type="volume">31</part>
. NEW SYNONYMY
</bibRef>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D72236C6FFE75A1EFF23FBA7FD05FB84" blockId="2.[151,1437,1039,2037]" box="[151,648,1039,1064]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE75A1EFF23FBA7FE8FFB84" bold="true" box="[151,258,1039,1064]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<typeStatus id="08268864FFE75A1EFF23FBA7FF70FB84" box="[151,253,1039,1064]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
NHMUK A5204, partial skeleton.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D72236C6FFE75A1EFF73FB9CFB48FBE0" blockId="2.[151,1437,1039,2037]" box="[199,1221,1076,1101]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE75A1EFF73FB9CFDAAFBE1" bold="true" box="[199,551,1076,1101]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<typeStatus id="08268864FFE75A1EFF73FB9CFEA4FBE1" box="[199,297,1076,1101]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
locality and horizon:
</emphasis>
London Clay Formation,
<collectingCountry id="AF8A7656FFE75A1EFCFFFB9CFC21FBE1" box="[843,940,1076,1101]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">England</collectingCountry>
; Ypresian, Early Eocene.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9F87654DFFE75A1FFF73FBFFFD52FEB1" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="496" pageId="2" pageNumber="495" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="D72236C6FFE75A1EFF73FBFFFF74FA74" blockId="2.[151,1437,1039,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE75A1EFF73FBFFFAABFBDC" bold="true" box="[199,1318,1111,1136]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
Referred material from the Early Eocene (Ypresian) London Clay Formation of
<collectingCountry id="AF8A7656FFE75A1EFB0CFBFFFAACFBDC" box="[1208,1313,1111,1136]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">England</collectingCountry>
:
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFA86FBF0FA11FBC3" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[1330,1436,1112,1135]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">NHMUK</collectionCode>
33138, fragment of sternum and ribs embedded in a clay nodule plus proximal end of left humerus;
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFA86FBD5FA11FB38" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[1330,1436,1149,1172]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">NHMUK</collectionCode>
38933, synsacrum;
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFEC3FB08FE6CFB1B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[375,481,1184,1207]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">NHMUK</collectionCode>
38934, imperfect sternum embedded in a clay nodule;
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFBD2FB08FB5DFB1B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[1126,1232,1184,1207]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">NHMUK</collectionCode>
38935, imperfect wing bones and vertebrae embedded in a clay nodule;
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFD47FB6DFCD0FB70" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[755,861,1221,1244]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">NHMUK</collectionCode>
A225, two casts of right tarsometatarsus;
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFA87FB6DFA10FB70" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[1331,1437,1221,1244]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">NHMUK</collectionCode>
A3681, proximal part of right tarsometatarsus;
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFD1CFB40FC9FFB53" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[680,786,1256,1279]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">NHMUK</collectionCode>
A4270, distal end of right femur;
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFB20FB40FB73FB53" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[1172,1278,1256,1279]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">NHMUK</collectionCode>
A5278, distal end of left femur;
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFEDFFAA5FE58FA88" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[363,469,1293,1316]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">NHMUK</collectionCode>
A5279, damaged proximal part of right tarsometatarsus;
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFBDCFAA5FB5FFA88" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[1128,1234,1293,1316]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">NHMUK</collectionCode>
A5195, proximal end of left tarsometatarsus;
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFE7BFA98FDB4FAEB" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[463,569,1328,1351]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">NHMUK</collectionCode>
A5197, proximal part of left tarsometatarsus;
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFBF6FA98FB21FAEB" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[1090,1196,1328,1351]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">NHMUK</collectionCode>
A5198, distal part of left tibiotarsus;
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFEFAFAFDFE35FAC0" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[334,440,1365,1388]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">NHMUK</collectionCode>
A5199, distal part of left tibiotarsus;
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFCCCFAFDFC6FFAC0" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[888,994,1365,1388]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">NHMUK</collectionCode>
A5200, two vertebrae thoracicae, left caput humeri, proximal end of right ulna, distal end of right femur and distal end of right tibiotarsus;
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFA86FAD0FA11FA23" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[1330,1436,1400,1423]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">NHMUK</collectionCode>
A5201, distal end of right tibiotarsus;
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFDE2FA35FD4DFA18" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[598,704,1437,1460]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">NHMUK</collectionCode>
A5455, imperfect skeleton, dissociated elements (could not be located).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D72236C6FFE75A1EFF73FA4CFEF4F98C" blockId="2.[151,1437,1039,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE75A1EFF73FA4CFB51FA51" bold="true" box="[199,1244,1508,1533]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
Referred material from the Early Eocene (Ypresian) Fur Formation of
<collectingCountry id="AF8A7656FFE75A1EFBD5FA4CFB5AFA51" box="[1121,1239,1508,1533]" name="Denmark" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">Denmark</collectingCountry>
:
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFB5FFA4CFACDFA50" box="[1259,1344,1508,1532]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c1ae-v64p" name="Museum Geologicum Universitatis Hafniensis" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">MGUH</collectionCode>
26770, articulated skeleton.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D72236C6FFE75A1EFF73F984FBD8F978" blockId="2.[151,1437,1039,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE75A1EFF73F984FD8AF9E9" bold="true" box="[199,519,1580,1605]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">Newly referred material:</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFDAEF985FD09F9E8" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[538,644,1581,1604]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">NHMUK</collectionCode>
A5425, imperfect skeleton, dissociated elements, London Clay Formation,
<collectingCountry id="AF8A7656FFE75A1EFEA9F9E7FEF0F9C4" box="[285,381,1615,1640]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">England</collectingCountry>
, Ypresian, Early Eocene;
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFD1DF9F8FC9EF9CB" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[681,787,1616,1639]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">NHMUK</collectionCode>
A6115, imperfect skull, damaged proximal end of right humerus and sternal fragment embedded in a clay nodule, London Clay Formation,
<collectingCountry id="AF8A7656FFE75A1EFBCEF9DCFB57F921" box="[1146,1242,1652,1677]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">England</collectingCountry>
, Ypresian, Early Eocene;
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFF4FF930FEDDF91C" box="[251,336,1688,1712]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c1ae-v64p" name="Museum Geologicum Universitatis Hafniensis" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">MGUH</collectionCode>
1285, distal part of left humerus, Ølst Formation,
<collectingCountry id="AF8A7656FFE75A1EFC28F93FFB8AF91C" box="[924,1031,1687,1712]" name="Denmark" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">Denmark</collectingCountry>
, latest Paleocene—earliest Eocene;
<collectionCode id="B18CAE03FFE75A1EFF23F915FF4DF978" box="[151,192,1725,1748]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">DK</collectionCode>
23, subcomplete left humerus, Fur Formation,
<collectingCountry id="AF8A7656FFE75A1EFD64F914FCB6F979" box="[720,827,1724,1749]" name="Denmark" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">Denmark</collectingCountry>
, Ypresian, Early Eocene.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D72236C6FFE75A1EFF73F977FB63F954" blockId="2.[151,1437,1039,2037]" box="[199,1262,1759,1784]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE75A1EFF73F977FDA5F954" bold="true" box="[199,552,1759,1784]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">Tentatively referred material.</emphasis>
PU 23482 and UM 73103, Early Eocene Willwood Formation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D72236C6FFE75A1EFF73F8ACFE39F859" blockId="2.[151,1437,1039,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE75A1EFF73F8ACFE55F8B1" bold="true" box="[199,472,1796,1821]" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">Differential diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="109D4D45FFE75A1EFE5DF8ACFD5FF8B0" box="[489,722,1796,1820]" class="Aves" family="Lithornithidae" genus="Lithornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithornithiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="495" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulturinus">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE75A1EFE5DF8ACFD5FF8B0" box="[489,722,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">Lithornis vulturinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from other species of
<taxonomicName id="109D4D45FFE75A1EFBE8F8ACFB4FF8B0" box="[1116,1218,1796,1820]" class="Aves" family="Lithornithidae" genus="Lithornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithornithiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="495" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE75A1EFBE8F8ACFB4FF8B0" box="[1116,1218,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="495">Lithornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the following combination of features: processus orbitalis of os lacrimale fused to os ectethmoidale only at the tip; small caudal process on os palatinum similar to that found in some tinamous; pterygoid fossa small and shallow; corpus scapulae slender and poorly curved; humerus, presence of shallow oblique groove extending from distal part of crista bicipitalis to dorsal margin of sulcus transversus; ala postacetabularis ilii only slightly sloping ventrally; crista iliaca dorsolateralis lacking marked convexity above foramen acetabuli; wide spatium ischiopubicum and large foramen obturatum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D72236C6FFE65A1FFF73FF31FD52FEB1" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1688]" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">
<taxonomicName id="109D4D45FFE65A1FFF73FF31FED7FF1C" box="[199,346,152,176]" class="Aves" family="Lithornithidae" genus="Lithornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithornithiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulturinus">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE65A1FFF73FF31FED7FF1C" box="[199,346,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">L. vulturinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="109D4D45FFE65A1FFE4DFF31FDE6FF1C" box="[505,619,152,176]" class="Aves" family="Lithornithidae" genus="Lithornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithornithiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plebius">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE65A1FFE4DFF31FDE6FF1C" box="[505,619,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">L. plebius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the presence of small depression on the processus zygomaticus.
<taxonomicName id="109D4D45FFE65A1FFA31FF31FE84FF78" class="Aves" family="Lithornithidae" genus="Lithornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithornithiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulturinus">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE65A1FFA31FF31FE84FF78" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">L. vulturinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="109D4D45FFE65A1FFE14FF15FD98FF78" box="[416,533,188,212]" class="Aves" family="Lithornithidae" genus="Lithornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithornithiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celetius">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE65A1FFE14FF15FD98FF78" box="[416,533,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">L. celetius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the shorter processus orbitalis of os quadratum.
<taxonomicName id="109D4D45FFE65A1FFBE9FF15FB63FF78" box="[1117,1262,188,212]" class="Aves" family="Lithornithidae" genus="Lithornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithornithiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulturinus">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE65A1FFBE9FF15FB63FF78" box="[1117,1262,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">L. vulturinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="109D4D45FFE65A1FFA31FF15FE9AFF5B" class="Aves" family="Lithornithidae" genus="Lithornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithornithiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="promiscuus">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE65A1FFA31FF15FE9AFF5B" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">L. promiscuus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the following features: smaller size; shallower fossa temporalis; smaller condylus occipitalis; lateral groove of mandibula shallow and in dorsal position.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9F87654DFFE65A1FFF73FE8FFB23FDCC" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D72236C6FFE65A1FFF73FE8FFB23FDCC" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1688]" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE65A1FFF73FE8FFEB6FEEC" bold="true" box="[199,315,295,320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">Remarks.</emphasis>
The
<typeStatus id="08268864FFE65A1FFEC1FE8FFE5AFEEC" box="[373,471,295,320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="109D4D45FFE65A1FFE48FE80FCE0FEEC" authority="Owen, 1840" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1840" box="[508,877,296,320]" class="Aves" family="Lithornithidae" genus="Lithornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithornithiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulturinus">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE65A1FFE48FE80FD50FEEC" box="[508,733,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">Lithornis vulturinus</emphasis>
Owen, 1840
</taxonomicName>
was lost in the Second World War (Houde 1988). Consequently, Houde (1988) erected NHMUK A5204 as a
<typeStatus id="08268864FFE65A1FFCEBFEE5FC35FEC9" box="[863,952,333,357]" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="109D4D45FFE65A1FFC5DFEE5FBF3FEC8" box="[1001,1150,332,356]" class="Aves" family="Lithornithidae" genus="Lithornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithornithiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulturinus">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE65A1FFC5DFEE5FBF3FEC8" box="[1001,1150,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">L. vulturinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see discussion below). Therefore, our comparisons are mostly based on NHMUK A5204, which is the most complete specimen available from the
<typeStatus id="08268864FFE65A1FFEB4FE3DFEBDFE01" box="[256,304,405,429]" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">type</typeStatus>
formation. Aside
<taxonomicName id="109D4D45FFE65A1FFE4BFE3CFCF8FE00" authority="Owen, 1840" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1840" box="[511,885,404,428]" class="Aves" family="Lithornithidae" genus="Lithornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithornithiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulturinus">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE65A1FFE4BFE3CFD52FE00" box="[511,735,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">Lithornis vulturinus</emphasis>
Owen, 1840
</taxonomicName>
, three other species are currently included in the genus
<taxonomicName id="109D4D45FFE65A1FFF53FE10FEC3FE7C" box="[231,334,440,464]" class="Aves" family="Lithornithidae" genus="Lithornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithornithiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE65A1FFF53FE10FEC3FE7C" box="[231,334,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">Lithornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="109D4D45FFE65A1FFED1FE11FD04FE7C" authority="Houde, 1988" authorityName="Houde" authorityYear="1988" box="[357,649,439,464]" class="Aves" family="Lithornithidae" genus="Lithornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithornithiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celetius">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE65A1FFED1FE11FE6DFE7C" box="[357,480,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">L. celetius</emphasis>
Houde, 1988
</taxonomicName>
(Late Paleocene Fort Union and Polecat Bench Formations),
<taxonomicName id="109D4D45FFE65A1FFA31FE11FE32FE58" authority="Houde, 1988" authorityName="Houde" authorityYear="1988" class="Aves" family="Lithornithidae" genus="Lithornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithornithiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="promiscuus">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE65A1FFA31FE11FE9AFE58" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">L. promiscuus</emphasis>
Houde, 1988
</taxonomicName>
(Early Eocene Willwood Formation) and
<taxonomicName id="109D4D45FFE65A1FFC73FE75FB68FE58" authority="Houde, 1988" authorityName="Houde" authorityYear="1988" box="[967,1253,476,501]" class="Aves" family="Lithornithidae" genus="Lithornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithornithiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plebius">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE65A1FFC73FE75FBB0FE58" box="[967,1085,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">L. plebius</emphasis>
Houde, 1988
</taxonomicName>
(Early Eocene Willwood Formation).
<taxonomicName id="109D4D45FFE65A1FFE2DFDA9FD2AFDB4" authority="Harrison, 1984" authorityName="Harrison" authorityYear="1984" box="[409,679,511,536]" class="Aves" family="Lithornithidae" genus="Lithornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithornithiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasi">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE65A1FFE2DFDA9FE68FDBB" box="[409,485,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">L. nasi</emphasis>
(Harrison, 1984)
</taxonomicName>
from the Early Eocene London Clay Formation is regarded here as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="109D4D45FFE65A1FFEC9FD8DFD81FD90" box="[381,524,548,572]" class="Aves" family="Lithornithidae" genus="Lithornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithornithiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulturinus">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE65A1FFEC9FD8DFD81FD90" box="[381,524,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">L. vulturinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see discussion). Another species from the Early Eocene London Clay,?
<taxonomicName id="109D4D45FFE65A1FFA81FD8CFE3DFDCC" authority="Harrison, 1984" authorityName="Harrison" authorityYear="1984" class="Aves" family="Lithornithidae" genus="Lithornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithornithiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hookeri">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE65A1FFA81FD8CFF61FDCC" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">Lithornis hookeri</emphasis>
(Harrison, 1984)
</taxonomicName>
, is only tentatively referred to the genus
<taxonomicName id="109D4D45FFE65A1FFCCDFDE0FC6DFDCC" box="[889,992,584,608]" class="Aves" family="Lithornithidae" genus="Lithornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithornithiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE65A1FFCCDFDE0FC6DFDCC" box="[889,992,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">Lithornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Houde (1988).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9F87654DFFE65A1FFF73FDC4FD9FF934" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" type="description">
<paragraph id="D72236C6FFE65A1FFF73FDC4FD9FF934" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1688]" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">
<emphasis id="E5E9EAD4FFE65A1FFF73FDC4FB88FD29" bold="true" box="[199,1029,620,645]" pageId="3" pageNumber="496">
Measurements of MGUH
<quantity id="10659B23FFE65A1FFE4BFDC4FDE9FD29" box="[511,612,620,645]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.79958" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" unit="in" value="26770.0">26770 in</quantity>
mm (E, estimated measurements).
</emphasis>
Skull length (L) as preserved, 69.1; distance between foramen venae occipitalis externae and tip of processus paroccipitalis, 13.0; width (W) at medial edge of processus paroccipitalis, 10.8; L of lamina parasphenoidalis, 9.4; distance between tips of processus basipterygoidei,
<geoCoordinate id="B2A95001FFE65A1FFEE2FD7FFE11FD5C" box="[342,412,727,752]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" precision="5555" value="10.5">10.5E</geoCoordinate>
; distance between tip of processus zygomaticus and tip of processus postorbitalis, 9.5; height (H) of os lacrimale (distance from tip of processus supraorbitalis to tip of processus orbitalis), 11.5; mandibula, maximum W of fossa caudalis, 7.4. Atlas: L of corpus vertebrae (cv), 2.5. Axis: L of cv (from facies articularis cranialis to facies articularis caudalis), 5.6. C3: L of cv, 4.7; W at processus transversi (prt), 6.3; C4: L of cv, 6.0; W at prt, 7.1; C5: L of cv, 7.6; W at prt, 8.0; C6: L of cv, 8.7; C7: L of cv, 9.8; W at prt, 9.5; C8: L of cv, 9.3; W at prt, 9.8; C9: L of cv, 9.6; W at prt, 9.9; C10: L of cv, 10.0; W at prt, 10.3; C11: L from zygapophysis cranialis (zcr) to zygapophysis caudalis (zca), 11.2; C12: L from zcr to zca, 10.8; C13: L from zcr to zca, 10.7; C14: L from zcr to zca, 11.0; C15: L of base of processus spinosus (psp), 2.7; L from zcr to zca, 11.0; T1: L of base of psp, 4.2; L from zcr to zca, 11.0; T2: L of base of psp, 5.6; L from zcr to zca, 11.2;T3: L of cv, 9.7; L of base of psp, 7.3; L from zcr to zca, 11.7; T4: L of cv, 10.7; L of base of psp, 7.8; L from zcr to zca, 12.3; T5: L of base of psp, 6.9; L from zcr to zca, 12.0; T6: L of cv, 10.4; L of base of psp, 6.3; L from zcr to zca, 11.8; T7: L of cv, 10.1; L of base of psp, 5.5; L from zcr to zca, 11.2; T8: L of cv, 9.8. L of base of psp, 4.5; L from zcr to zca, 10.3; Synsacrum, L as preserved, 46.4; maximal W of synsacrum, 18.5. Length of right (R) scapula, 67.0; R scapula, W of extremitas cranialis, 9.0; R coracoideum, distance from processus acrococaroideus to lateral end of facies articularis sternalis, 38.0; left (Lf) humerus, distance between extremitas distalis and proximal end of impressio musculi pectoralis, 70.1; R humerus, distance between proximal end of impressio musculi pectoralis and proximal end of caput humeri, 12.0; estimated L of humerus based on the last two measurements, 82.0; R humerus, distance between caput and distal end of crista deltopectoralis,
<geoCoordinate id="B2A95001FFE65A1FFD7CFA94FC83FAF8" box="[712,782,1340,1364]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" precision="5555" value="28.0">28.0E</geoCoordinate>
; R humerus, W of extremitas proximalis (from crista deltopectoralis to crista bicipitalis), 18.2; R Humerus, W from tuberculum dorsale to crista bicipitalis,
<geoCoordinate id="B2A95001FFE65A1FFA9BFAF7FAF9FAD4" box="[1327,1396,1375,1400]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" precision="5555" value="16.0">16.0E</geoCoordinate>
; Lf humerus, L of crista deltopectoralis,
<geoCoordinate id="B2A95001FFE65A1FFD8EFA2CFD0DFA30" box="[570,640,1412,1436]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="496" precision="5555" value="24.0">24.0E</geoCoordinate>
; Lf humerus, W of shaft at distal end of crista deltopectoralis, 6.3; Lf humerus, W of shaft at mid-H, 5.5; Lf humerus, distance between extremitas distalis and distal end of crista deltopectoralis, 52.0; L of Lf ulna, 72.6; L of Lf radius, 67.1; Lf os carpi ulnare, H of ramus dorsalis, 5.3; L of Lf carpometacarpus, 40.0; L of Lf phalanx digiti alulae, 20.0; L of Lf phalanx proximalis digiti majoris, 16.0; L of Lf phalanx distalis digiti majoris, 18.0; L of Lf phalanx digiti minoris, 8.1; ilium, L from cranial end of ala preacetabularis ilii to caudal edge of antitrochanter, 35.9; distance between tip of tuberculum preacetabulare and crista iliaca dorsalis, 12.5; distance between tip of tuberculum preacetabulare and caudal edge of antitrochanter, 10.5; H of foramen acetabuli, 6.5.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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