221 lines
25 KiB
XML
221 lines
25 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="F8AE345F64321209C4F9AA643C026D69">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D3F77CAB32551AA8DA38C3EAB7527BEF">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="86ACE9AB087CB322A9BA10CF40C33E32">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C79225EB31E91F75E59255D6BEC54352">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="532BCC3E0477CEBC393275B32E0E11C4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B35FF88FF56FC06FBCFFF1A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639396" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291305" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639396" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B35FF88FF56FC06FBCFFF1A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B35FF88FF56FC06FBCFFF1A" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B35FF8FFF56FC06FD56FBD5" box="[151,680,1023,1050]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B35FF8FFF56FC06FD56FBD5" blockId="35.[151,680,1023,1050]" box="[151,680,1023,1050]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B35FF8FFF56FC06FD56FBD5" bold="true" box="[151,680,1023,1050]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B35FF8FFF56FC06FD56FBD5" ID-CoL="8XPT" ID-ENA="767263" authority="Whitelegge, 1897" authorityName="Whitelegge" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,680,1023,1050]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Acanthogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="breviflora">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B35FF8FFF56FC06FD56FBD5" bold="true" box="[151,680,1023,1050]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B35FF8FFF56FC06FE34FBD5" bold="true" box="[151,458,1023,1050]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Acanthogorgia breviflora</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B35FF8FFE13FBF9FD56FBD5" author="Whitelegge, T." box="[466,680,1024,1050]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="307 - 320" refId="ref110659" refString="Whitelegge, T. (1897) The Alcyonaria of Funafuti. Part II. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 3 (5), 307 - 320. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.3.1897.498" type="journal article" year="1897">Whitelegge, 1897</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B35FF8FFF56FBBDFC70FB2D" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B35FF8FFF56FBBDFC57FB93" blockId="35.[151,1437,1092,1178]" box="[151,937,1092,1117]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B35FF8FFF56FBBDFC57FB93" box="[151,937,1092,1117]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B35FF8FFF56FBBDFD76FB92" author="Whitelegge, T." box="[151,648,1092,1117]" page="309" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1897">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B35FF8FFF56FBBDFD76FB92" ID-CoL="8XPT" authority="Whitelegge, 1897: 309" authorityName="Whitelegge" authorityPageNumber="309" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,648,1092,1117]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Acanthogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="breviflora">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B35FF8FFF56FBBDFE67FB93" box="[151,409,1092,1116]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Acanthogorgia breviflora</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B35FF8FFE5EFBBDFD76FB92" author="Whitelegge, T." box="[415,648,1092,1117]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="307 - 320" refId="ref110659" refString="Whitelegge, T. (1897) The Alcyonaria of Funafuti. Part II. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 3 (5), 307 - 320. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.3.1897.498" type="journal article" year="1897">Whitelegge, 1897: 309</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 16, fig. 6–10 (Funafuti).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B35FF8FFF56FB9DFDE3FB55" blockId="35.[151,1437,1092,1178]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B35FF8FFF56FB9DFDE3FB55" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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||
Not
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B35FF8FFF06FB9AFD53FBB4" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[199,685,1123,1147]" page="164" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1976">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B35FF8FFF06FB9AFD53FBB4" ID-CoL="8XPT" authority="Grasshoff 1976: 164" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityPageNumber="164" authorityYear="1976" box="[199,685,1123,1147]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Acanthogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="breviflora">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B35FF8FFF06FB9AFE35FBB4" box="[199,459,1123,1147]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Acanthogorgia breviflora</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B35FF8FFE14FB9AFD53FBB4" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[469,685,1123,1147]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="23 - 35" refId="ref101353" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1976) Gorgonaria aus Riffen von Eilat, Rotes Meer (Cnidaria: Anthozoa), Senckenbergiana boil. Frankfurt, 77 (1), 23 - 35." type="journal article" year="1976">Grasshoff 1976: 164</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, figs. 6–7 (Sinai, Eilat); 1999: 20, figs. 21–23 (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B35FF8FFB69FB9AFAB0FBB4" box="[1192,1358,1123,1147]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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); 2000: 40–41, figs. 64–67, 74 (Red Sea).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B35FF8FFF56FB31FC70FB2D" blockId="35.[151,910,1224,1251]" box="[151,910,1224,1251]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B35FF88FF56FAE9FBCFFF1A" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B35FF8FFF56FAE9FED7FAE5" blockId="35.[151,1436,1296,1395]" box="[151,297,1296,1322]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B35FF8FFF06FACDFC9FFABD" blockId="35.[151,1436,1296,1395]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B35FF8FFF06FACDFC67FA81" box="[199,921,1332,1358]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B35FF8FFC69FACCFB26FA80" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[936,1240,1332,1359]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B35FF8FFC3CFACCFBD0FA81" box="[1021,1070,1332,1358]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
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. 2014a: 50–51
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. A–D (Munak Gate);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B35FF8FFF25FAA1FE07FABC" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[228,505,1368,1395]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B35FF8FFE94FAA0FE78FABD" box="[341,390,1368,1394]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 45
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 17, fig. A–D (Munak Gate).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B35FF8FFF06FA58FCC2F9E9" blockId="35.[151,1437,1440,2043]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B35FF8FFF06FA58FE63FA75" box="[199,413,1440,1466]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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:
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<materialsCitation id="3B490D0A7B35FF8FFE6CFA59FCC9F9E9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4029620301" county="The" location="This" municipality="central west Pacific" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<location id="8EFE518C7B35FF8FFE6CFA59FE21FA75" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B35FF88FF56FC06FBCFFF1A:8EFE518C7B35FF8FFE6CFA59FE21FA75" box="[429,479,1440,1466]" county="The" municipality="central west Pacific" name="This" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">This</location>
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species was first recorded from
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||
<location id="8EFE518C7B35FF8FFC97FA59FC4BFA75" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B35FF88FF56FC06FBCFFF1A:8EFE518C7B35FF8FFC97FA59FC4BFA75" box="[854,949,1440,1466]" county="The" municipality="central west Pacific" name="Funafuti" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Funafuti</location>
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in the
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BFA9D2D7B35FF8FFBC9FA59FB16FA75" box="[1032,1256,1440,1467]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">central west Pacific</collectingMunicipality>
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with just a few simple sclerite drawings.
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<collectingCounty id="62FF7FDB7B35FF8FFE70FA3DFE23FA11" box="[433,477,1476,1502]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">The</collectingCounty>
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||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B35FF8FFE22FA3DFDBBFA11" box="[483,581,1476,1502]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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has never been redescribed and so the exact form of the sclerites is unknown, but Whitelegge described the coenenchyme as containing only longitudinally arranged spindles with acute points and a few distant blunt spines, and being up to
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<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B35FF8FFD67F9F5FD02F9E8" box="[678,764,1548,1575]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
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long
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B35FF8FFF06F9C9FCEEF87D" blockId="35.[151,1437,1440,2043]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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The descriptions given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B35FF8FFE2AF9C8FD2CF985" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[491,722,1584,1611]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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||
Kumar
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B35FF8FFDFEF9C8FD91F985" box="[575,623,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (2014a)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B35FF8FFCC7F9C9FC03F985" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[774,1021,1584,1611]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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||
Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B35FF8FFCB7F9C8FC58F985" box="[886,934,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (2017)
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
are identical and they assign material from the
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<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B35FF8FFEC5F9ADFD9CF9A1" box="[260,610,1620,1646]" country="India" name="Andaman and Nicobar Islands" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</collectingRegion>
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to this species, but the true identity of their specimens is unknown as their short descriptive text is copied from that of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B35FF8FFD1CF981FC2CF95D" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[733,978,1656,1682]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff (1999: 20)</bibRefCitation>
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. Although the close-up illustration of a branch fragment shows the polyps appear to be non-retractile, they are not typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B35FF8FFBB2F965FAE4F979" box="[1139,1306,1692,1718]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Acanthogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B35FF8FFBB2F965FAE4F979" box="[1139,1306,1692,1718]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Acanthogorgia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Instead of the polyp body having the sclerites arranged
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B35FF8FFD55F938FCEEF915" box="[660,784,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">en chevron</emphasis>
|
||
and there being a terminal crown of projecting spines (as described in the text), the polyps are squat and dome-like with large sclerites arranged transversally on the body and longitudinally and converging on the base of the tentacles. These traits indicate the material would probably be a species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B35FF8FFECCF8D5FE85F889" box="[269,379,1836,1862]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Muricella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B35FF8FFECCF8D5FE85F889" box="[269,379,1836,1862]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Muricella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or perhaps
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B35FF8FFE3CF8D5FD6EF889" box="[509,656,1836,1862]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B35FF8FFE3CF8D5FD72F889" box="[509,652,1836,1862]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Anthogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Anthogorgia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but the illustrated sclerites look like those found in
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B35FF8FFB13F8D5FA7EF889" box="[1234,1408,1836,1862]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B35FF8FFB13F8D5FA82F889" box="[1234,1404,1836,1862]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Acanthogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Acanthogorgia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in some species of which the crown spines are absent or very reduced, for example:
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B35FF8FFBDEF8A9FA63F8A5" box="[1055,1437,1872,1898]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B35FF8FFBDEF8A9FAD2F8A5" box="[1055,1324,1872,1898]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Acanthogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ildibaha">Acanthogorgia ildibaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B35FF8FFAF7F8A9FA63F8A5" box="[1334,1437,1872,1898]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Acanthogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="isoxya">A. isoxya</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B35FF8FFF06F88DFEBEF841" box="[199,320,1908,1934]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Acanthogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="augusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B35FF8FFF06F88DFEBEF841" box="[199,320,1908,1934]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">A. augusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(all
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B35FF8FFEB2F88DFDD2F841" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[371,556,1908,1934]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and also see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B35FF8FFD0EF88DFBA7F841" author="Fabricius, K. & Alderslade, P." box="[719,1113,1908,1934]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref100657" refString="Fabricius, K. & Alderslade, P. (2001) Soft corals and sea fans: a comprehensive guide to the tropical shallow-water genera of the Central-West Pacific, the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Queensland, 262 pp." type="book" year="2001">Fabricius & Alderslade (2001:184)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but the polyps of the Indian material look quite different and its identity is uncertain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B35FF88FF06F845FBCFFF1A" blockId="35.[151,1437,1440,2043]" lastBlockId="36.[151,1436,150,213]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Additionally, these authors describe the sclerites of the coenenchyme as including many thornstars, in contrast to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B35FF8FFF1FF819FEBDF835" box="[222,323,2016,2042]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, along with only a few spindles, the latter being far shorter than those reported for the species. The situation is similar in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B32FF88FE49FF6EFDAAFF7E" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[392,596,151,177]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="23 - 35" refId="ref101353" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1976) Gorgonaria aus Riffen von Eilat, Rotes Meer (Cnidaria: Anthozoa), Senckenbergiana boil. Frankfurt, 77 (1), 23 - 35." type="journal article" year="1976">Grasshoff’s (1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B32FF88FD9EFF6EFD64FF7E" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[607,666,151,177]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B32FF88FD65FF6EFD20FF7E" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[676,734,151,177]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref101466" refString="Grasshoff, M. (2000) The gorgonians of the Sinai coast and the Strait of Gubal, Red Sea (Coelenterata, Octocorallia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 224, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="2000">2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) reports.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B32FF88FC86FF6EFBDAFF7E" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K." box="[839,1060,150,177]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. & Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B32FF88FC5DFF6EFC2DFF7E" box="[924,979,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
just lists the species and provides an illustration of the specimen in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B32FF88FDCFFF42FD07FF1A" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[526,761,187,213]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B32FF88FDA2FF42FD6AFF1A" box="[611,660,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2014a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B32FF88FCEEFF42FBD3FF1A" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[815,1069,187,213]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B32FF88FC61FF42FC2FFF1A" box="[928,977,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |