152 lines
17 KiB
XML
152 lines
17 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="117BF60F991260B6C089D0692C807D29">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5E4A6AF94C829A6641B21ECDE4DD4022">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5A9D8A143305A4A8B635BDC1CBC1C7C7">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9B86A13B4203115C77EC541E991A6438">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C1D40190342FA62E5798A3BFA55C4A48">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="862C85B806E8E4803BF1A7CE0841F041">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B2DFF90FF56F880FEDCFDB8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639517" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291250" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639517" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B2DFF90FF56F880FEDCFDB8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B2DFF90FF56F880FEDCFDB8" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B2DFF97FF56F880FDBBF85C" box="[151,581,1913,1940]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2DFF97FF56F880FDBBF85C" blockId="59.[151,581,1913,1940]" box="[151,581,1913,1940]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B2DFF97FF56F880FDBBF85C" bold="true" box="[151,581,1913,1940]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2DFF97FF56F880FDBBF85C" ID-CoL="6HD4L" ID-ENA="1267063" authority="Studer, 1895" authorityName="Studer" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,581,1913,1940]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rhipidalis">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2DFF97FF56F880FDBBF85C" bold="true" box="[151,581,1913,1940]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2DFF97FF56F880FE5CF85B" bold="true" box="[151,418,1913,1940]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Euplexaura rhipidalis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2DFF97FE68F880FDBBF85C" author="Studer, T." box="[425,581,1913,1939]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="103 - 128" refId="ref107543" refString="Studer, T. (1895) Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lubeck. Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft und des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lubeck, 2 (7 / 8), 103 - 128." type="journal article" year="1895">Studer, 1895</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B2DFF90FF56F841FC6BFF7E" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2DFF97FF56F841FC39F81F" blockId="59.[151,1020,1976,2031]" box="[151,967,1976,2001]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B2DFF97FF56F841FC39F81F" box="[151,967,1976,2001]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B2DFF97FF56F841FDCCF81F" author="Studer, T." box="[151,562,1976,2000]" page="155" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" year="1895">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2DFF97FF56F841FDCCF81F" ID-CoL="6HD4L" authority="Studer, 1895: 155" authorityName="Studer" authorityPageNumber="155" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,562,1976,2000]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rhipidalis">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2DFF97FF56F841FE88F81F" box="[151,374,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Euplexaura rhipidalis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2DFF97FEBDF841FDCCF81F" author="Studer, T." box="[380,562,1976,2000]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="103 - 128" refId="ref107543" refString="Studer, T. (1895) Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lubeck. Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft und des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lubeck, 2 (7 / 8), 103 - 128." type="journal article" year="1895">Studer, 1895: 155</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 1, fig. 3; pl. 6, fig. 1–2 (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B2DFF97FC8EF841FC42F81F" box="[847,956,1976,2000]" name="Singapore" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Singapore</collectingCountry>
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).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2DFF97FF56F821FC02F820" blockId="59.[151,1020,1976,2031]" box="[151,1020,2007,2031]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B2DFF97FF56F821FC02F820" box="[151,1020,2007,2031]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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Not
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B2DFF97FF05F82EFD75F820" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[196,651,2007,2031]" page="299" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" year="1905">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2DFF97FF05F82EFD75F820" authority="Thomson & Henderson, 1905: 299" authorityName="Thomson & Henderson" authorityPageNumber="299" authorityYear="1905" box="[196,651,2007,2031]" class="Arachnida" family="Atemnidae" genus="Acis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alba">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2DFF97FF05F82EFEDCF820" box="[196,290,2007,2031]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Acis alba</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2DFF97FEE8F82EFD75F820" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[297,651,2007,2031]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="269 - 238" refId="ref108487" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D. (1905) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Eds.), Report of the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. Part 3. Supplementary report. The Royal Society, London, pp. 269 - 238." type="book chapter" year="1905">Thomson & Henderson, 1905: 299</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 3, fig. 9; pl. 5, fig. 4 (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B2DFF97FC4EF82EFC0BF820" box="[911,1013,2007,2031]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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)
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2AFF90FF56FF6EFC6BFF7E" blockId="60.[151,917,151,177]" box="[151,917,151,177]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in this region.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B2AFF90FF56FF21FEDCFDB8" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2AFF90FF56FF21FED7FF3D" blockId="60.[151,1436,216,315]" box="[151,297,216,242]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2AFF90FF06FF05FC37FEF5" blockId="60.[151,1436,216,315]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2AFF90FF06FF05FC4DFED9" box="[199,947,252,278]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2AFF90FC07FF04FB29FED9" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[966,1239,252,279]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2AFF90FBDCFF04FBACFED9" box="[1053,1106,252,278]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
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. 2014a: 84
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 39, fig. A–E (Guitor Island);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2AFF90FE8CFED9FD9CFEF5" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[333,610,288,315]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2AFF90FE7FFED8FE11FEF5" box="[446,495,288,314]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 78
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 33, fig. A–E (Guitor Island)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2AFF90FF06FE9BFEDCFDB8" blockId="60.[151,1437,353,631]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2AFF90FF06FE9BFE65FEB4" box="[199,411,353,379]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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: The accounts given by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2AFF90FD6CFE9BFC67FEB4" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[685,921,353,380]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2AFF90FCC3FE9BFCCDFEB4" box="[770,819,353,379]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
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. (2014a)
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2AFF90FC0EFE98FB34FEB4" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[975,1226,353,380]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2AFF90FB81FE9BFB8FFEB4" box="[1088,1137,353,379]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (2017)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
are identical but it is impossible to know the true characteristics of their specimen as most of the description is taken word-for-word from
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2AFF90FF14FE50FE68FE0C" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[213,406,425,451]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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, even the exact size of the sclerites. This has led to their somewhat bushy colony with just a few irregularly branches being described as a fan, bent to one side, with some anastomoses in the older parts. Both the colony and the sclerites bear little or no resemblance to those figured by Studer whose specimen came from the Banda Sea in
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B2AFF90FEEEFDECFE5EFDE0" box="[303,416,533,559]" name="Indonesia" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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. Grasshoff included
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2AFF90FD45FDEFFC09FDE0" authority="Thomson & Henderson" authorityName="Thomson & Henderson" authorityYear="1905" box="[644,1015,533,560]" class="Arachnida" family="Atemnidae" genus="Acis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alba">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2AFF90FD45FDEFFD12FDE0" box="[644,748,533,560]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Acis alba</emphasis>
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Thomson & Henderson
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</taxonomicName>
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as a synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2AFF90FB79FDEFFABCFDE0" authorityName="Studer" authorityYear="1895" box="[1208,1346,533,559]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rhipidalis">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2AFF90FB79FDEFFABCFDE0" box="[1208,1346,533,559]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">E. rhipidalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but that species appears to be quite different with a pave-work of large, irregular shaped plates on the surface and forming low calyces.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
</treatment>
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||
</document> |