278 lines
36 KiB
XML
278 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document id="4228C3A440C7E83736D0F398D09D5625" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFFDF6108C753C34FD84F5C0" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Eidolon dupreanum" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="116" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="115" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:mods id="3EDEDB8492FDB228429D7AA84E2AF4AC" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="FAB2C57FCE3F7D61B875209075C03535">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0B8E723B709BA9131E5C8A1EAD6AC393">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0EE5DAB559B0A28E40F3888F73653CC4">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="E6D981303755D014A8B0DD963017E45F">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:title id="1903789266E66A5C91ECFDB23CFCDD59">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFFDF6108C753C34FD84F5C0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6449012" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379297" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6449012" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFFDF6108C753C34FD84F5C0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFFDF6108C753C34FD84F5C0" lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFDF6138C753C34FA01F7CD" blockId="57.[1385,2570,2088,2257]" box="[1387,1444,2088,2134]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFFDF6138C753C34FA01F7CD" box="[1387,1444,2088,2134]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFFDF6138C753C34FA01F7CD" box="[1387,1444,2088,2134]" captionStart="Plate 6: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="57.[107,137,3293,3318]" captionTargetBox="[11,2749,17,3661]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="95. African Straw-colored Fruit Bat (Eidolon helvum), 96. Madagascan Straw-colored Fruit Bat (Eidolon dupreanum), 98. Steadfast Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Paranyctimene tenax), 99. Broad-striped Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene aello), 100. Round-eared Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene cyclotis), 101. Mountain Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene certans), 102. Happy Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene wrighiae), 103. Lesser Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene varius), 104. Common Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene albiventer), 105. Dragon Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene draconilla), 106. Demonic Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene masalai), 107. Malaita Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene malaitensis), 108. Umboi Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene vizcaccia), 109. Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene major), 110. Philippine Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene rabori), 111. Pallas’s Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene cephalotes), 112. Keast’s Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene keasti), 113. Queensland Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene robinsont)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448867/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">96.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFDF6138CA83C34F700F7CD" box="[1462,2213,2088,2134]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFDF6138CA83C34F700F7CD" blockId="57.[1385,2570,2088,2257]" box="[1462,2213,2088,2134]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFFDF6138CA83C34F700F7CD" box="[1462,2213,2088,2134]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFFDF6138CA83C34F700F7CD" ID-CoL="38VDC" baseAuthorityName="Pollen in Schlegel & Pollen" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[1462,2213,2088,2134]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eidolon" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dupreanum">Madagascan Straw-colored Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFDF6138C773C53F941F7E6" box="[1385,1764,2127,2173]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFDF6138C773C53F941F7E6" blockId="57.[1385,2570,2088,2257]" box="[1385,1764,2127,2173]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFFDF6138C773C53F941F7E6" box="[1385,1764,2127,2173]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF6138C773C53F941F7E6" ID-CoL="38VDC" baseAuthorityName="Pollen in Schlegel & Pollen" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[1385,1764,2127,2173]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eidolon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dupreanum">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFDF6138C773C53F941F7E6" box="[1385,1764,2127,2173]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">Eidolon dupreanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFDF6138C753C8CF68BF757" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFDF6138C753C8CF5AFF73E" blockId="57.[1385,2570,2088,2257]" box="[1387,2570,2192,2213]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFFDF6138C753C8CF5AFF73E" box="[1387,2570,2192,2213]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFDF6138C753C8CFA13F73E" bold="true" box="[1387,1462,2192,2213]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFFDF6138CDE3C8CF8A8F73E" ID-CoL="38VDC" baseAuthorityName="Pollen in Schlegel & Pollen" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[1472,1805,2192,2213]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eidolon" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dupreanum">
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Roussette-paillée de
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFFDF6138F8A3C8CF8A8F73E" box="[1684,1805,2192,2213]" name="Madagascar" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFDF6138E3F3C8CF8D9F73E" bold="true" box="[1825,1916,2192,2213]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFFDF6138E9B3C8CF700F73E" ID-CoL="38VDC" baseAuthorityName="Pollen in Schlegel & Pollen" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[1925,2213,2192,2213]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eidolon" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dupreanum">Madagaskar-Palmenflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFDF61381A53C8CF6B3F73E" bold="true" box="[2235,2326,2192,2213]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFFDF613803E3C8CF5AFF73E" ID-CoL="38VDC" baseAuthorityName="Pollen in Schlegel & Pollen" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[2336,2570,2192,2213]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eidolon" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dupreanum">
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Eidolon de
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFFDF613808F3C8CF5AFF73E" box="[2449,2570,2192,2213]" name="Madagascar" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFDF6138C743CABF68BF757" blockId="57.[1385,2570,2088,2257]" box="[1386,2350,2231,2252]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFFDF6138C743CABF68BF757" box="[1386,2350,2231,2252]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFDF6138C743CABF9C4F757" bold="true" box="[1386,1633,2231,2252]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFFDF6138F723CABF872F757" ID-CoL="38VDC" baseAuthorityName="Pollen in Schlegel & Pollen" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[1644,2007,2231,2252]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eidolon" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dupreanum">
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFFDF6138F723CABF940F757" box="[1644,1765,2231,2252]" name="Madagascar" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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Straw Colored Fruit Bat
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</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFFDF6138EFA3CABF68BF757" ID-CoL="38VDC" baseAuthorityName="Pollen in Schlegel & Pollen" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[2020,2350,2231,2252]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eidolon" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dupreanum">Malagasy Straw-colored Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFDF6138ED13CE7F688F6DF" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFDF6138ED13CE7F688F6DF" blockId="57.[1998,2593,2299,2728]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFDF6138ED13CE7F7C2F687" bold="true" box="[1999,2151,2299,2332]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">Taxonomy</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF613819E3CE7F655F687" ID-CoL="78M59" authority="Pollen" authorityName="Pollen" box="[2176,2544,2299,2332]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dupreanus">Pteropus dupreanus Pollen</taxonomicName>
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in
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA510FDFFFDF6138ED13D3FF68DF6DF" box="[1999,2344,2339,2372]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">Schlegel & Pollen, 1867</treatmentCitation>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFDF61380253D3FF71DF609" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFDF61380253D3FF71DF609" blockId="57.[1998,2593,2299,2728]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFFDF61380253D3FF71DF609" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391435" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">
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type locality not given. Restricted by W. Bergmans in 1991 to “
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFFDF613811C3D6DF703F609" box="[2050,2214,2417,2450]" name="Madagascar" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFDF6138ED13D86F741F592" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFDF6138ED13D86F741F592" blockId="57.[1998,2593,2299,2728]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">
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Some authors consider
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF613803E3D86F584F620" baseAuthorityName="Pollen in Schlegel & Pollen" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[2336,2593,2458,2491]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eidolon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dupreanum">Eidolon dupreanum</taxonomicName>
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a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF61381AF3DD5F69DF679" baseAuthorityName="Kerr" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[2225,2360,2505,2530]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eidolon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="helvum">E. helvum</taxonomicName>
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, but it is clearly distinct. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFDF6138ED03E0CF64AF5C2" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFFDF6138ED03E0CF64AF5C2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448861" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448861/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" startId="57.[1998,2170,2576,2609]" targetBox="[1383,1974,2308,2722]" targetPageId="57">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFDF6138ED03E0CF64AF5C2" blockId="57.[1998,2593,2299,2728]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFDF6138ED03E0CF7DFF5AA" bold="true" box="[1998,2170,2576,2609]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">Distribution</emphasis>
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.
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFFDF613818C3E0CF692F5AA" box="[2194,2359,2576,2609]" name="Madagascar" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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, W coastal and Central High Plateau; also on Nosy Be.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFDF6108ED03E43FE79FB3E" lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFDF6108ED03E43FE79FB3E" blockId="57.[1998,2593,2299,2728]" lastBlockId="58.[171,1385,287,2652]" lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFDF6138ED03E43F746F51B" bold="true" box="[1998,2275,2655,2688]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">Descriptive notes</emphasis>
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. Head-body
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, tail
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, ear
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, hindfoot
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, forearm 117-
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; weight
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|
||
. Females are typically smaller and lighter than males. The Madagascan Straw-colored Fruit Bat has brownish dorsum, tawny olive venter, and bright orange-brown collar. Muzzle is nearly hairless and elongated, rhinarium is prominent, and nostrils are flush with long slender rostrum. Eyes are large; irises are raw umber. Ears are hairless posteriorly, with fur at their bases and elongated ovals and dark brown auricles, and antitragus is obsolete. Face is mostly hairless, with some short soft dark brown hairs around eyes extending onto rostrum. Short straw-colored pelage covers head and extends onto nape and dorsum. Adults usually have brown to deep tawny collar that is brighter and more pronounced in males. Throat, chest, and belly are fully haired, with same deep tawny pelage. Pelage extends over upper arm and slightly onto forearm and uppersurface of legs and uropatagium but not onto wing membrane. Uropatagium is split and extends partially off each leg; calcaris short and slightly haired dorsally. Tail is short, with 2-2-5 vertebrae protruding. Wings are long, pointed, somewhat narrow, and dark blackish brown. At rest, ends of wings are folded back, with tips folded in. Second phalanges of third and fourth digits lie flat against lower surface of wing. Wings extend from sides of dorsum close to spine and from back offirst toe. Second digit is clawed. Wing membranes extend from sides of dorsum and back of first toe. Metacarpal and first phalanx of first digit are within wing membrane. Skull has elongated rostrum, and nasals extend past canines while premaxillae do not. Premaxillae have distinct space between I? and C! when laterally viewed. Cranial foramina are larger than the African Straw-colored Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFEF610885E369EFE6FFD38" baseAuthorityName="Kerr" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[320,458,642,675]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eidolon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="helvum">E. helvum</taxonomicName>
|
||
), lacrimal foramen is deep, and infraorbital foramen is large. Foramen magnum is relatively wide. Braincase is less domed laterally and slightly more constricted posteriorly. Postorbital process extends from frontal but is not connected to jugal. Ectotympanic is produced laterally as short tube, which is distinctive of this genus. Palate broadens posteriorly and is widest between M* to M?, it then narrows at posterior border to width about equal to that between lingual edges of P4 to P4. Front of orbit is located above middle to posterior part of M'. On mandible, posterior margin between condyle and angle is practically straight, and angle is rounded. Ten palatal ridges are present: four anterior, three middle, and three posterior. Teeth are without special modifications, and no secondary cusps appear in canines or cheekteeth. Upper incisors are small, rounded, and subequalin size. Lower incisors are similar to uppers and usually in contact with each other and with canines. Molars contain a longitudinal median groove separating higher outer and lower inner ridge. All post-canine teeth are slightly separated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF7B6664FFFDF613897538C1FB6CF209" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448867" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448867/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" startId="57.[107,137,3293,3318]" targetBox="[11,2749,17,3661]" targetPageId="56">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFDF613897538C1FB6CF209" blockId="57.[105,2591,3272,3479]" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">
|
||
On following pages: 97. Unstriped Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF6138BD038C1FC1DF36D" authorityName="Tate" authorityYear="1942" box="[718,952,3293,3318]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Paranyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raptor">Paranyctimene raptor</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 98. Steadfast Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF6138C4A38C1F99CF36D" baseAuthorityName="Bergmans" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[1364,1593,3293,3318]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Paranyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenax">Paranyctimene tenax</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 99. Broad-striped Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF613811F38C1F714F36D" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1900" box="[2049,2225,3293,3318]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aello">Nyctimene aello</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 100. Round-eared Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF61389CB3915FE00F285" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1910" box="[213,421,3337,3358]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyclotis">Nyctimene cyclotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 101. Mountain Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF6138A573915FBBDF285" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1912" box="[841,1048,3337,3358]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="certans">Nyctimene certans</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 102. Happy Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF6138C803915F9D8F285" authorityName="Irwin" authorityYear="2017" box="[1438,1661,3337,3358]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wrightae">Nyctimene wrightae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 103. Lesser Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF61381183915F760F285" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1910" box="[2054,2245,3337,3358]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="varius">Nyctimene varius</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 104. Common Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF61389CB3930FE1BF2DE" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[213,446,3372,3397]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventer">Nyctimene albiventer</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 105. Dragon Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF6138A503930FB91F2DE" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1922" box="[846,1076,3372,3397]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="draconilla">Nyctimene draconilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 106. Demonic Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF6138CC83930F903F2DE" authorityName="Smith & Hood" authorityYear="1983" box="[1494,1702,3372,3397]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="masalai">Nyctimene masalai</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 107.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFFDF6138FF33930F89FF2DE" box="[1773,1850,3372,3397]" country="Solomon Islands" name="Malaita" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">Malaita</collectingRegion>
|
||
Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF613812F3930F688F2DE" authorityName="C. J. Phillips" authorityYear="1968" box="[2097,2349,3372,3397]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malaitensis">Nyctimene malaitensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
): 108. Umboi Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF61388453944FD9FF2F6" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1914" box="[347,570,3416,3437]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vizcaccia">Nyctimene vizcaccia</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 109. Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF6138AA43944FBD3F2F6" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1877" box="[954,1142,3416,3437]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">Nyctimene major</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 110. Philippine Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF6138F033944F97CF2F6" authorityName="Heaney & Peterson" authorityYear="1984" box="[1565,1753,3416,3437]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rabori">Nyctimene rabori</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 111. Pallas’s Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF61381413944F6F3F2F6" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1767" box="[2143,2390,3416,3437]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cephalotes">Nyctimene cephalotes</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 112. Keast's Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF61388453965FDBCF209" box="[347,537,3449,3474]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="keasti">Nyctimene keasti</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 113.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFFDF6138B7C3965FD41F209" box="[610,740,3449,3474]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="57" pageNumber="115">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFDF6138AC53965FB18F209" authorityName=": Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[987,1213,3449,3474]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinson">Nyctimene robinson</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFEF61089B330B7FAE0FA80" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFEF61089B330B7FAE0FA80" blockId="58.[171,1385,287,2652]" pageId="58" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFEF61089B330B7FEBDFB57" bold="true" box="[173,280,1195,1228]" pageId="58" pageNumber="116">Habitat</emphasis>
|
||
. Humid, dry deciduous and spiny forests at
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFFEF6108AA430B7FBFCFB57" box="[954,1113,1195,1228]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.05" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" unit="m" value="605.0" valueMax="1200.0" valueMin="10.0">10-1200 m</quantity>
|
||
. The Madagascan Straw-colored Fruit Bat is rare or absent from forests without rocky outcrops used for roosting and survives in highly modified landscapes with minimal native vegetation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFEF61089B0313DFB23F93E" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFEF61089B0313DFB23F93E" blockId="58.[171,1385,287,2652]" pageId="58" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFEF61089B0313DFE1DFAD9" bold="true" box="[174,440,1313,1346]" pageId="58" pageNumber="116">Food and Feeding</emphasis>
|
||
. Fruits of native and introduced plants are main dietary components of Madagascan Straw-colored Fruit Bats, but they also eat leaves and other plant parts. They appear to prefer native vegetation to introduced plants. It is known to eat 13 different types of fruits from 13 plant species in ten families, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFEF6108C37318BFE00FA7B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Polyscias" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Polyscias (Araliaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, llex (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFEF6108B1F31DFFD6FFA7B" box="[513,714,1475,1504]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aquifoliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Aquifoliales" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Aquifoliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFEF6108BF831DFFC78FA7B" box="[742,989,1475,1504]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus (Moraceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFEF6108AEF31DFFAF8FA7B" box="[1009,1373,1475,1504]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Passiflora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Passiflora (Passifloraceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFEF61089B031F7FD8AF993" box="[174,559,1515,1544]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gentianaceae" genus="Anthocleista" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Anthocleista (Gentianaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFEF6108B5F31F7FC3DF993" box="[577,920,1515,1544]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Icacinaceae" genus="Cassinopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Icacinales" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cassinopsis (Icacinaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFEF6108AB631F7FAA1F993" box="[936,1284,1515,1544]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Allophylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Allophylus (Sapindaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFEF6108C0A31F7FEE8F9B4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rubus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rubus (Rosaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFEF610887A320EFD39F9B4" box="[356,668,1554,1583]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum (Solanaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFEF6108BED320EFBB2F9B4" box="[755,1047,1554,1583]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Psidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Psidium (Myrtaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Pollen of 23 different taxonomic categories of flowersis used, principally baobabs (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFEF6108D193229FB33F9CD" box="[1031,1174,1589,1622]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Adansonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Adansonia</taxonomicName>
|
||
suarezensis and A. grandidieri) and kapok trees (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFEF6108B9A3241FD68F9E5" box="[644,717,1629,1662]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ceiba</taxonomicName>
|
||
pentandra), all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFEF6108AAE3241FBE6F9E5" box="[944,1091,1629,1662]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Madagascan Strawcolored Fruit Bats might be key pollinators of these endangered trees.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFEF61089B132B1FD81F955" box="[175,548,1709,1742]" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFEF61089B132B1FD81F955" blockId="58.[171,1385,287,2652]" box="[175,548,1709,1742]" pageId="58" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFEF61089B132B1FE94F955" bold="true" box="[175,305,1709,1742]" pageId="58" pageNumber="116">Breeding</emphasis>
|
||
. No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFEF61089B332CFFE47F878" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFEF61089B332CFFE47F878" blockId="58.[171,1385,287,2652]" pageId="58" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFEF61089B332CFFE30F96F" bold="true" box="[173,405,1747,1780]" pageId="58" pageNumber="116">Activity patterns</emphasis>
|
||
. Madagascan Straw-colored Fruit Bats are nocturnal. They are known to aggregate in small colonies occasionally in tree foliage, but they are more often found in rock fissures and caves. They prefer high and long caves, with good buffering capacity for temperature and humidity. Individuals navigate in and out of roost cave structures, with an incipient form of echolocation based on clicks (peak frequencies of 11-3-16-2 kHz and durations of 0-16-0-3 milliseconds), emitted while leaving a cave in complete darkness.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFEF61089B133F4FBF1F7C2" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFEF61089B133F4FBF1F7C2" blockId="58.[171,1385,287,2652]" pageId="58" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFEF61089B133F4FC2FF792" bold="true" box="[175,906,2024,2057]" pageId="58" pageNumber="116">Movements, Home range and Social organization</emphasis>
|
||
. The Madagascan Straw-colored Fruit Bat might be migratory because of regular variation in occupancy and abundance of roosts. Colonies rarely reach more than 1000 individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFEF61089AE3C42FD3EF60E" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFEF61089AE3C42FD3EF60E" blockId="58.[171,1385,287,2652]" pageId="58" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFEF61089AE3C42FDB5F7E4" bold="true" box="[176,528,2142,2175]" pageId="58" pageNumber="116">Status and Conservation</emphasis>
|
||
. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Madagascan Straw-colored Fruit Bat is estimated to have undergone a population decline exceeding 30% over the past 20 years, mainly from extreme pressure from hunting, causing it to abandon roosts, with known examples of local extirpation of roosts sites. It is found along the coast and on the central high plateau; areas lacking records most likely reflect inadequate surveying efforts rather than true absence. It occurs in some protected areas; e.g., Isalo and Tsingy de Namoroka national parks and Ankarana and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFFEF61089AF3D68FF5DF60E" box="[177,248,2420,2453]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="58" pageNumber="116">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Sainte Marie special reserves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFEF61089AF3DBEFD84F5C0" pageId="58" pageNumber="116" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFEF61089AF3DBEFD84F5C0" blockId="58.[171,1385,287,2652]" pageId="58" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFEF61089AF3DBEFEE3F620" bold="true" box="[177,326,2466,2491]" pageId="58" pageNumber="116">Bibliography</emphasis>
|
||
. Andersen (1908a, 1912b), Andriafidison, Andrianaivoarivelo, Ramilijaona et al. (2006), Andriafidison,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFFEF61089F63DD6FE8BF678" box="[232,302,2506,2531]" country="United Kingdom" name="Cardiff" pageId="58" pageNumber="116">Cardiff</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. (2008b), Baum (1995), Bergmans (1991, 1997),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFFEF6108A9E3DD6FC63F678" box="[896,966,2506,2531]" country="United Kingdom" name="Cardiff" pageId="58" pageNumber="116">Cardiff</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Jenkins (2016), Dietz (1916), Goodman, Andriafidison et al. (2005), Jenkins etal. (2007), MacKinnon et al. (2003), Marshall (1985), Nowak (1999), Picot et al. (2007), Racey, PA. et al. (2009), Ratrimomanarivo (2007), Schmid & Alonso (2005), Schoeman & Goodman (2012), Shi et al. (2014).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |