243 lines
29 KiB
XML
243 lines
29 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="DAB7969A019B093F66DF90A20F4D23C2">
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<mods:title id="99C9A499A05F6B10F082AEAD32C31551">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DF58301B75DC94E61EA4109D9BB76A0E">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B3D1BB752532BF36377E5665EEEF49DD">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="FF246CB62D17BB666347E71EED0703EC">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="3C6999C4395C18B5EE95A623DF228C5F">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:title id="823C7CF351C833FBAF38BB447E1232BA">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFECF6038CB03315FB3DFBD1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6794950" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379267" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6794950" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFECF6038CB03315FB3DFBD1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFECF6038CB03315FB3DFBD1" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF6028CB03315FA43F8AC" box="[1454,1510,1801,1847]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF6028CB03315FA43F8AC" blockId="40.[1451,2530,1801,1931]" box="[1454,1510,1801,1847]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFECF6028CB03315FA43F8AC" box="[1454,1510,1801,1847]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFECF6028CB03315FA43F8AC" box="[1454,1510,1801,1847]" captionStart="Plate 4: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="33.[122,152,3248,3269]" captionTargetBox="[14,2755,18,3663]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="50. Western Woermann’s Fruit Bat (Megaloglossus azagnyi), 51. Eastern Woermann’s Fruit Bat (Megaloglossus woermanni), 52. Angolan Soft-furred Fruit Bat (Lissonycteris angolensis), 53. Little Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris torquata), 54. Sao Tome Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris brachycephala), 55. Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris leptodon), 56. Bergmans’s Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris relicta), 57. Broad-faced Fruit Bat (Plerotes anchietae), 58. Hammer-headed Fruit Bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus), 59. Franquet’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomops franqueti), 60. Buttikofer’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomops buettikoferi), 61. Veldkamp’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Nanonycteris veldkampr), 62. Gambian Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus gambianus), 63. Peters’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus erypturus), 64. Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus angolensis), 65. Little Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus labiatus), 66. Minor Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus minor), 67. Ansell’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus anselli), 68. Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi), 69. Dobson’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus dobsonu), 70. Sanborn’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus grands), 71. Lesser Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus pusillus), 72. Hayman’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus intermedius)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448849/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">66.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF6028CE63315F795F8AC" box="[1528,2096,1801,1847]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF6028CE63315F795F8AC" blockId="40.[1451,2530,1801,1931]" box="[1528,2096,1801,1847]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFECF6028CE63315F795F8AC" box="[1528,2096,1801,1847]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028CE63315F795F8AC" authority="Epauletted Fruit Bat" authorityName="Epauletted Fruit Bat" box="[1528,2096,1801,1847]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFECF6028CE63315F795F8AC" ID-CoL="6FX9S" authority="Dobson, 1880" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1880" box="[1528,2096,1801,1847]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">Minor Epauletted Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF602817F3315F644F8AC" box="[2145,2529,1801,1847]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF602817F3315F644F8AC" blockId="40.[1451,2530,1801,1931]" box="[2145,2529,1801,1847]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFECF602817F3315F644F8AC" box="[2145,2529,1801,1847]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF602817F3315F644F8AC" ID-CoL="6FX9S" authority="Dobson, 1880" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1880" box="[2145,2529,1801,1847]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF602817F3315F644F8AC" box="[2145,2529,1801,1847]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Epomophorus minor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF6028CB33356F7BDF81C" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF6028CB33356F6C3F8C4" blockId="40.[1451,2530,1801,1931]" box="[1453,2406,1866,1887]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFECF6028CB33356F6C3F8C4" box="[1453,2406,1866,1887]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF6028CB33356FA5CF8C4" bold="true" box="[1453,1529,1866,1887]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFECF6028F1C3356F914F8C4" ID-CoL="6FX9S" authority="Dobson, 1880" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1880" box="[1538,1713,1866,1887]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">Epomophore nain</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF6028FD93356F884F8C4" bold="true" box="[1735,1825,1866,1887]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFECF6028E323356F79CF8C4" ID-CoL="6FX9S" authority="Dobson, 1880" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1880" box="[1836,2105,1866,1887]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">Kleiner Epaulettenflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF60281513356F70FF8C4" bold="true" box="[2127,2218,1866,1887]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFECF60281AA3356F6C3F8C4" ID-CoL="6FX9S" authority="Dobson, 1880" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1880" box="[2228,2406,1866,1887]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">Epomdéforo enano</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF6028CB3336EF7BDF81C" blockId="40.[1451,2530,1801,1931]" box="[1453,2072,1906,1927]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFECF6028CB3336EF7BDF81C" box="[1453,2072,1906,1927]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF6028CB3336EF901F81C" bold="true" box="[1453,1700,1906,1927]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFECF6028FB0336EF7BDF81C" ID-CoL="6FX9S" authority="Dobson, 1880" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1880" box="[1710,2072,1906,1927]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFECF6028FB0336EF815F81C" ID-CoL="6FX9S" authority="Dobson, 1880" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1880" box="[1710,1968,1906,1927]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">Least Epauletted Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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(
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFECF6028EA0336EF7B7F81C" ID-CoL="6FX9S" authority="Dobson, 1880" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1880" box="[1982,2066,1906,1927]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">minimus</vernacularName>
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)
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF602810F33AEF7F9F860" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF602810F33AEF7F9F860" blockId="40.[2065,2661,1970,2398]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF602810F33AEF708F848" bold="true" box="[2065,2221,1970,2003]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF60281D933AEF7F2F860" ID-CoL="6FX9S" authority="Dobson, 1880" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1880" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">Epomophorus minor Dobson, 1880</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF602817633FEF62AF860" box="[2152,2447,2018,2043]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF602817633FEF62AF860" blockId="40.[2065,2661,1970,2398]" box="[2152,2447,2018,2043]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFECF602817633FEF62EF860" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391487" box="[2152,2443,2018,2043]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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“
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF602816C33FEF755F860" box="[2162,2288,2018,2043]" name="Tanzania" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
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,”
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF602801533FEF62EF860" box="[2315,2443,2018,2043]" name="Tanzania" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF602810C3C19F9F5F506" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF602810C3C19F9F5F506" blockId="40.[2065,2661,1970,2398]" lastBlockId="40.[1455,2666,2406,3465]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF602810C3C19F680F7B9" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1880" box="[2066,2341,2053,2082]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">Epomophorus minor</taxonomicName>
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is in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF60280CA3C19F5C1F7B9" baseAuthorityName="Ogilby" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[2516,2660,2053,2082]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gambianus">gambianus</taxonomicName>
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species group. Systematics of small-sized
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF602810C3C4CF767F7EA" authorityName="Bennett" authorityYear="1836" box="[2066,2242,2128,2161]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Epomophorus</taxonomicName>
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remains unclear. Two alternative hypotheses exist. In one by GC.|. Claessen and F. De Vree in 1991,
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF60280E83CBBF79EF77C" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labiatus">E. labiatus</taxonomicName>
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varies widely with clinal geographical morphometric trends; this name covers all
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF60281613D09F6B1F6AD" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" box="[2175,2324,2325,2358]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labiatus">E. labiatus</taxonomicName>
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specimens and larger individuals of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF60281E83D59F6D0F6C5" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1880" box="[2294,2421,2373,2398]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">E. minor</taxonomicName>
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, which is then synonymized under
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028FC43D7AF8C9F61C" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" box="[1754,1900,2406,2439]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labiatus">E. labiatus</taxonomicName>
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, whereas smallest specimens are allocated to newly described
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028F5B3D91F945F635" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[1605,1760,2445,2478]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minimus">E. minimus</taxonomicName>
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. In the alternative hypothesis by W. Bergmans in 1988, larger
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028CB13DA9F99BF64D" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" box="[1455,1598,2485,2518]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labiatus">E. labiatus</taxonomicName>
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and smaller
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028FE03DA9F8D1F64D" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1880" box="[1790,1908,2485,2518]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">E. minor</taxonomicName>
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are both valid species that overlap slightly in measurements; nevertheless, they can be readily distinguished from each other where they overlap geographically (e.g.
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028E803E1FF7ACF5BF" box="[1950,2057,2563,2596]" name="Malawi" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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);
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF602813B3E1FF764F5BF" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[2085,2241,2563,2596]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minimus">E. minimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is then a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028CB13E37F981F5D7" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1880" box="[1455,1572,2603,2636]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">E. minor</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Here, the second hypothesis is provisionally adopted, pending further investigation that should include thorough genetic sampling across all of East Africa. Monotypic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF6028CAE3EBEF6DDF571" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="multiple">
|
||
<caption id="DF7B6664FFECF6028CAE3EBEF6DDF571" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803716" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803716" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803716/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" startId="40.[1456,1628,2722,2755]" targetBox="[1451,2044,1986,2403]" targetPageId="40">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF6028CAE3EBEF6DDF571" blockId="40.[1455,2666,2406,3465]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF6028CAE3EBEF9FAF558" bold="true" box="[1456,1631,2722,2755]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
From
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028FD93EBEF884F558" box="[1735,1825,2722,2755]" name="Sudan" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028E2A3EBEF848F558" box="[1844,2029,2722,2755]" name="South Sudan" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF602811E3EBEF7DFF558" box="[2048,2170,2722,2755]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF60281D13EBEF6E5F558" box="[2255,2368,2722,2755]" name="Somalia" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Somalia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, S to SE
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF60280D93EBEF5FAF558" box="[2503,2655,2722,2755]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028CAE3ED5F98BF571" box="[1456,1582,2761,2794]" name="Tanzania" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
(including Unguja I in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028E9F3ED5F859F571" box="[1921,2044,2761,2794]" name="Tanzania" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
|
||
Archipelago), and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF602800E3ED5F6D1F571" box="[2320,2420,2761,2794]" name="Malawi" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF6028CAE3EECF9F2F2A7" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF6028CAE3EECF9F2F2A7" blockId="40.[1455,2666,2406,3465]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF6028CAE3EECF914F48A" bold="true" box="[1456,1713,2800,2833]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFECF6028E6A3EECF7BBF48A" box="[1908,2078,2800,2833]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.055" metricValueMax="1.15" metricValueMin="0.96" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="105.5" valueMax="115.0" valueMin="96.0">96-115 mm</quantity>
|
||
(tailless), ear
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFECF60281E23EECF630F48A" box="[2300,2453,2800,2833]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="18.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="16.0">16-20 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFECF60283273EECF9B0F4A2" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="14.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="14.0">14- 15 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFECF6028FBC3F04F890F4A2" box="[1698,1845,2840,2873]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.05" metricValueMax="6.7" metricValueMin="5.4" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="60.5" valueMax="67.0" valueMin="54.0">54-67 mm</quantity>
|
||
(males) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFECF6028EE93F04F72EF4A2" box="[2039,2187,2840,2873]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.15" metricValueMax="6.6" metricValueMin="5.7" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="61.5" valueMax="66.0" valueMin="57.0">57-66 mm</quantity>
|
||
(females); weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFECF60280893F04F5A3F4A2" box="[2455,2566,2840,2873]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" unit="g" value="50.0" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="45.0">45-55 g</quantity>
|
||
. Males average larger than females, with broader muzzle and folded upperlip. Eyes are large; irises are brown. Ears are relatively short, rounded, naked, and brown, with dark rims and anterior and posterior light ear patches. Adult males have white epaulettes. Dorsum is light sandy brown; venter is slightly lighter than dorsum. Wings have claw on second digits, and membranes are light brown and sparsely covered in hair, attaching to second toes. Skull is small for a fruit bat and relatively delicate; condylo-basal length is typically less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFECF6028E283829F832F3D5" box="[1846,1943,3125,3150]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="42.0">42 mm</quantity>
|
||
in males and less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFECF60281F93829F6ECF3D5" box="[2279,2377,3125,3150]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="38.0">38 mm</quantity>
|
||
in females; rostrum is relatively short and, in profile, flat along with interorbital region; parietal region is rounded and deflected downward; zygomatic width is relatively large, with weak arches; sagittal crest is absent; nuchal crest is weak; and post-dental palate is comparatively flat. There are six thick palatal ridges, of which two are post-dental; fourth is midway between third and fifth in smaller specimens; and fifth ridge can be partially interdental.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF6038CAD395DFDBDFEC0" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF6038CAD395DFDBDFEC0" blockId="40.[1455,2666,2406,3465]" lastBlockId="41.[120,1328,276,1103]" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF6028CAD395DF987F2F9" bold="true" box="[1459,1570,3393,3426]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Woodlands (including miombo woodland), savannas, Somalia-Masai
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF602830B395DF9E9F212" authority="" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Fabaceae">Acacia (Fabaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028FB63970F7BCF212" box="[1704,2073,3436,3465]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Commiphora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Commiphora (Burseraceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
deciduous bushland, and arid or semidesert grasslands (and mosaics of these) from sea level up to elevations of
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFEDF6038DD83508FA88FEAE" box="[1222,1325,276,309]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" pageId="41" pageNumber="99" unit="m" value="1950.0">1950 m</quantity>
|
||
(preferring lower elevations).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEDF6038964357FFDAFFE31" pageId="41" pageNumber="99" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEDF6038964357FFDAFFE31" blockId="41.[120,1328,276,1103]" pageId="41" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEDF6038964357FFE26FE1F" bold="true" box="[122,387,355,388]" pageId="41" pageNumber="99">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Minor Epauletted Fruit Bat is presumably frugivorous eating soft fruits and nectarivorous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEDF603896435AEFD74FDEB" pageId="41" pageNumber="99" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEDF603896435AEFD74FDEB" blockId="41.[120,1328,276,1103]" pageId="41" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEDF603896435AEFEA4FE48" bold="true" box="[122,257,434,467]" pageId="41" pageNumber="99">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFEDF603882535AEFE3BFE48" box="[315,414,434,467]" name="Malawi" pageId="41" pageNumber="99">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, young Minor Epauletted Fruit Bats were reported in January— April and from late October to November, pregnant females in August, lactating females in April, and females with large nipples in February—April and August-December. Males with developing and large testes were recorded in December—January and May. These data suggest bimodal polyestry.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEDF6038966366BFAB9FD5B" pageId="41" pageNumber="99" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEDF6038966366BFAB9FD5B" blockId="41.[120,1328,276,1103]" pageId="41" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEDF6038966366BFEC6FD03" bold="true" box="[120,355,631,664]" pageId="41" pageNumber="99">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Minor Epauletted Fruit Bat is nocturnal. It roosts hanging from palms, branches of mango trees, and banana leaves. It also uses unused human huts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEDF603896736DAFB26FC95" pageId="41" pageNumber="99" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEDF603896736DAFB26FC95" blockId="41.[120,1328,276,1103]" pageId="41" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEDF603896736DAFCE9FD7C" bold="true" box="[121,844,710,743]" pageId="41" pageNumber="99">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Minor Epauletted Fruit Bat roosts alone or in small groups. Males and females might roost separately.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEDF60389673709FDF3FC61" pageId="41" pageNumber="99" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEDF60389673709FDF3FC61" blockId="41.[120,1328,276,1103]" pageId="41" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEDF60389673709FE70FCAD" bold="true" box="[121,469,789,822]" pageId="41" pageNumber="99">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The “Least Epauletted Fruit Bat” (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFEDF60388DA3720FDF8FCC6" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[452,605,828,861]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minimus">E. minimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is considered a conspecific here and is also classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Minor Epauletted Fruit Bat has a wide distribution and large population. It probably is not declining fast enough to be assigned to a higher category. It faces no major threats, but overharvesting for food might threaten some populations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEDF60389673016FB3DFBD1" pageId="41" pageNumber="99" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEDF60389673016FB3DFBD1" blockId="41.[120,1328,276,1103]" pageId="41" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEDF60389673016FEB7FBB8" bold="true" box="[121,274,1034,1059]" pageId="41" pageNumber="99">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Allen & Loveridge (1933), Bergmans (1988, 1997), Bergmans & van Strien (2004), Claessen & De Vree (1991), Happold, M. (2013f), Koopman (1975), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Taylor (2016c¢).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |