286 lines
38 KiB
XML
286 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document id="61F37F9625FA020C8C26C773EDE47FB6" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3941.4.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0e136add-c127-45be-bfe9-0987b523fb87" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="233659" ID-ZooBank="66179A2D-14A6-4C5F-91F7-331E7922D1B0" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461028238053" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Roszkowska, Daniel Adrian Ciobanu Milena & Kaczmarek, Łukasz" docDate="2015" docId="A12287B0FFD9FFB0E6B3F88724F70891" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03941p564.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3941 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Milnesium dornensis Roszkowska & Kaczmarek, 2015, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="560" masterDocId="5D1BFFC8FFC8FFA2E624FF89264F0F04" masterDocTitle="Two new tardigrade species from Romania (Eutardigrada: Milnesiidae, Macrobiotidae), with some remarks on secondary sex characters in Milnesium dornensis sp. nov." masterLastPageNumber="564" masterPageNumber="542" pageNumber="559" updateTime="1698572766902" updateUser="plazi">
|
||
<mods:mods id="8AB302E79767C8855854349D1866F0D5" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="33D0DFFCCF9A5F2517342CC8F396F162">
|
||
<mods:title id="E7F6B89DB334F942ECA8F4B9B3DC4489">Two new tardigrade species from Romania (Eutardigrada: Milnesiidae, Macrobiotidae), with some remarks on secondary sex characters in Milnesium dornensis sp. nov.</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="4B9778CFFE02B1AF4FA377BA49CBC3A1" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="A8B5BB324B1AA4330284D65BF5D074EA">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="02CFDE566E9E5CF4DE28122A4368A1E6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="43D9BAB8B5193B55E540DE3D0553B002">Roszkowska, Daniel Adrian Ciobanu Milena</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="86777B2B61B1E1F07CA31279C5C47E43" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="1CD5B3F4F1AE91A3B4B63DE6DE8CD320">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="B6CD76D7410759E347315A8A16A6F5CA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="F54ACCCDA8F35CC74BC5B39333C1E67D">Kaczmarek, Łukasz</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="CC07B04996BD0170AD70A4D36796C9AC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="4E1E5D12E64AD3DC1990F8C4E232021A" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="E5098D398118FD3578F150A71B842624">
|
||
<mods:title id="7D0904AE5FA2B429026E307197CC74EE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="E50C9F691074C0EF9DE6FE9403C6B01D">
|
||
<mods:date id="7B93F040555234E99D8F85DC86AB4752">2015</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="452F60CD3C47C221CAFD4DEC116292A2" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="B487AD0E577FB30B64526D0F437671AD">3941</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="BF0E87945C355F3BED764C7337B50514" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="54DB2D697E231E07A85435F82B896070">4</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="F53EB319523B24491E67692D7D68031A" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="E50CDE68E09A6EA7652DE32BEFF89E47">542</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="7EC272B6D2ECD623AE36FB5578BA2F61">564</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="2FEBF01159CDB0DB42EA75482261BD9A">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="FA76E77A78C4ED274349AE6FB4211A1A" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3941.4.4</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="BBE330DFE5EF69955E2F1C07E09ADA4E" type="GBIF-Dataset">0e136add-c127-45be-bfe9-0987b523fb87</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="0F6E81C58F8B686B40E6648DB83A6439" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="5BAD1DB226CC619FAB15FDE3FC274CC6" type="Zenodo-Dep">233659</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="7F419BC6C4D32282EB4C5FA5B8137880" type="ZooBank">66179A2D-14A6-4C5F-91F7-331E7922D1B0</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="A12287B0FFD9FFB0E6B3F88724F70891" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6106654" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119607171" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6106654" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A12287B0FFD9FFB0E6B3F88724F70891" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A12287B0FFD9FFB0E6B3F88724F70891" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="560" pageId="17" pageNumber="559">
|
||
<subSubSection id="6191652DFFD9FFB0E6B3F88724F70891" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="560" pageId="17" pageNumber="559" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="293436A6FFD9FFB3E6B3F88725630823" blockId="17.[151,1436,1806,2011]" box="[151,812,1806,1831]" pageId="17" pageNumber="559">
|
||
<heading id="727C81CAFFD9FFB3E6B3F88725630823" bold="true" box="[151,812,1806,1831]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="559" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFD9FFB3E6B3F88725630823" bold="true" box="[151,812,1806,1831]" pageId="17" pageNumber="559">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE8B4D25FFD9FFB3E6B3F88727C50823" box="[151,394,1806,1831]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aphroditidae" genus="Milnesium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="17" pageNumber="559" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="dornensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFD9FFB3E6B3F88727C50823" bold="true" box="[151,394,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="559">Milnesium dornensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="00CC57CFFFD9FFB3E7B5F88727A10823" box="[401,494,1806,1831]" pageId="17" pageNumber="559" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
: secondary sex characters.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="293436A6FFD9FFB3E6B3F8BB227608B3" blockId="17.[151,1436,1806,2011]" pageId="17" pageNumber="559">
|
||
Observations of males in tardigrades (especially in terrestrial and freshwater species) are not very frequent and the sex ratio in natural populations of most of the species is
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFD9FFB3E500F8DE2509086A" box="[804,838,1879,1902]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="559">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
1:25 or less (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFD9FFB3E5C1F8DF22DC086B" author="Bertolani" box="[997,1171,1878,1903]" pageId="17" pageNumber="559" refString="Bertolani, R. (1972) Sex ratio and geographic parthenogenesis in Macrobiotus (Tardigrada). Experientia, 28, 94." type="journal article" year="1972">Bertolani 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFD9FFB3E284F8DF269D0897" author="Ramazzotti" pageId="17" pageNumber="559" refString="Ramazzotti, G. & Maucci, W. (1983) Il Phylum Tardigrada. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, 41, 1 - 1012." type="journal article" year="1983">Ramazzotti & Maucci 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFD9FFB3E6FAF8F327200897" author="Suzuki" box="[222,367,1914,1939]" pageId="17" pageNumber="559" refString="Suzuki, A. C. (2008) Appearance of males in a thelytokous strain of Milnesium cf. tardigradum (Tardigrada). Zoological Science, 25, 849 - 853. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 25.849" type="journal article" year="2008">Suzuki 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFD9FFB3E75FF8F324CB0897" author="Zawierucha" box="[379,644,1914,1939]" pageId="17" pageNumber="559" refString="Zawierucha, K., Smykla, J., Michalczyk, L., Goldyn, B. & Kaczmarek, L. (2015) Distribution and diversity of Tardigrada along altitudinal gradients in the Hornsund, Spitsbergen (Arctic). Polar Research, 34, 24168. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3402 / polar. v 34.24168" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Zawierucha
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFD9FFB3E422F8F224700897" box="[518,575,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="559">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, it should also be stressed that sometimes, especially in the spring, males are frequent but completely absent in other seasons (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFD9FFB3E55BF817226308B3" author="Bertolani" box="[895,1068,1950,1975]" pageId="17" pageNumber="559" refString="Bertolani, R. (1972) Sex ratio and geographic parthenogenesis in Macrobiotus (Tardigrada). Experientia, 28, 94." type="journal article" year="1972">Bertolani 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="293436A6FFD9FFB0E6E3F84A24850D38" blockId="17.[151,1436,1806,2011]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1437,151,1941]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="560" pageId="17" pageNumber="559">
|
||
In general, differences in external morphology between male and female tardigrades are more often observed in marine Arthrotardigrada and terrestrial Heterotardigrada, but less frequently in Eutardigrada (
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E2F5FF1022B60FB4" box="[1233,1273,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E325FF1123D80FB4" author="Murray" box="[1281,1431,152,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Murray, J. (1910) Tardigrada. British Antarctic Expedition 1907 - 1909. Reports on the Scientific Investigations, Biology, 1 (Part V), 83 - 187." type="journal article" year="1910">Murray 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E6B3FF35276B0FD0" author="Thulin" box="[151,292,188,213]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Thulin, G. (1928) Uber die Phylogenie und das System der Tardigraden. Hereditas, 11, 207 - 266." type="journal article" year="1928">Thulin 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E714FF3524250FD0" author="Ramazzotti" box="[304,618,188,213]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Ramazzotti, G. & Maucci, W. (1983) Il Phylum Tardigrada. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, 41, 1 - 1012." type="journal article" year="1983">Ramazzotti & Maucci 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E453FF3525400FD1" author="Pollock" box="[631,783,188,213]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Pollock, L. W. (1975) Tardigrada. In: Giese, A. C. & Pearse, J. S. (Eds.), Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates. Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York, pp. 43 - 54." type="book" year="1975">Pollock 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E53FFF35258A0FD0" author="Bertolani" box="[795,965,188,213]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Bertolani, R. (1992) Tardigrada. In: Adiyodi, K. G. & Adiyodi, R. G. (Eds.), Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates. Vol. V. Sexual differentiation and behaviour. John Wiley, Chichester, pp. 255 - 266." type="book chapter" year="1992">Bertolani 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E5F6FF3522220FD1" author="Claxton" box="[978,1133,188,213]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Claxton, S. K. (1996) Sexual dimorphism in Australian Echiniscus (Tardigrada, Echiniscidae) with description of three new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 116, 13 - 33." type="journal article" year="1996">Claxton 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E25DFF3523D70FD0" author="Rebecchi" box="[1145,1432,188,213]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Rebecchi, L. & Nelson, D. R. (1998) Evaluation of a secondary sex character in eutardigrades. Invertebrate Biology, 117, 194 - 198." type="journal article" year="1998">Rebecchi & Nelson 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E6B3FF5627630FFC" author="Suzuki" box="[151,300,223,248]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Suzuki, A. C. (2008) Appearance of males in a thelytokous strain of Milnesium cf. tardigradum (Tardigrada). Zoological Science, 25, 849 - 853. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 25.849" type="journal article" year="2008">Suzuki 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A smaller body size in males has been observed in some marine and terrestrial tardigrades (
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E350FF6823D30FFC" box="[1396,1436,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E6B3FE8D27180E18" author="Kristensen" box="[151,343,260,285]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Kristensen, R. M. (1980) Zur Biologie des marinen Heterotardigraden Tetrakentron synaptae. Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen, 34, 165 - 177." type="journal article" year="1980">Kristensen 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E74CFE8D24FF0E18" author="Kristensen" box="[360,688,260,285]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Kristensen, R. M. & Higgins, R. P. (1984) Revision of Styraconyx (Tardigrada: Halechiniscidae), with description of two new species from Disko Bay, West Greenland. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 391, 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1984">Kristensen & Higgins 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E4E5FE8D25BF0E18" author="Rebecchi" box="[705,1008,260,285]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Rebecchi, L. & Nelson, D. R. (1998) Evaluation of a secondary sex character in eutardigrades. Invertebrate Biology, 117, 194 - 198." type="journal article" year="1998">Rebecchi & Nelson 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E225FE8D22D60E18" author="Suzuki" box="[1025,1177,260,285]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Suzuki, A. C. (2008) Appearance of males in a thelytokous strain of Milnesium cf. tardigradum (Tardigrada). Zoological Science, 25, 849 - 853. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 25.849" type="journal article" year="2008">Suzuki 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Other morphometric differences have been observed in some Eu- and Heterotardigrada
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E59FFEA025AC0E44" box="[955,995,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E5D4FEAE22480E44" bold="true" box="[1008,1031,295,320]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">a)</emphasis>
|
||
modified claws of I pair of legs (terrestrial eutardigrades—
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E7E8FEC427BB0E60" box="[460,500,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E426FEC5257C0E60" author="Rebecchi" box="[514,819,332,357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Rebecchi, L. & Nelson, D. R. (1998) Evaluation of a secondary sex character in eutardigrades. Invertebrate Biology, 117, 194 - 198." type="journal article" year="1998">Rebecchi & Nelson 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E569FEC525280E61" bold="true" box="[845,871,332,357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">b)</emphasis>
|
||
modified claws of IV pair of legs (freshwater eutardigrades—
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E76EFEF8273D0E8C" box="[330,370,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E758FEE624660E8C" author="Bertolani" box="[380,553,367,392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Bertolani, R. (1992) Tardigrada. In: Adiyodi, K. G. & Adiyodi, R. G. (Eds.), Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates. Vol. V. Sexual differentiation and behaviour. John Wiley, Chichester, pp. 255 - 266." type="book chapter" year="1992">Bertolani 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E41BFEE6241B0E8C" bold="true" box="[575,596,367,392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">c)</emphasis>
|
||
absence of spurs on claws (marine heterotardigrades—
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E2F7FEF822B40E8C" box="[1235,1275,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E321FEE627D40EA8" author="Kristensen" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Kristensen, R. M. & Renaud-Mornant, J. (1983) Existence d'Arthrotardigrades semi-benthiques de genres nouveaux de la sousfamille des Styraconyxinae Subfam. nov. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, Tom XXIV, 337 - 353." type="book chapter" year="1983">Kristensen & Renaud-Mornant 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E796FE1D27850EA9" bold="true" box="[434,458,404,429]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">d)</emphasis>
|
||
more massive and elaborate epicuticle (marine heterotardigrades—
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E2F7FE1C22B50EA8" box="[1235,1274,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
Kristensen & Renaud Mornant 1983),
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E794FE3E27880ED4" bold="true" box="[432,455,439,464]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">e)</emphasis>
|
||
larger cephalic clavae (terrestrial heterotardigrades—
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E208FE30221B0ED4" box="[1068,1108,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E279FE3E23440ED4" author="Bertolani" box="[1117,1291,439,464]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Bertolani, R. (1992) Tardigrada. In: Adiyodi, K. G. & Adiyodi, R. G. (Eds.), Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates. Vol. V. Sexual differentiation and behaviour. John Wiley, Chichester, pp. 255 - 266." type="book chapter" year="1992">Bertolani 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E304FE3E237D0ED4" bold="true" box="[1312,1330,439,464]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">f)</emphasis>
|
||
different shapes of gonopores (terrestrial heterotardigrades—
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E4FFFE54254C0EF0" box="[731,771,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E52EFE5525EA0EF1" author="Claxton" box="[778,933,476,501]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Claxton, S. K. (1996) Sexual dimorphism in Australian Echiniscus (Tardigrada, Echiniscidae) with description of three new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 116, 13 - 33." type="journal article" year="1996">Claxton 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E593FE5525810EF1" bold="true" box="[951,974,476,501]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">g)</emphasis>
|
||
more robust lateral gibbosities of IV pair of legs (terrestrial eutardigrades—
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E404FD8824070D1C" box="[544,584,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E476FE7625DE0D1C" author="Bertolani" box="[594,913,511,536]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Bertolani, R. & Rebecchi L. (1988) The Tardigrades of Emilia (Italy). 1. Rossena. Bollettino di Zoologia, 55, 367 - 371." type="journal article" year="1988">Bertolani & Rebecchi 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E5BAFD8925980D1C" author="Bertolani" box="[926,983,512,536]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Bertolani, R. & Rebecchi L. (1993) A revision of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group (Tardigrada, Macrobiotidae), with some observations on the taxonomic characters of eutardigrades. Zoologica Scripta, 22, 127 - 152." type="journal article" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E23FFE76227B0D1C" bold="true" box="[1051,1076,511,536]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">h)</emphasis>
|
||
flattened or not flattened body (marine heterotardigrades—
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E7F7FDAC27B40D38" box="[467,507,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E427FDAD24F20D38" author="Kristensen" box="[515,701,548,573]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Kristensen, R. M. (1980) Zur Biologie des marinen Heterotardigraden Tetrakentron synaptae. Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen, 34, 165 - 177." type="journal article" year="1980">Kristensen 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="293436A6FFDAFFB0E6E3FDC1235C0DC9" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">
|
||
In the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE8B4D25FFDAFFB0E741FDC127940D64" box="[357,475,584,608]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aphroditidae" genus="Milnesium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E741FDC127940D64" box="[357,475,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">Milnesium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the best known and well described secondary sex character is the different claw structure of the first pair of legs. Additionally, a smaller size and more slender body in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE8B4D25FFDAFFB0E25EFDE4231C0D80" box="[1146,1363,620,645]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aphroditidae" genus="Milnesium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tardigradum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E25EFDE422D60D80" box="[1146,1177,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">M.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E2E2FDE5231C0D80" box="[1222,1363,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">tardigradum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males was reported by both
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E7AAFD0624F10DAC" author="Rebecchi" box="[398,702,655,680]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Rebecchi, L. & Nelson, D. R. (1998) Evaluation of a secondary sex character in eutardigrades. Invertebrate Biology, 117, 194 - 198." type="journal article" year="1998">Rebecchi & Nelson (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E4D3FD0625D50DAC" author="Suzuki" box="[759,922,655,680]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Suzuki, A. C. (2008) Appearance of males in a thelytokous strain of Milnesium cf. tardigradum (Tardigrada). Zoological Science, 25, 849 - 853. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 25.849" type="journal article" year="2008">Suzuki (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, with the later also observing possible sexual behaviour of a male’s interest in a female who had already oviposited in the old cuticle before ecdysis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="293436A6FFDAFFB0E6E3FD5E235A0B5C" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">
|
||
The presence of a number of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE8B4D25FFDAFFB0E405FD5125400DF4" box="[545,783,728,752]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aphroditidae" genus="Milnesium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="dornensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E405FD5125400DF4" box="[545,783,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">Milnesium dornensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="00CC57CFFFDAFFB0E53DFD5E253A0DF4" box="[793,885,727,752]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E53DFD5E253A0DF4" bold="true" box="[793,885,727,752]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
males in our investigation allows us to discuss some morphometric differences between males and females of this new
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE8B4D25FFDAFFB0E5FEFD75221F0C10" box="[986,1104,764,788]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aphroditidae" genus="Milnesium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E5FEFD75221F0C10" box="[986,1104,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">Milnesium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E29FFD7526AE0C3C" author="Rebecchi" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Rebecchi, L. & Nelson, D. R. (1998) Evaluation of a secondary sex character in eutardigrades. Invertebrate Biology, 117, 194 - 198." type="journal article" year="1998">Rebecchi & Nelson (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that the secondary sex characters (
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E4DFFCA8256C0C3C" box="[763,803,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
modified claws on legs I of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE8B4D25FFDAFFB0E25BFCA922BA0C3C" box="[1151,1269,800,824]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aphroditidae" genus="Milnesium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E25BFCA922BA0C3C" box="[1151,1269,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">Milnesium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species) were invalid in evaluating the sex ratio of Eutardigrada populations, because these characters are present only in mature males. However, as we show below and in
|
||
<tableCitation id="6409031DFFDAFFB0E45AFCEE24930C84" box="[638,732,871,896]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1420,266,1942]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements and pt values of selected morphological structures of fifteen females from the type population of Milnesium dornensis sp. nov. mounted in Hoyer’s medium (N—number of specimens / structures measured, RANGE refers to the smallest and the largest structure among all measured specimens; SD—standard deviation)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7DF4662EFFCBFFA1E6B3FF1122A40FEB" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" tableUuid="7DF4662EFFCBFFA1E6B3FF1122A40FEB">Tables 1</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation id="6409031DFFDAFFB0E537FCE1256C0C84" box="[787,803,872,896]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1416,268,1943]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements and pt values of selected morphological structures of ten males from the type population of Milnesium dornensis sp. nov. mounted in Hoyer’s medium (N—number of specimens / structures measured, RANGE refers to the smallest and the largest structure among all measured specimens; SD—standard deviation)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7DF4662EFFCCFFA6E6B3FF1122A40FF4" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" tableUuid="7DF4662EFFCCFFA6E6B3FF1122A40FF4">2</tableCitation>
|
||
, sexually mature males and females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE8B4D25FFDAFFB0E2C4FCE0233C0C84" box="[1248,1395,872,896]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aphroditidae" genus="Milnesium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="dornensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E2C4FCE0233C0C84" box="[1248,1395,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">M. dornensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="00CC57CFFFDAFFB0E35EFCEE26870CA1" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E35EFCEE26870CA1" bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
also differ in other less evident morphometric characters. Although the dorsal sculpture in both sexes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE8B4D25FFDAFFB0E359FC04274B0CCC" class="Polychaeta" family="Aphroditidae" genus="Milnesium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="dornensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E359FC04274B0CCC" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">M. dornensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="00CC57CFFFDAFFB0E72BFC2627220CC3" box="[271,365,943,968]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E72BFC2627290CCC" bold="true" box="[271,358,943,968]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is similar, characters that differ clearly are: 1) males of the new species are more slender (especially between legs III and IV) and smaller than females (female mean length = 679 µm; male mean length = 474 µm); 2) males also have relatively shorter papillae; 3) a narrower buccal tube; 4) longer claws on legs III
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E34FFC7023360B14" box="[1387,1401,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">–</emphasis>
|
||
IV; and 5) more robust cuticular bars under the claws of the I pair of legs. Additionally, we also observed small differences in the presence of eyes in males and females (50% of males and 73% of females had eyes).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="293436A6FFDAFFB0E6E3FBED26BD0A50" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">
|
||
Morphological differences mentioned above are probably connected not only with reproduction (modifications of claws and shape and size of the body), but also with feeding behaviour (buccal tube structure, papillae). What is known, the modified claws on the first pair of legs in males are used to hold the females during copulation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E6BAFB46278F0BEC" author="Rebecchi" box="[158,448,1231,1256]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Rebecchi, L. & Nelson, D. R. (1998) Evaluation of a secondary sex character in eutardigrades. Invertebrate Biology, 117, 194 - 198." type="journal article" year="1998">Rebecchi & Nelson 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Relatively longer claws on legs III
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E57DFB5825280BEC" box="[857,871,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">–</emphasis>
|
||
IV probably allow males better support during the act of copulation. The slender and smaller body of males may be advantageous because they allow a better and faster reaction to female (or competitor’s) movements (compare with sexual behaviour described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E36AFA9E26A10A50" author="Suzuki" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Suzuki, A. C. (2008) Appearance of males in a thelytokous strain of Milnesium cf. tardigradum (Tardigrada). Zoological Science, 25, 849 - 853. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 25.849" type="journal article" year="2008">Suzuki (2008))</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="293436A6FFDAFFB0E6E3FAE924F70891" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="519C7636FFDAFFB0E6E3FAE926A90A7C" box="[199,230,1376,1400]" name="American Samoa" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
mentioned above, differences between both sexes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE8B4D25FFDAFFB0E567FAE825990A7C" box="[835,982,1376,1400]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aphroditidae" genus="Milnesium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="dornensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E567FAE825990A7C" box="[835,982,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">M. dornensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="00CC57CFFFDAFFB0E5FAFAD622770A7C" box="[990,1080,1375,1400]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E5FAFAD622770A7C" bold="true" box="[990,1080,1375,1400]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
were noted in the length of the peribuccal and lateral papillae and the buccal tube width (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="6409031DFFDAFFB0E57EFA0D25F60A98" box="[858,953,1412,1437]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1420,266,1942]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements and pt values of selected morphological structures of fifteen females from the type population of Milnesium dornensis sp. nov. mounted in Hoyer’s medium (N—number of specimens / structures measured, RANGE refers to the smallest and the largest structure among all measured specimens; SD—standard deviation)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7DF4662EFFCBFFA1E6B3FF1122A40FEB" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" tableUuid="7DF4662EFFCBFFA1E6B3FF1122A40FEB">Tables 1</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation id="6409031DFFDAFFB0E5D7FA0D224B0A98" box="[1011,1028,1412,1436]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1416,268,1943]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements and pt values of selected morphological structures of ten males from the type population of Milnesium dornensis sp. nov. mounted in Hoyer’s medium (N—number of specimens / structures measured, RANGE refers to the smallest and the largest structure among all measured specimens; SD—standard deviation)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7DF4662EFFCCFFA6E6B3FF1122A40FF4" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" tableUuid="7DF4662EFFCCFFA6E6B3FF1122A40FF4">2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Peribuccal and lateral papillae are clearly shorter and the buccal tube is distinctly narrower in males of the new species. All these structures may be connected with feeding behaviour. Peribuccal papillae are sensory organs that probably have a mechanoreceptive and/or chemoreceptive function (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E435FA662547090C" author="Dewel" box="[529,776,1519,1544]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Dewel, R. A. & Clark, W. H. Jr. (1973) Studies on the tardigrades, I. Fine structure of the anterior foregut of Milnesium tardigradum Doyere. Tissue and Cell, 5, 133 - 146." type="journal article" year="1973">Dewel & Clark 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E532FA6625A8090C" author="Dewel" box="[790,999,1519,1544]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Dewel, R. A., Nelson, D. R. & Dewel, W. C. (1993) Ch. 5 Tardigrada. In: Harrison, F. W., Rice, E. M. (Eds.), Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates. Vol. 12. Onychophora, Chilopoda and Lesser Protostomata. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 143 - 183." type="book chapter" year="1993">
|
||
Dewel
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E54CFA7825D3090C" box="[872,924,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E5D2FA66237A090C" author="Wiederhoft" box="[1014,1333,1519,1544]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Wiederhoft, H. & Greven, H. (1999) Notes on head sensory organs of Milnesium tardigradum Doyere, 1840 (Apochela, Eutardigrada). Zoologisher Anzeiger, 238, 338 - 346." type="journal article" year="1999">Wiederhöft & Greven 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as they have been observed immediately retracting in response to a noxious substance being added to the water (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E310F99D27570954" author="Dewel" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Dewel, R. A. & Clark, W. H. Jr. (1973) Studies on the tardigrades, I. Fine structure of the anterior foregut of Milnesium tardigradum Doyere. Tissue and Cell, 5, 133 - 146." type="journal article" year="1973">Dewel & Clark 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); however, the exact function of peribuccal and lateral papillae is still unknown. Better understood, but far from being completely understood, is the function of the buccal tube and its significance in feeding behaviour and the diet of tardigrades. Many different
|
||
<typeStatus id="F6308804FFDAFFB0E4A5F90924F3099C" box="[641,700,1664,1688]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of food sources have been reported for tardigrades
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E32DF90923630993" box="[1289,1324,1664,1687]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
plant cell fluids, algae, bacteria, protozoa and small invertebrates like nematodes, rotifers and other tardigrades (for the review see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E730F94E278009E4" author="Schill" box="[276,463,1735,1760]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Schill, R. O., Jonsson, K. I., Pfannkuchen, M. & Brummer, F. (2011) Food of tardigrades: a case study to understand food choice, intake and digestion. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 49 (S 1), 66 - 70. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0469.2010.00601. x" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Schill
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E778F94027DB09E4" box="[348,404,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="519C7636FFDAFFB0E7C5F941244F09E4" box="[481,512,1736,1760]" name="American Samoa" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
was shown by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E488F94E25D509E4" box="[684,922,1735,1760]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Guidetti, R., Altiero, T., Marchioro, T., Sarzi Amade, L., Avdonina, A. M., Bertolani, R. & Rebecchi, L. (2012) Form and function of the feeding apparatus in Eutardigrada (Tardigrada). Zoomorphology, 131 (2), 127 - 148. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00435 - 012 - 0149 - 0" type="journal article">
|
||
Guidetti
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E52AF940250909E4" box="[782,838,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the width of the buccal tube has an important role in determining the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F6308804FFDAFFB0E7B9F96427820801" box="[413,461,1773,1797]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of food consumed by tardigrades. This aspect was also discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1A4B57FFDAFFB0E2F4F96526AB082C" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" refString="Roszkowska, M., Ostrowska, M. & Kaczmarek, L. (2015) The genus Milnesium Doyere, 1840 (Tardigrada) in South America with descriptions of two new species from Argentina and discussion of the feeding behaviour in the family Milnesiidae. Zoological Studies, 54, 12. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / s 40555 - 014 - 0082 - 7" type="journal article">
|
||
Roszkowska
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E340F96423D30800" box="[1380,1436,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who showed that different
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE8B4D25FFDAFFB0E438F89924DD082C" box="[540,658,1808,1832]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aphroditidae" genus="Milnesium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E438F89924DD082C" box="[540,658,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">Milnesium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species with different buccal tube width had different
|
||
<typeStatus id="F6308804FFDAFFB0E2D3F8992368082C" box="[1271,1319,1808,1832]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of prey in the gut. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE8B4D25FFDAFFB0E730F8BC27E80848" box="[276,423,1844,1868]" class="Polychaeta" family="Aphroditidae" genus="Milnesium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="dornensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E730F8BC27E80848" box="[276,423,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">M. dornensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="00CC57CFFFDAFFB0E78BF8BD24450849" box="[431,522,1844,1869]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFFEAB4FFDAFFB0E78BF8BD24450849" bold="true" box="[431,522,1844,1869]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, females with a relatively wider buccal tube may feed on different
|
||
<typeStatus id="F6308804FFDAFFB0E32CF8BC230C0849" box="[1288,1347,1845,1869]" pageId="18" pageNumber="560">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of prey than males with a relatively narrower buccal tube. However at present, these are only interesting possibilities which need confirmation by future behavioural studies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |