149 lines
17 KiB
XML
149 lines
17 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="D11F634CA254DA4B62B89E2C30FFC190">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A2EF86174DF0D57AB93B75D1C4D46714">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="4AEA6A1FC2AE941ACB344884E3CF5355" type="email">ramvilas@kufos.ac.in</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="0CA0B137A94B279DF63E575910689F8F">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="AF6F8756DAA09ECF082CB0C3A91ECED2" type="email">phil.alderslade@csiro.au</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="43607F32D0C1D416897944A01BF9EAB5">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="73382E803186FC0212280D6D4B6A847A" type="email">ramvilas@kufos.ac.in</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="BF7745FD7BD900903181CE97E65E3AFE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="33BE6A610C61AB0400E7760CD5A0AECA">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4A69759D1DA5EA7C87A43779869456F8">2023-02-07</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B39FF83FF56FB3DFCBFF83E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7640895" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7640895" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B39FF83FF56FB3DFCBFF83E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B39FF83FF56FB3DFCBFF83E" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B39FF83FF56FB3DFCCCFB11" box="[151,818,1219,1246]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B39FF83FF56FB3DFCCCFB11" blockId="47.[151,818,1219,1246]" box="[151,818,1219,1246]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B39FF83FF56FB3DFCCCFB11" bold="true" box="[151,818,1219,1246]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B39FF83FF56FB3DFCCCFB11" bold="true" box="[151,818,1219,1246]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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?
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B39FF83FF6CFB3DFD5BFB11" authority="(Studer, 1878)" authorityName="Ramvilas & Alderslade & Ranjeet" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[173,677,1219,1246]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Astrogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbraticoides" status="comb. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B39FF83FF6CFB3DFE11FB11" bold="true" box="[173,495,1219,1246]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Astrogorgia umbraticoides</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B39FF83FE3FFB3DFD63FB11" author="Studer, T." box="[510,669,1220,1246]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="135 - 139" refId="ref107451" refString="Studer, T. (1878) Uber die mit dem Schleppnetz angestellten Untersuchungen an der Westkuste von Afrika wahrend der Reise S. M. S. Gazelle. Sitzungs-Berichte Gesellsch. naturf. Freunde Berlin, 1878, 135 - 139." type="journal article" year="1878">Studer, 1878</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A266663E7B39FF83FD6CFB3DFCCCFB11" box="[685,818,1220,1246]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species">new comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B39FF83FF56FAF0FBDAFAEF" box="[151,1060,1288,1313]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B39FF83FF56FAF0FBDAFAEF" blockId="47.[151,1060,1288,1313]" box="[151,1060,1288,1313]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B39FF83FF56FAF0FBDAFAEF" box="[151,1060,1288,1313]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B39FF83FF56FAF0FE7AFAEF" authority="Studer, 1878a: 650" box="[151,388,1288,1312]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbraticoides">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B39FF83FF56FAF0FE7AFAEF" box="[151,388,1288,1312]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Muricea umbraticoides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(error for
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B39FF83FE2FFAF1FDACFAEF" ID-CoL="84RLR" authority="Verrill, 1869" box="[494,594,1288,1312]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Muricella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B39FF83FE2FFAF1FDACFAEF" box="[494,594,1288,1312]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Muricella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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)
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B39FF83FDA0FAF1FCDCFAEF" author="Studer, T." box="[609,802,1288,1313]" page="650" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" year="1878">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B39FF83FDA0FAF1FCDCFAEF" author="Studer, T." box="[609,802,1288,1313]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="632 - 688" refId="ref107495" refString="Studer, T. (1878 a) Ubersicht der Anthozoa Alcyonaria, welche wahrend der Reise S. M. S. Gazelle um die Erde gesammelt wurden. Monatsbericht der K ˆ niglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1878, 632 - 688." type="journal article" year="1878">Studer, 1878a: 650</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 3, fig. 16 (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B39FF83FC77FAF1FBE7FAEF" box="[950,1049,1288,1312]" name="Australia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Australia</collectingCountry>
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).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B39FF83FF56FAB6FEE6FA36" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B39FF83FF56FAB6FC70FAA6" blockId="47.[151,910,1359,1385]" box="[151,910,1359,1385]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B39FF83FF56FA6EFED7FA7E" blockId="47.[151,1437,1431,1529]" box="[151,297,1431,1457]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B39FF83FF06FA42FEE6FA36" blockId="47.[151,1437,1431,1529]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B39FF83FF06FA42FC57FA1A" box="[199,937,1467,1493]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B39FF83FC78FA42FAF5FA1A" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[953,1291,1467,1493]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="96 - 112" refId="ref107948" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1986) A systematic appraisal of the commercially important gorgonids of the Indian seas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 28 (1 & 2), 96 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">Thomas & George 1986: 102</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 1e, 1–4 (Kovalam).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B39FF83FF06F9DEFCBFF83E" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B39FF83FF06F9DEFB3FF84A" blockId="47.[151,1436,1575,2033]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B39FF83FF06F9DEFE61F98E" box="[199,415,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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: In Studer’s account of this species, he documented the specimen under
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B39FF83FB3EF9DEFA93F98E" box="[1279,1389,1575,1601]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Muricella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B39FF83FB3EF9DEFA93F98E" box="[1279,1389,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Muricella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but mistakenly named the species
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B39FF83FE3DF9B2FCE4F9AA" box="[508,794,1611,1637]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B39FF83FE3DF9B2FCE8F9AA" authorityName="Studer" authorityYear="1878" box="[508,790,1611,1637]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbracticoides">Muricea umbracticoides</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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The description of the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B39FF83FBF3F9B2FB69F9AA" box="[1074,1175,1611,1637]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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, collected off
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<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B39FF83FA80F9B2FEFFF946" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
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, includes a figure of the colony but only 3 sclerites, the largest of which is rather oval-shaped. Studer described the specimen as having calyces and spindles with the warts mainly on one side and forming a pavementlike layer.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B39FF83FECAF94EFE20F91E" author="Ridley, S. O." box="[267,478,1719,1745]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="327 - 365" refId="ref106082" refString="Ridley, S. O. (1884) Alcyonaria. In: Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert' 1881 - 2. British Museum, London, pp. 327 - 365, pls. 36 - 38." type="book chapter" year="1884">Ridley (1884: 336)</bibRefCitation>
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assigned a specimen from the north-east coast of
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B39FF83FBC2F94EFB94F91E" box="[1027,1130,1719,1745]" name="Australia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Australia</collectingCountry>
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to this species and said that the warting was not one sided, but he provided no illustrations.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B39FF83FC8FF922FB70F93A" author="Wright E. & Studer, T." box="[846,1166,1755,1781]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 314" refId="ref110920" refString="Wright E. & Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 31 (4), I - IXXII, 1 - 314." type="journal article" year="1889">Wright & Studer (1889: 124)</bibRefCitation>
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identified material from the Arafura Sea off the north coast of
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B39FF83FDF5F906FD65F8D6" box="[564,667,1791,1817]" name="Australia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Australia</collectingCountry>
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with this species and said the warts were decidedly larger on one side of the large surface spindles, but also provided no illustrations.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B39FF83FCA3F8DAFB20F8F2" author="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J." box="[866,1246,1827,1853]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref108792" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J. (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 319 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1909">Thomson & Simpson (1909: 244)</bibRefCitation>
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just paraphrased Wright & Studer’s description. Unfortunately, Studer’s description is not adequate to be able to recognise the species, so all subsequent reports cannot be validated. However, the species is probably an
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B39FF83FBF5F892FB3FF84A" box="[1076,1217,1899,1925]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B39FF83FBF5F892FB43F84A" box="[1076,1213,1899,1925]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Astrogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Astrogorgia</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B39FF83FF06F876FCBFF83E" blockId="47.[151,1436,1575,2033]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B39FF83FF06F876FE07F866" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[199,505,1935,1961]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="96 - 112" refId="ref107948" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1986) A systematic appraisal of the commercially important gorgonids of the Indian seas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 28 (1 & 2), 96 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">Thomas & George’s (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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description does not mention if their colony has calyces or not and the small outline drawings of the sclerites include many forms that do not correspond with what is known of the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B39FF83FB76F84AFAE3F802" box="[1207,1309,1971,1997]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B39FF83FAE7F84AFEC5F83E" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref107997" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1987) Gorgonid resources of India. Marine Fisheries Information Services, 74, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1987">Thomas & George (1987)</bibRefCitation>
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just listed the species under its original name.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
</treatment>
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||
</document> |