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<mods:title id="C9053DA29AFB87EC1FC36E1836417E05">Comparative morphology of female gonapophyses IX in Delphacidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoromorpha) with key to tribes</mods:title>
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<treatment id="039087C3FFCAFFA91388B59EA1C805AE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5943510" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154366424" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5943510" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039087C3FFCAFFA91388B59EA1C805AE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039087C3FFCAFFA91388B59EA1C805AE" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">
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<paragraph id="8B8636D5FFCAFFA91388B59EA19D079B" blockId="23.[151,445,1488,1514]" box="[151,445,1488,1514]" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">
<heading id="D0CE81B9FFCAFFA91388B59EA19D079B" bold="true" box="[151,445,1488,1514]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="160" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B94DEAC7FFCAFFA91388B59EA19D079B" bold="true" box="[151,445,1488,1514]" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">
Tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C394D56FFCAFFA913FDB59EA19D079B" authority="Leach" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[226,445,1488,1514]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Delphacini">Delphacini Leach</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C323655EFFCAFFA91388B658A1C805AE" pageId="23" pageNumber="160" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8636D5FFCAFFA91388B658A2F10493" blockId="23.[151,1436,1558,2015]" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B94DEAC7FFCAFFA91388B658A109045E" bold="true" box="[151,297,1558,1583]" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">Description.</emphasis>
Gonapophyses IX slightly to moderately curvilinear (
<figureCitation id="13022A50FFCAFFA91088B658A3D1045E" box="[919,1009,1558,1583]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[204,1382,283,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[204,1382,283,1869]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 19. Lateral view of gonapophysis IX for Delphacini: A) Liburniella ornata; B) Metadelphax propinqua; C) Peregrinus maidis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2588845/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">Figs 19</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13022A50FFCAFFA910E0B659A43E045E" box="[1023,1054,1559,1583]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1969,1991]" captionTargetBox="[197,1400,206,1905]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[179,1418,193,1948]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 20. Lateral view of gonapophysis IX for Delphacini A) Perkensiella saccharicida; B) Pissonotus delicatus; C) Sardia rostrata; D) Stobaera tricarinata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2588847/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">20</figureCitation>
), average length 670.691487.50 µm, width 54.6685.36 µm; number of teeth 2231 (except
<taxonomicName id="4C394D56FFCAFFA9102AB674A3FE0423" authorityName="Melichar" authorityYear="1903" box="[821,990,1594,1619]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Sardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rostrata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAC7FFCAFFA9102AB674A3FE0423" box="[821,990,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">Sardia rostrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<figureCitation id="13022A50FFCAFFA910F3B674A4720422" box="[1004,1106,1594,1619]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1969,1991]" captionTargetBox="[197,1400,206,1905]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[179,1418,193,1948]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 20. Lateral view of gonapophysis IX for Delphacini A) Perkensiella saccharicida; B) Pissonotus delicatus; C) Sardia rostrata; D) Stobaera tricarinata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2588847/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">Fig. 20C</figureCitation>
] with 97 teeth); teeth varying from dentate to small and minutely rounded (except
<taxonomicName id="4C394D56FFCAFFA911FFB610A3E40407" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[736,964,1630,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Stobaera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricarinata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAC7FFCAFFA911FFB610A3E40407" box="[736,964,1630,1655]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">Stobaera tricarinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<figureCitation id="13022A50FFCAFFA910CDB610A41A0406" box="[978,1082,1630,1655]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1969,1991]" captionTargetBox="[197,1400,206,1905]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[179,1418,193,1948]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 20. Lateral view of gonapophysis IX for Delphacini A) Perkensiella saccharicida; B) Pissonotus delicatus; C) Sardia rostrata; D) Stobaera tricarinata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2588847/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">Fig. 20D</figureCitation>
] with two sizes of round, knoblike teeth); teeth size uniform (except
<taxonomicName id="4C394D56FFCAFFA9115BB6CDA2F904EB" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[580,729,1667,1690]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Stobaera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricarinata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAC7FFCAFFA9115BB6CDA27204EB" box="[580,594,1667,1690]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B94DEAC7FFCAFFA9117FB6CDA2F904EB" box="[608,729,1667,1690]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">tricarinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); teeth extending three quarters of gonapophyses shaft (except
<taxonomicName id="4C394D56FFCAFFA91388B6E9A10D04CF" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[151,301,1703,1726]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Stobaera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricarinata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAC7FFCAFFA91388B6E9A08504CF" box="[151,165,1703,1726]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B94DEAC7FFCAFFA913ABB6E9A10D04CF" box="[180,301,1703,1726]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">tricarinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); most genera with ventral, membranous sheath, variable in extent; sensory structures or pits along entire, medial region; and apex porrect and serrate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636D5FFCAFFA913D8B6A1A1C805AE" blockId="23.[151,1436,1558,2015]" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B94DEAC7FFCAFFA913D8B6A1A1310576" bold="true" box="[199,273,1775,1799]" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">Notes.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C394D56FFCAFFA91200B6A0A1BA0576" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[287,410,1774,1799]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Delphacini">Delphacini</taxonomicName>
represents the most speciose tribe with approximately 1,633 species in 315 genera, occurring worldwide (including oceanic islands, but excluding
<collectingCountry id="F32E7645FFCAFFA9108EB75CA42B055A" box="[913,1035,1810,1835]" name="Antarctica" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
). Plant associations are primarily graminoids, although genera such as
<taxonomicName id="4C394D56FFCAFFA9115CB779A29C053F" box="[579,700,1847,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Pissonotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAC7FFCAFFA9115CB779A29C053F" box="[579,700,1847,1870]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">Pissonotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C394D56FFCAFFA911E7B778A37C053E" authorityName="Stål" authorityYear="1859" box="[760,860,1846,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Stobaera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAC7FFCAFFA911E7B778A37C053E" box="[760,860,1846,1871]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">Stobaera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur on
<taxonomicName id="4C394D56FFCAFFA910CBB779A51A053E" authority="(Urban et al. 2010)" authorityName="Urban" authorityYear="2010" baseAuthorityName="Urban" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[980,1338,1846,1871]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="23" pageNumber="160" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
Asteraceae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B24FFCAFFA9177FB778A511053E" author="Urban J. M. &amp; Bartlett, C. R. &amp; Cryan, J. R." box="[1120,1329,1846,1871]" pageId="23" pageNumber="160" pagination="678 - 691" refId="ref15381" refString="Urban J. M., Bartlett, C. R. &amp; Cryan, J. R. (2010) Evolution of Delphacidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea): combined-evidence phylogenetics reveals importance of grass host shifts. Systematic Entomology, 35 (4), 678 - 691. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2010.00539. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
Urban
<emphasis id="B94DEAC7FFCAFFA917AEB779A4CC053E" box="[1201,1260,1846,1871]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and the Hawaiian fauna has shifted dramatically to various dicots (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B24FFCAFFA9105CB714A4350502" author="Zimmerman, E. C." box="[835,1045,1882,1907]" pageId="23" pageNumber="160" refId="ref16008" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1948) Insects of Hawaii, Volume 4. Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii, 268 pp." type="book" year="1948">Zimmerman 1948</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B24FFCAFFA9173CB714A4DE0502" author="Wilson, S. W. &amp; Mitter, C. &amp; Denno, R. F. &amp; Wilson, M. R." box="[1059,1278,1882,1907]" pageId="23" pageNumber="160" pagination="7 - 45" refId="ref15738" refString="Wilson, S. W., Mitter, C., Denno, R. F. &amp; Wilson, M. R. (1994) Evolutionary patterns of host plant use by delphacid planthoppers and their relatives. In: Denno, R. F. &amp; Perfect, T. J. (Eds.), Planthoppers: Their Ecology and Management. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 7 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 2395 - 6 _ 2" type="book chapter" year="1994">
Wilson
<emphasis id="B94DEAC7FFCAFFA91762B715A4910502" box="[1149,1201,1882,1907]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">et al</emphasis>
. 1994
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B24FFCAFFA91613B714A5B80502" author="Asche, M." box="[1292,1432,1882,1907]" pageId="23" pageNumber="160" pagination="366 - 376" refId="ref11176" refString="Asche, M. (1997) A review of the systematics of Hawaiian planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea). Pacific Science, 51 (4), 366 - 376." type="journal article" year="1997">Asche 1997</bibRefCitation>
, Roderick 1997,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B24FFCAFFA91254B730A27305E6" author="Roderick, G. K. &amp; Metz, E." box="[331,595,1918,1943]" pageId="23" pageNumber="160" pagination="393 - 399" refId="ref14985" refString="Roderick, G. K. &amp; Metz, E. C .. (1997) Biodiversity of planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) on the Hawaiian silversword alliance: effects of host plant phylogeny and hybridisation. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 56 (2): 393 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 1997.56.30" type="journal article" year="1997">Roderick &amp; Metz 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B24FFCAFFA91178B730A36805E6" author="Wilson, S. W. &amp; Mitter, C. &amp; Denno, R. F. &amp; Wilson, M. R." box="[615,840,1918,1943]" pageId="23" pageNumber="160" pagination="7 - 45" refId="ref15738" refString="Wilson, S. W., Mitter, C., Denno, R. F. &amp; Wilson, M. R. (1994) Evolutionary patterns of host plant use by delphacid planthoppers and their relatives. In: Denno, R. F. &amp; Perfect, T. J. (Eds.), Planthoppers: Their Ecology and Management. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 7 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 2395 - 6 _ 2" type="book chapter" year="1994">
Wilson
<emphasis id="B94DEAC7FFCAFFA911A1B731A2D005E6" box="[702,752,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="160">et al</emphasis>
. (1994)
</bibRefCitation>
reported that out of 238 non-island host associations for
<taxonomicName id="4C394D56FFCAFFA913DFB7ECA11E05CA" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[192,318,1954,1979]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Delphacini">Delphacini</taxonomicName>
, 92% were from monocots, 7% dicots and 1% Polypodiopsida; of the monocot records, 71% were from grasses and 13% sedges.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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