198 lines
16 KiB
XML
198 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714044" checkinTime="1633643323770" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="038F87D4CA47FFA8CAB33B0EF993FBD4" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Mustelidae_0564.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Lontra felina Gray 1843" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="642" masterDocId="FFB6FFACCA50FFBFCA653C08FF86FF9C" masterDocTitle="Mustelidae" masterLastPageNumber="656" masterPageNumber="564" pageNumber="642" updateTime="1658240877668" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Mustelidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>564</mods:start>
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<mods:end>656</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5714044</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714107" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190302383" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714107" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038F87D4CA47FFA8CAB33B0EF993FBD4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87D4CA47FFA8CAB33B0EF993FBD4" lastPageNumber="642" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">
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<heading pageId="23" pageNumber="642">
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<subSubSection box="[214,270,1798,1844]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[211,1137,1798,1885]" box="[214,270,1798,1844]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">
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<figureCitation box="[214,270,1798,1844]" captionStart="Plate 35: Mustelidae" captionStartId="22.[135,165,3391,3412]" captionTargetBox="[12,2804,13,3640]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="27. Giant Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), 28. North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis), 29. Marine Otter (Lontra felina), 30. Neotropical Otter (Lontra longicaudis), 31. Southern River Otter (Lontra provocax), 32. Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris), 33. Spotted-necked Otter (Hydrictis maculicollis), 34. Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra), 35. Hairy-nosed Otter (Lutra sumatrana), 36. African Clawless Otter (Aonyx capensis), 37. Asian Small-clawed Otter (Aonyx cinereus), 38. Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6363026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6363026/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">29.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[287,563,1798,1844]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[211,1137,1798,1885]" box="[287,563,1798,1844]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">
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<vernacularName box="[287,563,1798,1844]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Marine Otter</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[577,824,1798,1844]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[211,1137,1798,1885]" box="[577,824,1798,1844]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1843" box="[577,824,1798,1844]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lontra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="23" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="felina">
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<emphasis box="[577,824,1798,1844]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Lontra felina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[213,1136,1862,1883]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[211,1137,1798,1885]" box="[213,1136,1862,1883]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">
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<emphasis box="[213,289,1862,1883]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[299,480,1862,1883]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Loutre chungungo</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[501,592,1862,1883]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[602,901,1862,1883]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Stidamerikanischer Meerotter</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[922,1012,1862,1883]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1022,1136,1862,1883]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Chungungo</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection box="[828,1411,1933,1962]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[828,1414,1933,2355]" box="[828,1411,1933,1962]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">
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<emphasis box="[828,983,1933,1962]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Molina, 1782" authorityName="Molina" authorityYear="1782" box="[1005,1407,1933,1962]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="23" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="felina">Mustela felina Molina, 1782</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[829,909,1972,2001]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[828,1414,1933,2355]" box="[829,909,1972,2001]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3707806311" box="[829,909,1972,2001]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">
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<collectingCountry box="[829,905,1972,2001]" name="Chile" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Chile</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="642" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[828,1414,1933,2355]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">
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The Marine Otter was previously included in the genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[1013,1086,2050,2079]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="23" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lutra</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="642" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714213" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5714213/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="642" targetBox="[212,797,1939,2349]" targetPageId="23">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[828,1414,1933,2355]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">
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<emphasis box="[828,1004,2086,2119]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Pacific coast from N
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<collectingCountry box="[1311,1375,2086,2119]" name="Peru" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Peru</collectingCountry>
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to S
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<collectingCountry box="[857,933,2129,2158]" name="Chile" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Chile</collectingCountry>
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, and extreme S of
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<collectingCountry box="[1208,1349,2129,2158]" name="Argentina" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Argentine</collectingCountry>
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Patagonia.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="642" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[828,1414,1933,2355]" lastBlockId="23.[212,1417,2365,3455]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">
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<emphasis box="[828,1085,2204,2237]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" metricValueMax="7.87" metricValueMin="5.33" pageId="23" pageNumber="642" unit="cm" value="66.0" valueMax="78.7" valueMin="53.3">53.3-78.7 cm</quantity>
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, tail
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<quantity box="[954,1123,2243,2276]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.31" metricValueMax="3.62" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="642" unit="cm" value="33.1" valueMax="36.2" valueMin="30.0">30-36.2 cm</quantity>
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; weight
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<quantity box="[1254,1407,2243,2276]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.8" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="23" pageNumber="642" unit="kg" value="4.5" valueMax="5.8" valueMin="3.2">3.2-5.8 kg</quantity>
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. The smallest of the South American otters. The pelage is dark brown through-out except for a grayish neck and throat. Large vibrissae occur on each upperlip. All the feet are fully webbed. The skull is small and flat, with a broad rostrum.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="642" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[212,1417,2365,3455]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">
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<emphasis box="[212,323,2444,2473]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Marine Otters are found in marine environments, along rocky coasts that harbor a high diversity of prey. They spend most of their time within
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<quantity box="[1142,1224,2479,2512]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="642" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</quantity>
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of shore, but occasionally may venture into freshwater tributaries flowing into the sea.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="642" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[212,1417,2365,3455]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">
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<emphasis box="[212,478,2562,2591]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The diet is primarily crustaceans, molluscs, and fish, but also includes birds, small mammals, and fruit. Along the Chilean coast, the diet consists of crabs (69-8%), fish (19:9%), shrimp (6:4%), and molluscs (3-9%). On the Valdivian coast in the south of
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<collectingCountry box="[571,647,2677,2710]" name="Chile" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Chile</collectingCountry>
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, spraints contained 25 species: 52% crustaceans, 40% fish, and 8% molluscs. Marine Otters showed opportunistic feeding behavior, selecting prey seasonally according to their availability. Marine Otters fish by first swimming to a hunting area, where they then dive underwater for 6-64 seconds. Captured prey are consumed in the waterif they are small enough to be handled easily, or taken ashore if larger. Crabs are almost always taken ashore. Prey can be carried in the mouth, or carried on the belly while swimming dorsally. Unlike Sea Otters, Marine Otters do not use rocks as anvils to crack open bivalves or shellfish. At Isla Choros, northern
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<collectingCountry box="[1332,1408,2959,2984]" name="Chile" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Chile</collectingCountry>
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, Marine Otters spent more time foraging in a wave-protected site compared with a wave-exposed habitat. Successful dives reached 26-9% in the wave-exposed habitat and 38-2% in the wave-protected habitat. Foraging dives were 18% shorter in wave-exposed as compared with wave-protected habitat.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="642" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[212,1417,2365,3455]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">
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<emphasis box="[212,447,3151,3180]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Mainly diurnal. Marine Otters spend about 40% of their time hunting and 60% resting or grooming. They make extensive use of caves, rock crevices, and natural cavities for resting sites. Many areas used for resting at low tide are underwater during high tides.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="642" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[212,1417,2365,3455]" lastBlockId="23.[1482,2690,279,1096]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">
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<emphasis box="[214,942,3308,3337]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Marine Otters are strong swimmers, but their daily movements occur within
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<quantity box="[870,952,3352,3377]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="642" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</quantity>
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ofthe coast. Long coastal movements are not documented. Marine Otters are solitary and seldom hunt in groups; observed groups are likely to consist of a female with her young. Among adults, home ranges overlap. Six Marine Otters were radio-tracked in central
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<collectingCountry box="[2419,2496,279,308]" name="Chile" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Chile</collectingCountry>
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. Females exhibited intra-sexualterritoriality, but there was no territoriality between males or between sexes. Home ranges were less than
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<quantity box="[2101,2208,362,387]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1339999999999995" pageId="23" pageNumber="642" unit="m" value="4134.0">4134 m</quantity>
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long and less than
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<quantity box="[2509,2596,362,387]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="23" pageNumber="642" unit="m" value="110.0">110 m</quantity>
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wide; range size did not differ between sexes. Marine Otters concentrated their activity in the littoral zone and spent 81% oftheir time on land, mostly resting. Core areas were associated with resting places and dens. Population density varies from 0-04-10 otters per km of coastline.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="642" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1482,2690,279,1096]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">
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<emphasis box="[1483,1617,554,583]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Mating occurs in December orJanuary. Gestation lasts 60-65 days and births take place in January, February, or March. Females give birth in rocky caves; these dens are spaces between boulders that remain above water even at high tide, and many have underwater entrances. Litter size is two to four. The young remain with their mother for up to ten months.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="642" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1482,2690,279,1096]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">
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<emphasis box="[1484,1838,751,780]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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<collectionCode box="[1853,1943,751,780]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">CITES</collectionCode>
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Appendix I. Classified as Endangered in The
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<collectionCode box="[2610,2690,751,780]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">IUCN</collectionCode>
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Red List. It is estimated that fewer than 1000 Marine Otters remain, including a Peruvian population of 200-300. This species is protected in
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<collectingCountry box="[2289,2432,829,858]" name="Argentina" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2452,2528,829,858]" name="Chile" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Chile</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[2611,2678,829,858]" name="Peru" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Peru</collectingCountry>
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. Major threats include human occupation of the coast, water pollution, and illegal killing for their pelts or by fisherman who blame Marine Otters for the reduction of local fish or shrimp populations.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="642" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1482,2690,279,1096]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">
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<emphasis box="[1485,1638,995,1016]" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Castilla (1981), Eisenberg (1989), Lariviere (1998),
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<collectingRegion box="[2205,2284,995,1016]" country="Saudi Arabia" name="Al Madinah" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Medina</collectingRegion>
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(1995),
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<collectingRegion box="[2378,2459,995,1016]" country="Saudi Arabia" name="Al Madinah" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Medina</collectingRegion>
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, Boher et al. (2007),
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<collectingRegion box="[1485,1566,1030,1055]" country="Saudi Arabia" name="Al Madinah" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Medina</collectingRegion>
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, Rodriguez et al. (2004), Ostfeld et al. (1989), Sielfeld (1983),
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<collectingRegion box="[2275,2313,1030,1055]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="23" pageNumber="642">Van</collectingRegion>
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Zyll de Jong (1972), Wozencraft (2005).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |