382 lines
48 KiB
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382 lines
48 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="A8C3811F989883E44FA44181390C6466">New light on the nomenclature, taxonomy, and biology of Hemipholis species (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiactidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BCB8A46746E39D40F3A473EA79FD43CE">Hendler, Gordon</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03A5BB74126BD27E4C925299FA92FA16" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6194949" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119418218" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6194949" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A5BB74126BD27E4C925299FA92FA16" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A5BB74126BD27E4C925299FA92FA16" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">
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<subSubSection id="C31659E9126BD27D4C925299FD14FC32" box="[151,755,926,952]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB30A62126BD27D4C925299FD14FC32" blockId="1.[151,755,926,952]" box="[151,755,926,952]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">
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<heading id="D0FBBD0E126BD27D4C925299FD14FC32" bold="true" box="[151,755,926,952]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B978D670126BD27D4C925299FD14FC32" bold="true" box="[151,755,926,952]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E1126BD27D4C925299FE7EFC32" box="[151,409,926,952]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiactidae" genus="Hemipholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
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<emphasis id="B978D670126BD27D4C925299FE7EFC32" bold="true" box="[151,409,926,952]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">Hemipholis cordifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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versus
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<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E1126BD27D4DF25299FD14FC32" box="[503,755,926,952]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiactidae" genus="Hemipholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elongata">
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<emphasis id="B978D670126BD27D4DF25299FD14FC32" bold="true" box="[503,755,926,952]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">Hemipholis elongata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31659E9126BD27E4C9252E7FA92FA16" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BB30A62126BD27D4C9252E7FB84F9B2" blockId="1.[151,1436,991,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E1126BD27D4C9252E7FE60FC72" box="[151,391,992,1016]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiactidae" genus="Hemipholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
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<emphasis id="B978D670126BD27D4C9252E7FE60FC72" box="[151,391,992,1016]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">Hemipholis cordifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was described and originally named
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<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E1126BD27D4F2B52E7FB64FC7D" authority="Bosc, 1802" authorityName="Bosc" authorityYear="1802" box="[814,1155,991,1016]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
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<emphasis id="B978D670126BD27D4F2B52E7FC1EFC72" box="[814,1017,992,1016]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">Asterias cordifera</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9D7793126BD27D480452E7FB64FC7D" author="Bosc" box="[1025,1155,991,1015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Bosc, L. A. G. (1802) Histoire naturelle des vers, contenant leur description et leurs moeurs; avec figures dessinees d'apres nature. Vol. 2. Chez Deterville, de l'imprimerie de Guilleminet, Paris, 300 pp." type="book" year="1802">Bosc, 1802</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by the French naturalist Bosc, who reported its occurrence off the coast of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E1126BD27D4EDE5503FC34FB96" authority="Bosc 1802" authorityName="Bosc" authorityYear="1802" box="[731,979,1028,1052]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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Carolina (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9D7793126BD27D4F485503FC2CFB96" author="Bosc" box="[845,971,1028,1052]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Bosc, L. A. G. (1802) Histoire naturelle des vers, contenant leur description et leurs moeurs; avec figures dessinees d'apres nature. Vol. 2. Chez Deterville, de l'imprimerie de Guilleminet, Paris, 300 pp." type="book" year="1802">Bosc 1802</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. Bosc did not designate a
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<typeStatus id="54B7B4C0126BD27D49075503FA80FB96" box="[1282,1383,1028,1052]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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, and specimens that he examined have not been located at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (Paris), the Natural History Museum (London), or the National Museum of Natural History (Washington, DC) (C. Ahearn, A. Cabrinovic, and M. Eléaume, pers. comm.). This is not surprising as Bosc reported that dried specimens were difficult to conserve. Moreover,
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<typeStatus id="54B7B4C0126BD27D4D805592FE52FB27" box="[389,437,1173,1197]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
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specimens of other marine invertebrates that he named have been lost (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9D7793126BD27D49125593FA70FB26" author="Kohn" box="[1303,1431,1172,1196]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Kohn, A. J. (1981) Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus VI. The species described 1801 - 1810. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 71, 279 - 342." type="journal article" year="1981">Kohn 1981</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9D7793126BD27D4C9255B0FE41FB45" author="Blake" box="[151,422,1207,1231]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Blake, J. A. & Maciolek, N. J. (1987) A redescription of Polydora cornuta Bosc (Polychaeta: Spionidae) and designation of a neotype. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 7, 11 - 15." type="journal article" year="1987">Blake & Maciolek 1987</bibRefCitation>
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, Wormuth 1988). Bosc provided a brief description and a rather imprecise figure of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E1126BD27D494A55BFFF3DFB7E" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
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<emphasis id="B978D670126BD27D494A55BFFA87FB5A" box="[1359,1376,1208,1232]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">A</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B978D670126BD27D496B55BEFF3DFB7E" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">cordifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but he specified that individuals have five arms that are nine times longer than the disk, round gray disk scales with white borders, cordiform radial shields separated by three small scales, and five slender arms with three white spines that are shorter than the arm’s width. Although he neglected to mention several distinguishing features of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E1126BD27D4CB0544FFED1FAEA" box="[181,310,1352,1376]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiactidae" genus="Hemipholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B978D670126BD27D4CB0544FFED1FAEA" box="[181,310,1352,1376]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">Hemipholis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species, such as nearly naked interradii and the absence of bursal slits and infradental papillae, all of the features that he cited, especially the characteristic pairs of heart-shaped radial shields, match those of the Western Atlantic
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<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E1126BD27D4D265497FE43FA22" box="[291,420,1424,1448]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiactidae" genus="Hemipholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B978D670126BD27D4D265497FE43FA22" box="[291,420,1424,1448]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">Hemipholis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species. Particularly compelling was Bosc’s account of extensile red tentacles beneath the arm (“qui s’alonge à la volonté de l’animal”) (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9D7793126BD27D4E9854B3FCADFA46" author="Bosc" box="[669,842,1460,1484]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Bosc, L. A. G. (1802) Histoire naturelle des vers, contenant leur description et leurs moeurs; avec figures dessinees d'apres nature. Vol. 2. Chez Deterville, de l'imprimerie de Guilleminet, Paris, 300 pp." type="book" year="1802">Bosc 1802:114</bibRefCitation>
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). Similar tube feet filled with red coelomocytes have been reported in only three species of North American ophiuroids (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9D7793126BD27D4F8F54DFFB74FA7A" author="Christensen" box="[906,1171,1496,1520]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Christensen, A. B., Christensen, E. F. & Weisrock, D. W. (2008) Population genetic structure of North American Ophiactis spp. brittle stars possessing hemoglobin. Marine Biology, 154, 755 - 763." type="journal article" year="2008">
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Christensen
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<emphasis id="B978D670126BD27D481D54DEFBAEFA7A" box="[1048,1097,1496,1520]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
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. 2008
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</bibRefCitation>
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), of which
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<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E1126BD27D491754DEFA7BFA7A" box="[1298,1436,1496,1520]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
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<emphasis id="B978D670126BD27D491754DEFA7BFA7A" box="[1298,1436,1496,1520]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">H. cordifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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alone has five arms. It is the sole species from Carolina with the precise suite of features specified by Bosc, and is known as the “blood brittle star” (Ruppert & Fox 1998:70) because of its red tube feet.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB30A62126BD27E4CC25743FE6DFE7E" blockId="1.[151,1436,991,2024]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,1436]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">
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A putative species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E1126BD27D4DB95743FDDAF9D6" box="[444,573,1604,1628]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiactidae" genus="Hemipholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B978D670126BD27D4DB95743FDDAF9D6" box="[444,573,1604,1628]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">Hemipholis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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collected from Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, was described and originally named
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<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E1126BD27D4D2D576FFD82F90A" authority="Say, 1825" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1825" box="[296,613,1640,1664]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiuridae" genus="Ophiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elongata">
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<emphasis id="B978D670126BD27D4D2D576FFE17F90A" box="[296,496,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">Ophiura elongata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9D7793126BD27D4DF2576FFD82F90A" author="Say" box="[503,613,1640,1664]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Say, T. (1825) On the species of the Linnean genus Asterias, inhabiting the coast of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 141 - 154." type="journal article" year="1825">Say, 1825</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by the American naturalist Say, a contemporary of Bosc.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9D7793126BD27D48F0576FFA96F90A" author="Say" box="[1269,1393,1640,1664]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Say, T. (1825) On the species of the Linnean genus Asterias, inhabiting the coast of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 141 - 154." type="journal article" year="1825">Say (1825)</bibRefCitation>
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did not designate a
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<typeStatus id="54B7B4C0126BD27D4D43578BFE4CF92E" box="[326,427,1676,1700]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
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, and specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E1126BD27D4E7A578AFCE4F92E" box="[639,771,1676,1700]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiuridae" genus="Ophiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elongata">
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<emphasis id="B978D670126BD27D4E7A578AFCE4F92E" box="[639,771,1676,1700]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">
|
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<collectingCountry id="F31B4AF2126BD27D4E7A578AFD71F92E" box="[639,662,1677,1700]" name="Iceland" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">O</collectingCountry>
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. elongata
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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that he studied are not in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia where they were presumed to be deposited (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9D7793126BD27D4F3657B7FC42F942" author="Ives" box="[819,933,1712,1736]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Ives, J. E. (1889) Catalogue of the Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 41, 169 - 179." type="journal article" year="1889">Ives 1889</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9D7793126BD27D4FB557B7FB53F942" author="Spamer" box="[944,1204,1712,1737]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Spamer, E. E. & Bogan, A. E. (1992) General Invertebrates Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Part 1: Guide to the General Invertebrates Collection. Part 2: Annotated catalogue of Recent type specimens: Protozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Nemata, Nematomorpha, Annelida, Arthropoda (Merostomata, Pycnogonida, and Crustacea), Brachiopoda, and Echinodermata. Tryonia, No. 26, vi + 1 - 305." type="book chapter" year="1992">Spamer & Bogan 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9D7793126BD27D48BA57B7FABAF942" author="Thomas" box="[1215,1373,1712,1736]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Thomas, L. P. (1962) The shallow water amphiurid brittle stars (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) of Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, 12, 623 - 694." type="journal article" year="1962">Thomas 1962</bibRefCitation>
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); neither are they in the Natural History Museum (London) where some of Say’s crustacean
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<typeStatus id="54B7B4C0126BD27D486157D2FB73F967" box="[1124,1172,1749,1773]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
|
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specimens reside (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D7793126BD27D496257D3FD4FF89A" author="Spamer" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Spamer, E. E. & Bogan, A. E. (1992) General Invertebrates Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Part 1: Guide to the General Invertebrates Collection. Part 2: Annotated catalogue of Recent type specimens: Protozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Nemata, Nematomorpha, Annelida, Arthropoda (Merostomata, Pycnogonida, and Crustacea), Brachiopoda, and Echinodermata. Tryonia, No. 26, vi + 1 - 305." type="book chapter" year="1992">Spamer & Bogan 1992, G. Patterson, pers. comm.</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Say reported that the species has a pentagonal, finely scaled disk five mm in diameter, and slender arms about
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<quantity id="4CF4A787126BD27D4E8B561BFD3AF8BE" box="[654,733,1820,1844]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
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long with ovoid dorsal arm plates, quadrate ventral arm plates, and three, short, blunt arm spines. The only potentially diagnostic detail that he mentioned is that the arm spines are “hardly more than equal to half the width of the segment; the intermediate spine … more obtuse than the others, and … minutely echinated.” In contrast, the spines of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E1126BD27D4EFE568EFC62F82A" box="[763,901,1928,1952]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
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<emphasis id="B978D670126BD27D4EFE568EFC62F82A" box="[763,901,1928,1952]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">H. cordifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are tapered rather than obtuse or echinulate. In comparison with Bosc’s reasonably informative account, Say’s description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E1126BD27D480756AAFB60F84E" box="[1026,1159,1964,1988]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiuridae" genus="Ophiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D670126BD27D480756AAFB60F84E" box="[1026,1159,1964,1988]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31B4AF2126BD27D480756AAFBFEF84E" box="[1026,1049,1965,1988]" name="Iceland" pageId="1" pageNumber="45">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. elongata
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is so vague that the species’ identity is indeterminable, even to family. Furthermore, Say’s (1825:146) assertion that the “species inhabits Gorgoniae” along with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4D99519FFCEFFF25" authority="Say, 1825" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1825" box="[412,776,151,176]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiotrichidae" genus="Ophiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="angulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4D99519FFD66FF3A" box="[412,641,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Ophiothrix angulata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D77931268D27E4E8A5190FD18FF25" author="Say" box="[655,767,151,175]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Say, T. (1825) On the species of the Linnean genus Asterias, inhabiting the coast of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 141 - 154." type="journal article" year="1825">Say, 1825</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is perplexing, since
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4FE9519EFB92FF3A" box="[1004,1141,152,176]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4FE9519EFB92FF3A" box="[1004,1141,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">H. cordifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
invariably burrows in soft sediment.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D77931268D27E4D0F51BBFE11FF5E" author="Stimpson" box="[266,502,188,212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Stimpson, W. (1852) Two new species of Ophiolepis, from the southern coast of the United States. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 4, 24 - 225." type="journal article" year="1852">Stimpson (1852:226)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that in Charleston Harbor, “It is gregarious, living in companies of twenty or thirty. The existence of these groups is indicated at low water by spaces of about a foot in diameter covered with small holes, looking very much as if a charge of shot had been fired into them. If these spots are watched as the tide rises, from each hole an arm of the star-fishes will be seen to protrude and wave about in the water, with the red tentacular filaments, by which the respiration is effected, clothing the sides.” Thus, nothing in Say’s description shows that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4CCD5077FEAAFE02" box="[200,333,368,392]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiuridae" genus="Ophiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4CCD5077FEAAFE02" box="[200,333,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31B4AF21268D27E4CCD5077FF38FE0D" box="[200,223,368,391]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. elongata
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4D865077FDE3FE02" box="[387,516,368,392]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiactidae" genus="Hemipholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4D865077FDE3FE02" box="[387,516,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Hemipholis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, or that it is identical to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4F775076FC1CFE02" box="[882,1019,368,392]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4F775076FC61FE02" box="[882,902,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4F915077FC1CFE02" box="[916,1019,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">cordifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or another South Carolinian species, or that it resembles any ophiuroid species that is epizoic on gorgonians. Since the name cannot be interpreted, one must conclude that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4D7950BFFDE3FE5A" box="[380,516,440,464]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiuridae" genus="Ophiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4D7950BFFDE3FE5A" box="[380,516,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31B4AF21268D27E4D7950BFFE74FE45" box="[380,403,440,463]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. elongata
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and equivalent combinations such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4FC650BEFBACFE5A" box="[963,1099,440,464]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiuridae" genus="Ophiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4FC650BEFBACFE5A" box="[963,1099,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">H. elongata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E488750BEFAC6FE5A" box="[1154,1313,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">nomina dubia</emphasis>
|
||
, names of unknown application.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB30A621268D27E4CC250F8FA87FCD6" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1436]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Discrepancies in the allocation of the species’ names first came to light when
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D77931268D27E484350F8FAFDFD9D" author="Lutken" box="[1094,1306,511,535]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Lutken, C. F. (1859) Additamenta ad historiam Ophiuridarum. Beskrivelser af nye eller hidtil kun ufuldstaendigt kjendte Arter af Slangestjerner. Anden Afdeling. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter. Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling, Ser. 5, 5 (1861), 177 - 271, pls. 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1859">Lütken (1859:180)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
transferred ophiuroids that he regarded as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4DEA5323FD5EFDB6" box="[495,697,548,572]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4DEA5323FD5EFDB6" box="[495,697,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Asterias cordifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4EEA5323FC50FDB6" box="[751,951,548,572]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiuridae" genus="Ophiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4EEA5323FC50FDB6" box="[751,951,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Ophiura elongata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E48485323FB5AFDB6" box="[1101,1213,548,572]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E48485323FB5AFDB6" box="[1101,1213,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Amphiura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D77931268D27E48CE5322FA7BFDB6" author="Lyman" box="[1227,1436,548,573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Lyman, T. (1860) Descriptions of new Ophiuridae, belonging to the Smithsonian Institution and to the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 7, 193 - 205, 252 - 262, 424 - 425." type="journal article" year="1860">Lyman (1860:203)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
soon realized that specimens from Charleston, South Carolina, which Lütken had identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E48B9534FFA72FDEA" box="[1212,1429,584,608]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E48B9534FFA72FDEA" box="[1212,1429,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Amphiura elongata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, must have been the species that Bosc named
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4E9D536BFC84FD0E" box="[664,867,620,644]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4E9D536BFC84FD0E" box="[664,867,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Asterias cordifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additionally, Lyman recognized that it was actually a new species of ophiuroid from St. Thomas, The
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31B4AF21268D27E4F205388FC2EFD2D" box="[805,969,655,679]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D77931268D27E482C5388FB28FD2D" author="Lutken" box="[1065,1231,655,679]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Lutken, C. F. (1859) Additamenta ad historiam Ophiuridarum. Beskrivelser af nye eller hidtil kun ufuldstaendigt kjendte Arter af Slangestjerner. Anden Afdeling. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter. Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling, Ser. 5, 5 (1861), 177 - 271, pls. 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1859">Lütken (1859)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4C9253B3FE93FD46" box="[151,372,692,716]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4C9253B3FE93FD46" box="[151,372,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Amphiura cordifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31B4AF21268D27E4D8753B3FE46FD46" box="[386,417,692,716]" name="American Samoa" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
a result, Lyman advocated that the species from South Carolina should be called
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E492953B3FF19FD7A" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E492953B3FF19FD7A" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Amphiura cordifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and that a new name was required for the species from St. Thomas, and after consultation he reported that “Dr. Lütken agrees with me … and wishes to change the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4F8C53FBFB49FC9E" authority="Ltk." authorityName="Ltk." box="[905,1198,764,788]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4F8C53FBFB80FC9E" box="[905,1127,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Amphiura cordifera</emphasis>
|
||
(Ltk.)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[i.e., the name of the West Indian specimens misidentified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4E525227FD3AFCB2" box="[599,733,800,824]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4E525227FD3AFCB2" box="[599,733,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">A. cordifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4F0C5227FC27FCB2" authority="Riisei" authorityName="Riisei" box="[777,960,800,824]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4F0C5227FC27FCB2" box="[777,960,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Amphiura Riisei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (Ltk.)” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D77931268D27E482D5218FB0AFCBD" author="Lyman" box="[1064,1261,799,823]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Lyman, T. (1860) Descriptions of new Ophiuridae, belonging to the Smithsonian Institution and to the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 7, 193 - 205, 252 - 262, 424 - 425." type="journal article" year="1860">Lyman 1860:258</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Subsequently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D77931268D27E4C925243FED7FCD6" author="Verrill" box="[151,304,836,860]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1899) North American Ophiuroidea. Part I. Revision of certain families and genera of West Indian ophiurans. Part. II. A faunal catalogue of the known species of the West Indian ophiurans. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 10, 301 - 371, 372 - 386, pls. 42 - 43." type="journal article" year="1899">Verrill (1899)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
transferred
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4DB25243FDE8FCD6" box="[439,527,836,860]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="riisei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4DB25243FDE8FCD6" box="[439,527,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">A. riisei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to his newly erected genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4F425243FC25FCD6" box="[839,962,836,860]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4F425243FC25FCD6" box="[839,962,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Amphiodia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4FEB5243FABCFCD6" authority="Lutken, 1859" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1859" box="[1006,1371,836,860]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="riisei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4FEB5243FB4DFCD6" box="[1006,1194,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Amphiodia riisei</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D77931268D27E48BD5243FAB4FCD6" author="Lutken" box="[1208,1363,836,860]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Lutken, C. F. (1859) Additamenta ad historiam Ophiuridarum. Beskrivelser af nye eller hidtil kun ufuldstaendigt kjendte Arter af Slangestjerner. Anden Afdeling. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter. Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling, Ser. 5, 5 (1861), 177 - 271, pls. 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1859">Lütken, 1859</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB30A621268D27E4CC25260FA92FA16" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1436]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">
|
||
When
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D77931268D27E4D15526EFE57FCF5" author="Lyman" box="[272,432,871,897]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Lyman, T. (1865) Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae. Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1, viii + 1 - 200." type="journal article" year="1865">Lyman (1865)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
erected the new genus
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4EB0526FFCDAFC0A" box="[693,829,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4EB0526FFCDEFC0A" box="[693,825,872,896]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiactidae" genus="Hemipholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Hemipholis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
he fixed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4FA3526FFBCBFC0A" box="[934,1068,872,896]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4FA3526FFBCBFC0A" box="[934,1068,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">A. cordifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as its
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B7B4C01268D27E4876526EFB44FC0B" box="[1139,1187,873,897]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species by monotypy. It is regrettable that he treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4DF3528AFD9CFC2E" box="[502,635,908,932]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31B4AF21268D27E4DF3528AFDEDFC2E" box="[502,522,909,932]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4DF3528AFDEDFC2E" box="[502,522,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">O</emphasis>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4E1C528BFD9CFC2E" box="[537,635,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">elongata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4F96528AFBF9FC2E" box="[915,1054,908,932]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4F96528AFBF9FC2E" box="[915,1054,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">H. cordifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
without providing a justification, and it is not known whether Lyman or his contemporaries ever examined specimens that Say himself had identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4CB352D2FEDBFC66" box="[182,316,980,1004]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4CB352D2FEDBFC66" box="[182,316,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31B4AF21268D27E4CB352D2FF2AFC66" box="[182,205,981,1004]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. elongata
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Regardless, the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4E4152D2FD28FC66" box="[580,719,980,1004]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4E4152D2FD28FC66" box="[580,719,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">H. cordifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remained in general use until
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D77931268D27E482C52D3FB1AFC66" author="Koehler" box="[1065,1277,980,1004]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Koehler, R. (1914) A contribution to the study of the ophiurans of the United States National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 84, vii + 1 - 173, pls. 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1914">Koehler (1914:39)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who misconstrued Lyman’s evidence regarding priority of publication and who accepted Lütken’s mistaken identifications of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4C92551BFEFAFBBE" box="[151,285,1052,1076]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4C92551BFEFAFBBE" box="[151,285,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">A. cordifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4D56551BFE33FBBE" box="[339,468,1052,1076]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4D56551BFE33FBBE" box="[339,468,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">A. elongata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, erroneously substituted the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4F5C551AFC3AFBBE" box="[857,989,1052,1076]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4F5C551AFC3AFBBE" box="[857,989,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">H. elongata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“instead of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4861551AFB0AFBBE" box="[1124,1261,1052,1076]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4861551AFB0AFBBE" box="[1124,1261,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">H. cordifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, under which it is usually known.” Regrettably,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D77931268D27E4E015546FCE4FBD2" author="Clark" box="[516,771,1088,1112]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Clark, H. L. (1915) Catalogue of Recent ophiurans. Based on the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 25, 165 - 376, pls. 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1915">H.L. Clark (1915:237)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
accepted Koehler’s ill-advised decision in his “Catalog of Recent ophiurans,” which still serves as a standard reference for ophiuroid nomenclature. Other authors followed suit, and when
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D77931268D27E4D40558FFE23FB2A" author="Fell" box="[325,452,1160,1184]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Fell, H. B. (1960) Synoptic keys to the genera of Ophiuroidea. Zoology Publications from Victoria University of Wellington, 26, 1 - 44." type="journal article" year="1960">Fell (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
transferred
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4E4B558FFD28FB2A" box="[590,719,1160,1184]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiactidae" genus="Hemipholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4E4B558FFD28FB2A" box="[590,719,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Hemipholis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4F24558FFC4CFB2A" box="[801,939,1160,1184]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Ophiactidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, he cited
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E481F558EFB78FB2A" box="[1050,1183,1160,1184]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E481F558EFB78FB2A" box="[1050,1183,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">H. elongata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B7B4C01268D27E48F7558EFAC5FB2B" box="[1266,1314,1161,1185]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of the genus. Recently,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4D7A55AAFDEFFB4E" box="[383,520,1196,1220]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4D7A55AAFDEFFB4E" box="[383,520,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">H. cordifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been treated as a
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4EF955AAFC4DFB4E" box="[764,938,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">nomen oblitum,</emphasis>
|
||
a forgotten name, based on the presumption that it had not been used in the literature since 1899 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D77931268D27E4EE655C8FC82FB6D" author="Stohr" box="[739,869,1231,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Stohr, S. (2010) Hemipholis cordifera (Bosc, 1802). In: Stohr, S., O'Hara, T. (Eds.), World Ophiuroidea database. Available from http: // www. marinespecies. org / ophiuroidea / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 243274 (accessed 1 June 2011)." type="book chapter" year="2010">Stöhr 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E485355D6FB39FB62" box="[1110,1246,1232,1256]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E485355D6FB39FB62" box="[1110,1246,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">H. cordifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was indeed used after 1899 by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D77931268D27E4D3355F3FE06FA86" author="Ludwig" box="[310,481,1268,1292]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Ludwig, H. (1904) Brutpflege bei Echinodermen. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Suppl. 7, 683 - 699." type="book chapter" year="1904">Ludwig (1904)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D77931268D27E4DEB55F3FD7AFA86" author="Koehler" box="[494,669,1268,1292]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Koehler, R. (1907) Revision de la Collection des Ophiures du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Bulletin Scientifique de la France et de la Belgique, 41, 279 - 351, pls. 10 - 14." type="journal article" year="1907">Koehler (1907)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D77931268D27E4EFB55F2FC3AFA86" author="Mortensen" box="[766,989,1268,1292]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Mortensen, T. (1920) On hermaphroditism in viviparous ophiuroids. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm), 1, 1 - 18, pl. 1." type="journal article" year="1920">Mortensen (1920:4)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who pointedly referred to
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E490855F4FAFCFA86" bold="true" box="[1293,1307,1267,1292]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">“</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E491E55F3FF19FABA" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiactidae" genus="Hemipholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E491E55F3FF19FABA" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Hemipholis cordifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or as it should be named according to H.L. Clark
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4F54541FFB6FFAA5" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" box="[849,1160,1303,1328]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiactidae" genus="Hemipholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4F54541FFBD9FABA" box="[849,1086,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Hemipholis elongata</emphasis>
|
||
(Say)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.” Consequently,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E494C541EFF3DFADE" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiactidae" genus="Hemipholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E494C541EFF3DFADE" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">H. cordifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not an eligible
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4D9B543AFDA3FADE" box="[414,580,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">nomen oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
since the name does not meet the conditions set in Articles 23.9.1 and 23.9.2 of the ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999). Rather, in accordance with the Principle of Priority,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E4D455482FE2EFA16" box="[320,457,1412,1436]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiactidae" genus="Hemipholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cordifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E4D455482FE2EFA16" box="[320,457,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">H. cordifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be deemed the correct name for the Western Atlantic species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0C71E11268D27E48E85483FA89FA16" box="[1261,1390,1412,1436]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiactidae" genus="Hemipholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B978D6701268D27E48E85483FA89FA16" box="[1261,1390,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Hemipholis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |