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106 lines
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101372" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2625-8498-73-717" ID-Pensoft-UUID="318B657A15AB5708B3C35FC1A82B4945" ID-ZooBank="8F3D5EDA2F184E5CA53E2F7741FF1339" ModsDocID="2625-8498-73-717" checkinTime="1695893367890" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Szyndlar, Zbigniew & Georgalis, Georgios L." docDate="2023" docId="A1F0D3B6503689A1FCA376C6B7635620" docLanguage="en" docName="VertZool 73: 717-886" docOrigin="Vertebrate Zoology 73" docPubDate="2023-09-27" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101372" docTitle="Afrophidia Vidal, Delmas & Hedges 2007" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="318B657A15AB5708B3C35FC1A82B4945" lastPageNumber="717" masterDocId="318B657A15AB5708B3C35FC1A82B4945" masterDocTitle="An illustrated atlas of the vertebral morphology of extant non-caenophidian snakes, with special emphasis on the cloacal and caudal portions of the column" masterLastPageNumber="886" masterPageNumber="717" pageNumber="717" updateTime="1695893367890" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="E16A56B36CB3136DE6E37A77C036B1EB">An illustrated atlas of the vertebral morphology of extant non-caenophidian snakes, with special emphasis on the cloacal and caudal portions of the column</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4A599E2A6529FAE39CB822CA643B5F65">Szyndlar, Zbigniew</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0B90803C55FB3645E89C0E3BBE274DD5">Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B89504E7AC921259BE431D18A5672392">Georgalis, Georgios L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C4B7B4921CDBF6A8E2A0A7B9E6D5F38A">Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="C882B3E0F522C8B18880DF0809B546B1" type="email">dimetrodon82@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="D2B2FBE52F995DC81116CBDD34F5821C">Vertebrate Zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2D8E56B06B49EACCC1AB0B7CF63A16C6">2023</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="475A414C9AF58B65B94A3FA5AE01DE5F" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="CD7EA6DC715FCCC66EDD12E416914BEC" authority="Vidal, Delmas & Hedges, 2007" authorityName="Vidal, Delmas & Hedges" authorityYear="2007" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Amerophidia">Amerophidia Vidal, Delmas & Hedges, 2007</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="12CEE2867D0FEF4DB60BA2B260BCBDE7" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">General information.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BC6448D4BF59DD8F31503C65DA6320B0" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
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<taxonomicName id="07FFB3975590BDF33A9DB8E4D1D5710E" authorityName="Vidal, Delmas & Hedges" authorityYear="2007" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Amerophidia">Amerophidia</taxonomicName>
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constitute a recently established group based on molecular phylogenies (
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<bibRefCitation id="DCBFFFC575F12D98C338C27BF84A7DDA" author="Vidal, N" editor="Henderson, RW" journalOrPublisher="Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, UT" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="27 - 33" refId="B642" refString="Vidal, N, Delmas, A-S, Hedges, BS, 2007. The higher-level relationships of alethinophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear and mitochondrial genes. In: Henderson, RW, Powell, R, Eds., Biology of the Boas and Pythons. Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, UT: 27 - 33" title="The higher-level relationships of alethinophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear and mitochondrial genes." volumeTitle="Biology of the Boas and Pythons." year="2007">Vidal et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). It consists of
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<taxonomicName id="08A892F23E0BB031428D16852DD05AA4" class="Reptilia" family="Aniliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Aniliidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="E3AEE7D1EBC8385CA4AF439D7267EA9C" class="Reptilia" family="Tropidophiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tropidophiidae</taxonomicName>
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and is thought to represent the most basal group of alethinophidians (
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<bibRefCitation id="A87B673C1CA954DB30409EE04112618C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1201/b10879-4" author="Scanlon, JD" editor="Sever, DM" journalOrPublisher="CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="55 - 95" refId="B540" refString="Scanlon, JD, Lee, MSY, 2011. The major clades of living snakes: Morphological evolution, molecular phylogeny, and divergence dates. In: Sever, DM, Aldridge, RD, Eds., Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Snakes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL: 55 - 95, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/b10879-4" title="The major clades of living snakes: Morphological evolution, molecular phylogeny, and divergence dates." url="https://doi.org/10.1201/b10879-4" volumeTitle="Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Snakes." year="2011">Scanlon and Lee 2011</bibRefCitation>
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). As their name attests, amerophidians are currently distributed in the Americas. Despite the strong molecular evidence supporting its monophyly (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="04FA69CB2BC2FD41D48BD1191F66DC50" author="Vidal, N" editor="Henderson, RW" journalOrPublisher="Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, UT" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="27 - 33" refId="B642" refString="Vidal, N, Delmas, A-S, Hedges, BS, 2007. The higher-level relationships of alethinophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear and mitochondrial genes. In: Henderson, RW, Powell, R, Eds., Biology of the Boas and Pythons. Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, UT: 27 - 33" title="The higher-level relationships of alethinophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear and mitochondrial genes." volumeTitle="Biology of the Boas and Pythons." year="2007">Vidal et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="C2A78CFB8A39B22D6372340E43AB09A7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0220" author="Vidal, N" journalOrPublisher="Biology Letters" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 4" refId="B645" refString="Vidal, N, Marin, J, Morini, M, Donnellan, S, Branch, WR, Thomas, R, Vences, M, Wynn, A, Cruaud, C, Hedges, BS, 2010. Blindsnake evolutionary tree reveals long history on Gondwana. Biology Letters 2010: 1 - 4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0220" title="Blindsnake evolutionary tree reveals long history on Gondwana." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0220" volume="2010" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="C94E3B199FBCE8F42B11C618217C228F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802166053" author="Wiens, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="420 - 431" refId="B679" refString="Wiens, JJ, Kuczynski, CA, Smith, SA, Mulcahy, DG, Sites, JW Jr., Townsend, TM, Reeder, TW, 2008. Branch lengths, support, and congruence: Testing the phylogenomic approach with 20 nuclear loci in snakes. Systematic Biology 57: 420 - 431, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802166053" title="Branch lengths, support, and congruence: Testing the phylogenomic approach with 20 nuclear loci in snakes." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802166053" volume="57" year="2008">Wiens et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="C33D20BE82C06C379C95F00988A7DA77" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01437.x" author="Pyron, RA" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="163 - 178" refId="B467" refString="Pyron, RA, Burbrink, FT, 2012. Extinction, ecological opportunity, and the origins of global snake diversity. Evolution 66: 163 - 178, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01437.x" title="Extinction, ecological opportunity, and the origins of global snake diversity." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01437.x" volume="66" year="2012">Pyron and Burbrink 2012</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="DB638E4F34FEB93838C7E991A8ACB52F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.015" author="Streicher, JW" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="160 - 169" refId="B596" refString="Streicher, JW, Wiens, JJ, 2016. Phylogenomic analyses reveal novel relationships among snake families. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 100: 160 - 169, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.015" title="Phylogenomic analyses reveal novel relationships among snake families." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.015" volume="100" year="2016">Streicher and Wiens 2016</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="4D0CEF51E48436E99AFE7B864173C2D2" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" author="Zheng, Y" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="537 - 547" refId="B696" refString="Zheng, Y, Wiens, JJ, 2016. Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94: 537 - 547, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" title="Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" volume="94" year="2016">Zheng and Wiens 2016</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="2FC3B040480B423DEBBC02F5A78CA45D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" author="Burbrink, FT" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="502 - 520" refId="B101" refString="Burbrink, FT, Grazziotin, FG, Pyron, RA, Cundall, D, Donnellan, S, Irish, F, Keogh, JS, Kraus, F, Murphy, RW, Noonan, B, Raxworthy, CJ, Ruane, S, Lemmon, AR, Lemmon, EM, Zaher, H, 2020. Interrogating genomic-scale data for Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) shows no support for key traditional morphological relationships. Systematic Biology 69: 502 - 520, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" title="Interrogating genomic-scale data for Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) shows no support for key traditional morphological relationships." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" volume="69" year="2020">Burbrink et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="F12381FBA6582B9A3F5952140F609FD5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.854.2021" author="Ortega-Andrade, HM" journalOrPublisher="European Journal of Taxonomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 107" refId="B416" refString="Ortega-Andrade, HM, Bentley, A, Koch, C, Yanez-Munoz, MH, Entiauspe-Neto, OM, 2022. A time relic: A new species of dwarf boa, Tropidophis Bibron, 1840 (Serpentes: Amerophidia), from the Upper Amazon Basin. European Journal of Taxonomy 854: 1 - 107, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.854.2021" title="A time relic: A new species of dwarf boa, Tropidophis Bibron, 1840 (Serpentes: Amerophidia), from the Upper Amazon Basin." url="https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.854.2021" volume="854" year="2022">Ortega-Andrade et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
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), amerophidian apomorphic morphological characters are mostly lacking, with the exception of a few cranial features shared among aniliids and tropidophiids, primarily in the shape of their palate, but also a soft anatomical apomorphy, an oviduct connecting to the diverticuli of the cloaca, instead of connecting directly to the cloaca (
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<bibRefCitation id="9DA0080179CE296AC85DCE8AC819B740" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10519" author="Maisano, JA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Morphology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="371 - 384" refId="B363" refString="Maisano, JA, Rieppel, O, 2007. The skull of the Round Island boa, Casarea dussumieri Schlegel, based on high-resolution X-ray computed tomography. Journal of Morphology 268: 371 - 384, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10519" title="The skull of the Round Island boa, Casarea dussumieri Schlegel, based on high-resolution X-ray computed tomography." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10519" volume="268" year="2007">Maisano and Rieppel 2007</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="708FA4FBEA85F434507DF690AC2E29E1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1201/b10879-4" author="Scanlon, JD" editor="Sever, DM" journalOrPublisher="CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="55 - 95" refId="B540" refString="Scanlon, JD, Lee, MSY, 2011. The major clades of living snakes: Morphological evolution, molecular phylogeny, and divergence dates. In: Sever, DM, Aldridge, RD, Eds., Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Snakes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL: 55 - 95, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/b10879-4" title="The major clades of living snakes: Morphological evolution, molecular phylogeny, and divergence dates." url="https://doi.org/10.1201/b10879-4" volumeTitle="Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Snakes." year="2011">Scanlon and Lee 2011</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="230447608A8938BF1E6148F312E38356" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01334.x" author="Siegel, DS" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Anatomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="342 - 348" refId="B563" refString="Siegel, DS, Miralles, A, Aldridge, RD, 2011. Controversial snake relationships supported by reproductive anatomy. Journal of Anatomy 218: 342 - 348, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01334.x" title="Controversial snake relationships supported by reproductive anatomy." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01334.x" volume="218" year="2011">Siegel et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="183ECE2ED9064D1849A165F8FB1D60A5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0358-5" author="Hsiang, AY" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Anatomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B287" refString="Hsiang, AY, Field, DJ, Webster, TH, Behlke, ADB, Davis, MB, Racicot, RA, Gauthier, JA, 2015. The origin of snakes: Revealing the ecology, behavior, and evolutionary history of early snakes using genomics, phenomics, and the fossil record. BMC Evolutionary Biology 15: 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0358-5" title="The origin of snakes: Revealing the ecology, behavior, and evolutionary history of early snakes using genomics, phenomics, and the fossil record. BMC Evolutionary Biology 15: 87." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0358-5" year="2015">Hsiang et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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). Indeed, morphology-based phylogenies have failed to recover such close relationship among
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<taxonomicName id="D5B9DBF9129D9D8A819D2197FD535F58" class="Reptilia" family="Aniliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Aniliidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="15DB11EE36226B506BD5D4E8CBF91AA9" class="Reptilia" family="Tropidophiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tropidophiidae</taxonomicName>
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(e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="D72A9947B053FC082C7C2F9475FEA23F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3374/014.053.0101" author="Gauthier, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="3 - 308" refId="B193" refString="Gauthier, JA, Kearney, M, Maisano, JA, Rieppel, O, Behike, ADB, 2012. Assembling the squamate tree of life: Perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 53: 3 - 308, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3374/014.053.0101" title="Assembling the squamate tree of life: Perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record." url="https://doi.org/10.3374/014.053.0101" volume="53" year="2012">Gauthier et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="508F8D480FA49452EF25A2224EF88014" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12300" author="Scanferla, A" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="182 - 206" refId="B532" refString="Scanferla, A, Smith, KT, Schaal, SFK, 2016. Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176: 182 - 206, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12300" title="Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12300" volume="176" year="2016">Scanferla et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="16085EF2D3CE068D8B693B9C769FFC18" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a1" author="Smith, KT" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 24" refId="B574" refString="Smith, KT, Scanferla, A, 2021. A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany). Geodiversitas 43: 1 - 24, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a1" title="A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)." url="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a1" volume="43" year="2021">Smith and Scanferla 2021</bibRefCitation>
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). This is also true for their vertebral morphology, which is rather different between aniliids and tropidophiids.
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</paragraph>
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