705 lines
83 KiB
XML
705 lines
83 KiB
XML
<document id="FA2D924FADF3379530F1B5F665EF3F32" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.183338" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d3a355a7-3f36-4e61-974f-0e0d2c222cab" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="183338" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459900725475" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Smith, Eric N., Manamendra-Arachchi, Kelum & Somaweera, Ruchira" docDate="2008" docId="03EC87B60F54FF8AB1CDFC4DFD430D93" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01847p033.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1847" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Calliophis haematoetron Smith, Manamendra-Arachchi & Somaweera, 2008, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="29" masterDocId="FFD5FFCE0F56FF80B15AFFFAFFCF0F29" masterDocTitle="A new species of coralsnake of the genus Calliophis (Squamata: Elapidae) from the Central Province of Sri Lanka" masterLastPageNumber="33" masterPageNumber="19" pageNumber="21" updateTime="1698228821949" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="21B50A2D9BAE4450407C0D518E271023" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="950559A35ADCEA64EC14D453C18B8580">
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<mods:title id="5C09A5F5FD17808D9FFC73136194EDB8">A new species of coralsnake of the genus Calliophis (Squamata: Elapidae) from the Central Province of Sri Lanka</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="BA56276320AC96AEAB4786C566139FE1" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="D127A4B3F12591829685A9CB5E1C77C1">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4C64BF4AA39DA60CB42126A4807E003A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9D3D0772042573AABC92345749855735">Smith, Eric N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="15D6ECF4F4340B0DD78385576DFDA263">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="07D147819CD163472610891F8975452D">Manamendra-Arachchi, Kelum</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="CDF62E7F87B6BAD925CE03BD6C7DC097" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="93D4A51B33C1ECD84FCDCA86CBF9F318">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="FE7AE5DABA7D7D09524BB678B87CF53C">Somaweera, Ruchira</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1E8424DF5310D4039D39A54CB19A0717">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="CE09FA3108DDA7820C0DADBB4BFEABB7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="74A86879B3FBF2BF4696802BFBD3F48D">
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<mods:date id="7A567DD784561C00DB34A2F855B378DD">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="5758E90C2869F87451442246568AC9DA" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="2448AB072F6272563D8DDE7A67B243E7">1847</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="0692414B6AF586448FF3B3E645948D19">19</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="2FA7B8C58D6C67B37616049E6BB9CA66">33</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="FBD5758011A5BF5B7FEBE9757AAD094E">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="79C92B6E674C1A7624A43DDEE04E3E88" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.183338</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1C451AFC288BD55D50934B664B2E8D82" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7CF9C6348CCEA4BCEFA8B48C296C59EA" type="Zenodo-Dep">183338</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03EC87B60F54FF8AB1CDFC4DFD430D93" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6236000" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119373039" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6236000" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EC87B60F54FF8AB1CDFC4DFD430D93" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC87B60F54FF8AB1CDFC4DFD430D93" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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<subSubSection id="C35F652B0F54FF82B1CDFC4DFED70CD3" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F54FF82B1CDFC4DFDE90CF8" blockId="2.[151,550,951,1018]" box="[151,550,951,977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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<heading id="D0B281CC0F54FF82B1CDFC4DFDE90CF8" bold="true" box="[151,550,951,977]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B931EAB20F54FF82B1CDFC4DFDE90CF8" bold="true" box="[151,550,951,977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F54FF82B1CDFC4DFE0D0CF8" box="[151,450,951,977]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haematoetron" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B931EAB20F54FF82B1CDFC4DFE0D0CF8" bold="true" box="[151,450,951,977]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Calliophis haematoetron</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257C90F54FF82B093FC4DFDE90CF8" box="[457,550,951,977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F54FF82B1CDFC1AFED70CD3" blockId="2.[151,550,951,1018]" box="[151,280,992,1018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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||
(
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<figureCitation id="137E2A250F54FF82B1C5FC1AFEC10CD3" box="[159,270,992,1018]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="2.[151,255,1957,1981]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,255,1457,1481]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,1301,1946]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1414,192,1456]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[151,1436,1299,1949]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[151,1436,143,1467]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Calliophis haematoetron, adult female holotype, 371 mm TL, WHT 1621. Photo by M. M. Bahir, courtesy of WHT (UTA Image- 1928)." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Ventral aspects of heads of Calliophis haematoetron, adult female holotype, WHT 1621 (Top) and Calliophis melanurus, adult male from Sooriyawewa, Sri Lanka, NMSL- 01 (Bottom), showing distinct arrangement of scales in C. haematoetron with first sublabial scale (white) not touching the second pair of chin-shields (black) because of interruption of gular scale (gray). In C. melanurus the sublabial touches the chin-shield." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/183339/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/183340/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C35F652B0F54FF82B1CDFBCAFDA80B8E" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F54FF82B1CDFBCAFCF70BAE" blockId="2.[151,1436,1072,1191]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F54FF82B1CDFBCAFEB20B6E" box="[151,381,1072,1095]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanurus">
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<emphasis id="B931EAB20F54FF82B1CDFBCAFEB20B6E" box="[151,381,1072,1095]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Calliophis melanurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B510F54FF82B0D1FBCAFC790B6E" author="Taylor" box="[395,950,1072,1095]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1950) A brief review of Ceylonese snakes. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 33 (2) (14), 519 - 603." type="journal article" year="1950">Taylor 1950: 583–585, in part, described specimens</bibRefCitation>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B510F54FF82B291FBCAFB270B6E" author="Bahir" box="[971,1256,1072,1095]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" refString="Bahir, M. M. (1999) Scaring the enemy-The slender coral snake. Sri Lanka Nature, September, 22 - 24." type="book chapter" year="1999">Bahir 1999: 22–24, in part</bibRefCitation>
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)
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<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F54FF82B1CDFBAAFE390B4E" box="[151,502,1104,1127]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="melanurus" subSpecies="sinhaleyus">
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<emphasis id="B931EAB20F54FF82B1CDFBAAFE390B4E" box="[151,502,1104,1127]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Calliophis melanurus sinhaleyus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B510F54FF82B35EFBAAFE760BAE" author="Deraniyagala" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" refString="Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1951) Some new races of the snakes Eryx, Callophis, and Echis. Spolia Zeylanica, 26 (2), 147 - 150." type="journal article" year="1951">Deraniyagala 1951: 147–148, in part, referred specimens of new taxon, at least specimens 12–13 on table 2</bibRefCitation>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B510F54FF82B095FB8AFD770BAE" author="Das" box="[463,696,1136,1159]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" refString="Das, I. & De Silva, A. (2005) A Photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of Sri Lanka. New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd., London, 144 pp." type="book" year="2005">Das & De Silva 2005</bibRefCitation>
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: 57, in part)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F54FF82B1CDFB6AFDA80B8E" blockId="2.[151,1436,1072,1191]" box="[151,615,1168,1191]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F54FF82B1CDFB6AFEC90B8E" box="[151,262,1168,1191]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B931EAB20F54FF82B1CDFB6AFEC90B8E" box="[151,262,1168,1191]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Calliophis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B510F54FF82B063FB6AFD900B8E" author="Somaweera" box="[313,607,1168,1191]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" refString="Somaweera, R. (2006) The Snakes of Sri Lanka. Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, Colombo, 270 pp." type="book" year="2006">Somaweera 2006: 154–155</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C35F652B0F54FF83B1CDFB2AFD8E0E8B" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F54FF83B1CDFB2AFB9E0E2B" blockId="2.[151,620,1232,1258]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,418]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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English name: Blood-bellied coralsnake
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<emphasis id="B931EAB20F55FF83B19CFF6DFEF70F98" bold="true" box="[198,312,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
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<typeStatus id="54FE88020F55FF83B19CFF6DFEF70F98" box="[198,312,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B931EAB20F55FF83B062FF62FE9D0F98" box="[312,338,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">—</emphasis>
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WHT (The Wildlife Heritage Trust of
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<collectingCountry id="F35276300F55FF83B24DFF62FC410F9B" box="[791,910,152,178]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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, Colombo,
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<collectingCountry id="F35276300F55FF83B54DFF62FB430F9B" box="[1047,1164,152,178]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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) 1621, an adult female from Wasgomuwa National Park, [Central Province],
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<collectingCountry id="F35276300F55FF83B251FF3AFC4F0FF3" box="[779,896,192,218]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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, ca.
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<quantity id="4CBD9B450F55FF83B2EEFF3AFC200FF3" box="[948,1007,192,218]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="90.0">90 m</quantity>
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(ca.
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<geoCoordinate id="EE7150670F55FF83B57DFF3AFB720FF3" box="[1063,1213,192,218]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" precision="1" value="7.648056">7.648056° N</geoCoordinate>
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7150670F55FF83B59EFF3AFA960FF3" box="[1220,1369,192,218]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" precision="1" value="80.93583">80.93583° E</geoCoordinate>
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), collected
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<date id="FFFB10600F55FF83B1BEFF12FEBD0E2B" box="[228,370,232,258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" value="1997-06-07">7 June 1997</date>
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by Mohomed M. Bahir and Sampath Nanayakkara (figs. 1–3).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF3A66280F54FF82B1CDF85FFE0308F6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183339/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" targetBox="[151,1435,1301,1946]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F54FF82B1CDF85FFE0308F6" blockId="2.[151,1436,1957,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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<emphasis id="B931EAB20F54FF82B1CDF85FFED50894" bold="true" box="[151,282,1957,1981]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F54FF82B07BF85FFDE40895" box="[289,555,1957,1980]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haematoetron">
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<emphasis id="B931EAB20F54FF82B07BF85FFDE40895" box="[289,555,1957,1980]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Calliophis haematoetron</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, adult female holotype, 371 mm TL, WHT 1621. Photo by M. M. Bahir, courtesy of WHT (UTA Image-1928).
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</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F55FF83B19CFEF5FD8E0E8B" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,418]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F55FF83B19CFEF5FEA20E00" bold="true" box="[198,365,271,297]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F55FF83B19CFEF5FE8C0E00" box="[198,323,271,297]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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||
(2)
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</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B931EAB20F55FF83B037FEEAFE480E00" box="[365,391,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">—</emphasis>
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||
USNM (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.,
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<collectingCountry id="F35276300F55FF83B1CDFEC2FE0C0E7B" box="[151,451,312,338]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">United States of America</collectingCountry>
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)
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<date id="FFFB10600F55FF83B089FEC2FDE30E7B" box="[467,556,312,338]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" value="34-12-03">120334</date>
|
||
–
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||
<date id="FFFB10600F55FF83B366FEC2FD5B0E7B" box="[572,660,312,338]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" value="35-12-03">120335</date>
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, young male and adult female, respectively, from Clodagh Estate, Rattota, Matale [Central Province],
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<collectingCountry id="F35276300F55FF83B364FE9AFD7B0E53" box="[574,692,352,378]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
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, ca.
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||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F55FF83B3B1FE9AFCF90E53" box="[747,822,352,378]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="570.0">570 m</quantity>
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||
(ca.
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7150670F55FF83B22BFE9AFBC70E53" box="[881,1032,352,378]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" precision="1" value="7.521667">7.521667° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7150670F55FF83B54AFE9AFB680E53" box="[1040,1191,352,378]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" precision="1" value="80.68472">80.68472° E</geoCoordinate>
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||
), collected on
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<date id="FFFB10600F55FF83B40EFE9AFF1D0E8B" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" value="1944-07-02">2 July 1944</date>
|
||
by Herbert G. Deignan (fig. 2).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F55FF83B1CDFACCFD470AB0" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<table id="F945C4000F55007FB1CDFACCFA530AB0" box="[151,1436,1334,1433]" gridcols="4" gridrows="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<tr id="357534E20F55007FB1CDFACCFA530A67" box="[151,1436,1334,1358]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<th id="76A45D9E0F55007FB1CDFACCFD200A67" box="[151,751,1334,1358]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
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||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F55FF83B1CDFACCFED50A67" bold="true" box="[151,282,1334,1358]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
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||
Dorsal, lateral and ventral aspects of heads
|
||
</th>
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||
<th id="76A45D9E0F55007FB3ACFACCFBAF0A67" box="[758,1120,1334,1358]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F55FF83B249FACDFBD30A67" box="[787,1052,1335,1358]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haematoetron">
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||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F55FF83B249FACDFBD30A67" box="[787,1052,1335,1358]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Calliophis haematoetron</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, adult
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76A45D9E0F55007FB53DFACCFA900A67" box="[1127,1375,1334,1358]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">female holotype, WHT</th>
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||
<th id="76A45D9E0F55007FB43DFACCFA530A67" box="[1383,1436,1334,1358]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">1621</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357534E20F55007FB1CDFAA6FA530A5D" box="[151,1436,1372,1396]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<th id="76A45D9E0F55007FB1CDFAA6FD200A5D" box="[151,751,1372,1396]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
|
||
(Top),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F55FF83B1B8FAA7FE570A5D" box="[226,408,1373,1396]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haematoetron">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F55FF83B1B8FAA7FE570A5D" box="[226,408,1373,1396]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">C. haematoetron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, young male paratype, USNM
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76A45D9E0F55007FB3ACFAA6FBAF0A5D" box="[758,1120,1372,1396]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
|
||
120334 (Middle), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F55FF83B2AAFAA7FB900A5D" box="[1008,1119,1373,1396]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F55FF83B2AAFAA7FB900A5D" box="[1008,1119,1373,1396]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Calliophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76A45D9E0F55007FB53DFAA6FA900A5D" box="[1127,1375,1372,1396]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F55FF83B533FAA7FB160A5D" box="[1129,1241,1373,1396]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F55FF83B533FAA7FB160A5D" box="[1129,1241,1373,1396]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">melanurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, adult male
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76A45D9E0F55007FB43DFAA6FA530A5D" box="[1383,1436,1372,1396]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">from</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357534E20F55007FB1CDFA78FA530AB0" box="[151,1436,1410,1433]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76A45D9E0F55007FB1CDFA78FD200AB0" box="[151,751,1410,1433]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Sooriyawewa, Sri Lanka, NMSL-01 (Bottom).</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35F652B0F55FF85B19CFA35FE710903" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F55FF83B19CFA35FEE50998" blockId="3.[151,1436,1487,1993]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F55FF83B19CFA35FEF00AC0" bold="true" box="[198,319,1487,1513]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F55FF83B065FA2AFE960AC0" box="[319,345,1488,1513]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">—</emphasis>
|
||
A small (
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F55FF83B093FA35FDA70AC0" box="[457,616,1487,1513]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.83" metricValueMax="4.14" metricValueMin="1.52" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="283.0" valueMax="414.0" valueMin="152.0">152–414 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL, young male and mature female, respectively), brownish, terrestrial coralsnake in which the tail comprises 10.5% of the TL in the known male and 8.0–8.6% in the two known females. It has no sublabial-chin-shield contact, 6 supralabials, 6 infralabials, 2 postoculars, 225–239 ventrals, a divided anal, 29–35 divided subcaudals, dorsal scale rows arranged in 13 rows along entire body, and a color pattern consisting of 13–22 lateral body blotches and 2–3 tail bands (including one band in the cloacal region).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F55FF83B19CF945FBB608E0" blockId="3.[151,1436,1487,1993]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
|
||
The new species can be distinguished from the only other known Sri Lankan
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F55FF83B50AF93AFB2309F0" box="[1104,1260,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F55FF83B50AF93AFB0209F0" box="[1104,1229,1728,1753]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Calliophis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F55FF83B583F93AFB2309F0" box="[1241,1260,1728,1753]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanurus">C</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F55FF83B5A1F93AFAB209F0" box="[1275,1405,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">melanurus,</emphasis>
|
||
in having a frontal that is about equal in length or slightly shorter (vs. longer) than the interparietal suture, a first sublabial that does not touch the second pair of chin-shields (vs. broad contact with second pair of chinshields), a relatively unpigmented head (vs. capped with black from rostrum to nuchal collar), no light spots posterolateral to the parietals, numerous bands on the dorsum of the body (13–22 vs. none; excluding nuchal collar and cloacal and tail bands), a blood-red body venter (vs. orange or yellow through most of the length), and in having red pigment lateral to blue coloration under the tail (vs. no red on tail).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3A66280F52FF84B1CDFA4BFBC10919" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183340/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" targetBox="[151,1414,192,1456]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F52FF84B1CDFA4BFBC10919" blockId="4.[151,1436,1457,1584]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F52FF84B1CDFA4BFED50AE0" bold="true" box="[151,282,1457,1481]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral aspects of heads of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F52FF84B316FA4BFC990AE1" box="[588,854,1457,1480]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haematoetron">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F52FF84B316FA4BFC990AE1" box="[588,854,1457,1480]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Calliophis haematoetron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, adult female holotype, WHT 1621 (Top) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F52FF84B40AFA4BFEF40AC2" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F52FF84B40AFA4BFEF40AC2" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Calliophis melanurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, adult male from Sooriyawewa, Sri Lanka, NMSL-01 (Bottom), showing distinct arrangement of scales in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F52FF84B1E8FA0DFEAC0927" box="[178,355,1527,1550]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haematoetron">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F52FF84B1E8FA0DFEAC0927" box="[178,355,1527,1550]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">C. haematoetron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with first sublabial scale (white) not touching the second pair of chin-shields (black) because of interruption of gular scale (gray). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F52FF84B0B6F9E3FDB40919" box="[492,635,1561,1584]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F52FF84B0B6F9E3FDB40919" box="[492,635,1561,1584]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">C. melanurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the sublabial touches the chin-shield.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F52FF85B19CF99EFF3C0DCB" blockId="4.[151,1436,1636,2022]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
|
||
The new species can be distinguished from all other coralsnakes, except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F52FF84B51AF99EFB2E0954" box="[1088,1249,1636,1661]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F52FF84B51AF99EFB2E0954" box="[1088,1249,1636,1661]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">C. melanurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F52FF84B478F99EFE2D098F" authority="Gunther, 1858" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1858" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F52FF84B478F99EFED4098C" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Calliophis maculiceps</emphasis>
|
||
(Günther, 1858)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by its melanized tail base internal musculature, hypaxial, and associated epimysial and perimysial tissues (i.e., asulcate layer of hemipenis,
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F52FF84B222F94EFBDF09E4" box="[888,1040,1716,1741]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">m. propulsor</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F52FF84B578F94EFA9009E4" box="[1058,1375,1716,1741]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">m. retractor penis magnus</emphasis>
|
||
, and homologous muscles in females). The new species can be distinguished from all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F52FF84B5FEF926FAD109DC" box="[1188,1310,1756,1781]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F52FF84B5FEF926FAD109DC" box="[1188,1310,1756,1781]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Calliophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in nearby
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35276300F52FF84B1B5F8FEFEE10837" box="[239,302,1796,1822]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F52FF84B061F8FEFDB00837" authority="Smith, 1943" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1943" box="[315,639,1796,1822]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F52FF84B061F8FEFE1F0834" box="[315,464,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">C. beddomei</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B510F52FF84B0BBF8FEFDB90837" author="Smith" box="[481,630,1796,1822]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" refString="Smith, M. A. (1943) The Fauna of British India Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Amphibia Volume III. - Serpentes. Taylor and Francis, London, 584 pp." type="book" year="1943">Smith, 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F52FF84B3D6F8FEFC5A0837" authority="Jan, 1858" authorityName="Jan" authorityYear="1858" box="[652,917,1796,1822]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bibroni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F52FF84B3D6F8FEFCCA0834" box="[652,773,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">C. bibroni</emphasis>
|
||
(Jan, 1858)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F52FF84B2F8F8FEFB8E0834" box="[930,1089,1796,1821]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F52FF84B2F8F8FEFB8E0834" box="[930,1089,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">C. melanurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F52FF84B5DEF8FEFF10086F" authority="Gunther, 1862" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1862" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F52FF84B5DEF8FEFAEB0834" box="[1156,1316,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">C. nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
(Günther, 1862)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. From
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F52FF84B06AF8D6FE0B086C" box="[304,452,1836,1861]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F52FF84B06AF8D6FE0B086C" box="[304,452,1836,1861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">C. beddomei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it differs in having fewer supralabials (6 vs. 7), first sublabials not touching the second pair of chin-shields, a pale head with light-brown subocular and cheek blotches (vs. head with melanic color, covering the snout and continuing caudally as a narrow interparietal line joining the dark collar and as lateral stripes from above the eye to the corner of the mouth), a body pattern of complete and incomplete bands and a few lateral anterior blotches (vs. pattern of paradorsal and lateral blotches separated by faint and broken medial stripe), a colorful venter (vs. immaculate light colored, including tail), and tail bands (vs. no bands, only small blotches). From
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B36EFF3AFD620FF0" box="[564,685,192,217]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bibroni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B36EFF3AFD620FF0" box="[564,685,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">C. bibroni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it differs in having fewer supralabials (6 vs. 7), a light colored (vs. dark) snout, a preocular (vs. no preocular), two postoculars (vs. 1), 2 or 3 tail bands (vs. 4–6), thin dark bands on the body that are up to 2 scales wide (vs. usually 3–4 scales wide), a divided anal (vs. single), and higher ventral scute counts (males 225 vs. 219; females 232–239 vs. 222–227). It differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B5BBFEC2FAB10E78" box="[1249,1406,312,337]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B5BBFEC2FAB10E78" box="[1249,1406,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">C. nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a first sublabial that does not contact the second pair of chin-shields (vs. broad contact), having 6 supralabials (vs. 7), dark subcaudal markings (vs. unmarked), and a dorsal pattern of bands (vs. striped, with longitudinal blotches, or unicolored). The new species differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B2EAFE4AFADB0EE3" authority="Gray, 1835" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[944,1300,432,458]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B2EAFE4AFB440EE0" box="[944,1163,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Calliophis gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
Gray,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F53FF85B580FE4AFADB0EE3" box="[1242,1300,432,458]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6609" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" unit="in" value="1835.0">1835</quantity>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in possessing fewer ventral scales (225–239 vs. 303–320), more subcaudals (29–35 vs. 21–23), 2 maxillary teeth posterior to fangs (vs. none), a dorsal pattern of narrow bands (vs. large and paired paravertebral spots and 5–7 well-defined stripes), and a venter with no bands (vs. numerous regularly spaced wide bands). From
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B46BFDD2FF130D40" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B46BFDD2FF130D40" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">C. maculiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it can be distinguished by its high number of ventrals (225–239 vs. 169–222), more subcaudals (29–35 vs. 20–31), lack of postocular stripes, the first sublabial not touching the second pair of chin-shields (vs. broadly touching), and a frontal that is shorter or about equal to the length of the interparietal suture (vs. longer).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F53FF85B19CFD0AFCAB0B0B" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
|
||
From the long-glanded coralsnakes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B322FD0AFBC50C23" authority="Boie, 1827" authorityName="Boie" authorityYear="1827" box="[632,1034,752,778]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivirgata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B322FD0AFCA80C20" box="[632,871,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Calliophis bivirgata</emphasis>
|
||
(Boie, 1827)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B510FD0AFEEB0C1B" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intestinalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B510FD0AFA9E0C20" box="[1098,1361,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Calliophis intestinalis</emphasis>
|
||
(Laurenti, 1768)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, previously known as members of a the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B20EFCE2FB830C1B" authority="Gray, 1834" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1834" box="[852,1100,792,818]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Maticora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B20EFCE2FC0E0C18" box="[852,961,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Maticora</emphasis>
|
||
Gray, 1834
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B510F53FF85B5D7FCE2FA410C1B" author="Slowinski" box="[1165,1422,792,818]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" refString="Slowinski, J. B., Boundy, J. & Lawson, R. (2001). The phylogenetic relationships of Asian coral snakes (Elapidae: Calliophis and Maticora) based on morphological and molecular characters. Herpetologica, 57 (2), 233 - 245." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Slowinski
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B456FCE2FA8F0C18" box="[1292,1344,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the new species differs in having a venom gland that is confined to the temporal region (vs. extending behind the head), a Harderian gland with a moderately developed posterior extension (vs. enlarged posterior extension, larger than the eyeball), pterygoids of moderate size and with 4 teeth (vs. reduced in size and with 2, 1, or no teeth), and a dorsal pattern of bands (vs. stripes). Additionally, the new species can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B183FC1AFEA80CD0" box="[217,359,992,1017]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivirgata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B183FC1AFEA80CD0" box="[217,359,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">C. bivirgata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in lacking a bright red venter, head and tail dorsum, and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B53BFC1AFAC90CD0" box="[1121,1286,992,1017]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intestinalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B53BFC1AFAC90CD0" box="[1121,1286,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">C. intestinalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in lacking a venter without bars and a blue (vs. red) subcaudal coloration.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F53FF85B19CFBCAFE710903" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
|
||
From species in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B35CFBCAFBAC0B63" authority="Slowinski, Boundy & Lawson, 2001" authorityName="Slowinski, Boundy & Lawson" authorityYear="2001" box="[518,1123,1072,1098]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B35CFBCAFD6B0B60" box="[518,676,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Sinomicrurus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B510F53FF85B3F7FBCAFBAC0B63" author="Slowinski" box="[685,1123,1072,1098]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" refString="Slowinski, J. B., Boundy, J. & Lawson, R. (2001). The phylogenetic relationships of Asian coral snakes (Elapidae: Calliophis and Maticora) based on morphological and molecular characters. Herpetologica, 57 (2), 233 - 245." type="journal article" year="2001">Slowinski, Boundy & Lawson, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, i.e.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B5FFFBCAFF110B5B" authority="Takahashi, 1930" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityYear="1930" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hatori">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B5FFFBCAFAC30B60" box="[1189,1292,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">S. hatori</emphasis>
|
||
(Takahashi, 1930)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B1B1FBA2FD8D0B5B" authority="Gunther, 1868" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1868" box="[235,578,1112,1138]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B1B1FBA2FEB40B58" box="[235,379,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">S. japonicus</emphasis>
|
||
(Günther, 1868)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B314FBA2FCA10B5B" authority="Pope, 1928" authorityName="Pope" authorityYear="1928" box="[590,878,1112,1138]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kelloggi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B314FBA2FD050B58" box="[590,714,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">S. kelloggi</emphasis>
|
||
(Pope, 1928)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B221FBA2FAC60B5B" authority="Reinhardt, 1844" authorityName="Reinhardt" authorityYear="1844" box="[891,1289,1112,1138]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macclellandi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B221FBA2FBFF0B58" box="[891,1072,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">S. macclellandi</emphasis>
|
||
(Reinhardt, 1844)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B411FBA2FCE20BB3" authority="(Steindachner, 1913) (sensu Slowinski et al. 2001)" authorityName="(Steindachner, 1913) (sensu Slowinski et al." authorityYear="2001" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sauteri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B411FBA2FF0F0BB0" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">S. sauteri</emphasis>
|
||
(Steindachner, 1913) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B08EFB7AFDDA0BB0" box="[468,533,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B510F53FF85B345FB7AFCEA0BB3" author="Slowinski" box="[543,805,1152,1178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" refString="Slowinski, J. B., Boundy, J. & Lawson, R. (2001). The phylogenetic relationships of Asian coral snakes (Elapidae: Calliophis and Maticora) based on morphological and molecular characters. Herpetologica, 57 (2), 233 - 245." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Slowinski
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B3C4FB7AFD130BB0" box="[670,732,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the new taxon differs in possessing no protuberant sclerified tail tip, 6 (vs. 7) supralabials, and a Harderian gland with a moderately developed posterior extension (vs. no extension). It can further be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B209FB2AFC780BC0" box="[851,951,1232,1257]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hatori">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B209FB2AFC780BC0" box="[851,951,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">S. hatori</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B29CFB2AFB9A0BC0" box="[966,1109,1232,1257]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B29CFB2AFB9A0BC0" box="[966,1109,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">S. japonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B5CEFB2AFACC0BC0" box="[1172,1283,1232,1257]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sauteri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B5CEFB2AFACC0BC0" box="[1172,1283,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">S. sauteri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having no pattern of stripes, and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B0B0FB02FDA60A38" box="[490,617,1272,1297]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kelloggi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B0B0FB02FDA60A38" box="[490,617,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">S. kelloggi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B3FDFB02FC900A38" box="[679,863,1272,1297]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macclellandi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B3FDFB02FC900A38" box="[679,863,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">S. macclellandi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having no white band anterior to the nuchal band. From snakes in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B34DFADAFCAD0A13" authority="Peters, 1862" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1862" box="[535,866,1312,1338]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hemibungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B34DFADAFD0A0A10" box="[535,709,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Hemibungarus</emphasis>
|
||
Peters, 1862
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B295FADAFF110A4B" authority="Wiegmann, 1834" authorityName="Wiegmann" authorityYear="1834" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hemibungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calligaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B295FADAFACC0A10" box="[975,1283,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Hemibungarus calligaster</emphasis>
|
||
(Wiegmann, 1834)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, that had previously been considered coralsnakes (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B510F53FF85B23FFAB2FBAF0A4B" author="Slowinski" box="[869,1120,1352,1378]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" refString="Slowinski, J. B., Boundy, J. & Lawson, R. (2001). The phylogenetic relationships of Asian coral snakes (Elapidae: Calliophis and Maticora) based on morphological and molecular characters. Herpetologica, 57 (2), 233 - 245." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Slowinski
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B2BBFAB2FBD30A48" box="[993,1052,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the new species differs in having 13 dorsal scale rows (vs. 15), 1+2 temporals (vs. 2+2 or 2+3), more subcaudals (32–35 vs. <25), a divided anal plate (vs. single), and a Harderian gland with a moderately developed posterior extension (vs. no extension).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B045FA3AFD9D0AF0" box="[287,594,1472,1497]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hemibungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calligaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B045FA3AFD9D0AF0" box="[287,594,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Hemibungarus calligaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is now placed in the tribe Hemibungarini, and the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B5AAFA3AFAA50AF0" box="[1264,1386,1472,1497]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B5AAFA3AFAA50AF0" box="[1264,1386,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Calliophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the rest of the Asian and American coralsnakes in the tribe Calliophini, based on hemipenial and molecular data (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B510F53FF85B18DF9EAFE7D0903" author="Castoe" box="[215,434,1552,1578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" refString="Castoe, T. A., Smith, E. N., Brown R. F. & Parkinson, C. L. (2007) Higher-level phylogeny of Asian and American coralsnakes, their placement within the Elapidae (Squamata: Serpentes), and the systematic affinities of the enigmatic Asian coralsnake Hemibungarus calligaster (Wiegmann, 1834). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 151, 809 - 831." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Castoe
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B06AF9EAFEAC0900" box="[304,355,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35F652B0F53FF85B19CF9CDFE0D098B" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F53FF85B19CF9CDFE0D098B" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B19CF9CDFE820978" bold="true" box="[198,333,1591,1617]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B017F9C2FEA80978" box="[333,359,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">—</emphasis>
|
||
The specific name,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B311F9C2FD220978" box="[587,749,1592,1617]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haematoetron">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B311F9C2FD220978" box="[587,749,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">haematoetron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is derived from the Greek adjective
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B5C7F9C2FAE60978" box="[1181,1321,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">haematodes</emphasis>
|
||
(bloody), and the Greek noun
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B0DFF99AFE0D0950" box="[389,450,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">etron</emphasis>
|
||
(belly) meaning “bloody belly” in reference to the bright-red venter of this “beautiful snake” (=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F53FF85B06DF972FE7E0988" box="[311,433,1672,1697]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B06DF972FE7E0988" box="[311,433,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Calliophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35F652B0F53FF8AB19CF955FD430D93" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F53FF86B19CF955FECA0C73" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,1978]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B19CF955FD5409E0" bold="true" box="[198,667,1711,1737]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F53FF85B025F955FE2409E0" box="[383,491,1711,1737]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and variation
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F53FF85B3C1F94AFD7A09E0" box="[667,693,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">—</emphasis>
|
||
Features of the adult female
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F53FF85B55FF94AFBA309E3" box="[1029,1132,1712,1738]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
are followed in parentheses by variation of the young male and the mature female
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F53FF85B21CF922FC7609DB" box="[838,953,1752,1778]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
, respectively. Total length
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F53FF85B5AFF922FA9809DB" box="[1269,1367,1752,1778]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.71" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="371.0">371 mm</quantity>
|
||
(152, 414); tail length
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F53FF85B006F8FAFE600833" box="[348,431,1792,1818]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="32.0">32 mm</quantity>
|
||
(16, 33); head length
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F53FF85B3EFF8FAFCDF0833" box="[693,784,1792,1818]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="6.9">6.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
(4.8, 9.5) from anterior edge of rostral to posterior end of mandible; head width
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F53FF85B09BF8D2FDD3086B" box="[449,540,1832,1858]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="5.8">5.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
(3.1, 5.3) at broadest point; head slightly distinct from neck; snout 2.0 mm (1.5, 2.7) from front of rostral to anterior edge of eye; eye 0.3 (0.4, 0.4) times length of snout; pupil round; rostral 1.4 (1.3, 1.8) times wider than high; internasals 2.0 (1.2, 1.3) times wider than long, contacting only the nasals laterally; length of internasal suture slightly more than half diameter of eye (half in female
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F53FF85B47FF85AFA400893" box="[1317,1423,1952,1978]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
); prefrontals as wide as long, in contact laterally with nasal, preocular, and supraocular; prefrontal suture 1.4 (1.0, 1.3) times diameter of eye; frontal 1.3 (1.5, 1.5) times longer than wide; supraoculars 1.4 (1.3, 1.8) times longer than wide; parietals twice as long as wide (2.0, 1.8); parietal suture 0.6 times length of parietals, 1.2 (1.1, 0.9) times longer than frontal; 1+0 temporals and one posttemporal, shields touching parietal laterally large and elongated; temporal 1.9 (2.2, 1.9) times longer than wide; single preocular, 1.6 (1.5, 1.4) times longer than wide, triangular, with apex rostrally, located above line between center of eye and posterior border of naris; two postoculars, upper slightly wider than lower, reaching beyond upper and lower borders of eye, respectively; no loreal, preocular and nasal in contact; 6/6 supralabials, sixth largest and longest, first in contact with anterior nasal, second in contact with both nasal plates; third in contact with posterior nasal, preocular, and one sixth of orbit; fourth below orbit and contacting lower postocular, fifth in contact with lower postocular and temporal, and sixth in contact with temporal; mental 1.7 (1.9, 1.7) times as broad as long; anterior chin-shields 2.1 (2.1, 2.0) times longer than wide; posterior chin-shields 2.3 (1.9, 2.0) times longer than wide; 6/6 infralabials, first pair in contact behind mental, second small, second and third touching anterior chin-shields, fourth largest and contacting anterior and posterior chin-shields, fifth and sixth contacting sublabials; first sublabial not touching chin-shields; 2 (2, 1) gulars and 2 (3, 4) preventrals at midline between posterior chin-shields and first ventral; with few tubercles on head scales, concentrated anteriorly; dorsals in 13 rows, smooth, unreduced; apical pits absent; ventrals 239 (225, 232); anal divided; preanal single; subcaudals 32 (35, 29), paired; tail complete, tip round; no anal ridges or tubercles; male with umbilical scar on ventrals 161–163.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F50FF86B19CFC92FB4A097B" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,1978]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Dentition of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F50FF86B007FC92FE020CAB" box="[349,461,872,898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
examined, characteristics of male followed by variation of female, in parentheses: maxillae bearing one fang
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F50FF86B095FC6AFDF80C83" box="[463,567,912,938]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.50 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F50FF86B3D9FC6AFD2E0C83" box="[643,737,912,938]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
), arising below suture of supralabials 2 and 3, slanted backward; two posterior maxillary teeth on each side, first largest,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F50FF86B224FC42FC270CFB" box="[894,1000,952,978]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="0.13">0.13 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F50FF86B56CFC42FB690CFB" box="[1078,1190,952,978]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="0.15">0.15 mm</quantity>
|
||
), close to each other (0.13,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F50FF86B1B9FC1AFE9F0CD3" box="[227,336,992,1018]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.10 mm</quantity>
|
||
), slanted backward, below suture of supralabials 4 and 5, first at
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F50FF86B510FC1AFB410CD3" box="[1098,1166,992,1018]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
from base of fang (
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F50FF86B42CFC1AFF050B0B" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
); 6/6 palatine teeth (7/6); 4/4 pterygoid teeth (6/5); 9/9 dentary teeth, decreasing in size from front to rear. Head glands visible through transparent head shields of young male and when reflecting head skin of female
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F50FF86B1CDFBA2FF330B5B" box="[151,252,1112,1138]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(skin detached prior to our examination; characteristics of male followed by variation of female, in parentheses): salivary gland developed under supralabials 1–3; nasal gland occupying area below prefrontal shields (prefrontal shields, posterior nasal, and preocular); Harderian gland under anterolateral portion of parietal (and posterior supraocular and upper postocular),
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F50FF86B257FB2AFCB90BC3" box="[781,886,1232,1258]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="0.68">0.68 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (1.00 mm),
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F50FF86B51BFB2AFB670BC3" box="[1089,1192,1232,1258]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.60 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F50FF86B5ADFB2AFAAA0BC3" box="[1271,1381,1232,1258]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.90 mm</quantity>
|
||
), triangular, apex caudal, with a moderate posterior extension; venom gland triangular (rounded posteriorly), corners at middle of fourth supralabial (middle of third supralabial), middle of sixth supralabial (tip of temporal), and middle of temporal at border with parietal,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F50FF86B3A5FAB2FCA60A4B" box="[767,873,1352,1378]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="0.78">0.78 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F50FF86B2E0FAB2FBE60A4B" box="[954,1065,1352,1378]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="1.95">1.95 mm</quantity>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F50FF86B564FAB2FB680A4B" box="[1086,1191,1352,1378]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.88" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="1.88">1.88 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F50FF86B5A9FAB2FAAD0A4B" box="[1267,1378,1352,1378]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.85" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="4.85">4.85 mm</quantity>
|
||
), not inflected ventrally and confined to head; infralabial gland bordering mouth under lateral tips of mental to fifth infralabial, area differentiated, darker and more granular under fourth infralabial; in male, salivary, nasal, Harderian and infralabial glands yellowish and of irregular texture (granular), venom gland whitish and smooth;
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F50FF86B1CDFA12FD0D0928" box="[151,706,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis</emphasis>
|
||
(AES) forming continuous loop, from upper parietal surface above Harderian gland to insertion on compound bone; in both specimens, granular glands situated under the rostral; in female, slender gland evident under lower edge of supralabials five and six.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F50FF86B19CF99AFD850893" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,1978]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Hemipenes of male exposed
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F50FF86B370F99AFDB70950" box="[554,632,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
but not dissected or cut, single (unbifurcated), relatively smooth, reaching level of subcaudal 10; each hemipenis and associated
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F50FF86B2D8F972FB770988" box="[898,1208,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">m. retractor penis magnus</emphasis>
|
||
covered in a melanic
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F50FF86B198F94AFEF009E0" box="[194,319,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">epimysium</emphasis>
|
||
, asulcate layer;
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F50FF86B0A4F94AFCFC09E0" box="[510,819,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">m. retractor penis magnus</emphasis>
|
||
inserts first to vertebrae at level of subcaudal 32;
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F50FF86B425F94AFEC509D8" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">m. propulsor</emphasis>
|
||
also with external melanized epymisium; no spines or papillae evident through transluscent tissue (after removing the melanic sheath); subvertebral and medial hypaxial musculature in tail with melanized internal epymisial covering; cloacal scent glands oval, ending at levels of subcaudals 3 (left) and 4 (right). In female
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F50FF86B1B5F8AAFE980843" box="[239,343,1872,1898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
, tail subvertebral and medial hypaxial musculature and associated epimysial and perimysial connective tissues melanized; external epymisial tissue covering
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F50FF86B2D5F882FBE908B8" box="[911,1062,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">m. propulsor</emphasis>
|
||
and basal and medial section of
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F50FF86B1CDF85AFE0D0890" box="[151,450,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">m. constrictor sacculi ani</emphasis>
|
||
melanized.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F51FF87B19CFF6DFCEB0D33" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F51FF87B19CFF6DFEB60F98" bold="true" box="[198,377,151,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Color (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A250F51FF87B079FF6DFEA00F98" box="[291,367,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1957,1981]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1301,1946]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,1299,1949]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Calliophis haematoetron, adult female holotype, 371 mm TL, WHT 1621. Photo by M. M. Bahir, courtesy of WHT (UTA Image- 1928)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183339/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F51FF87B023FF62FE5C0F98" box="[377,403,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">—</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F51FF87B0C9FF62FDCF0F9B" box="[403,512,152,178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in life: Dorsum of head and body Burnt Sienna (132), turning Drab-Gray (119D) towards venter; Jet Black (89) dorsal bands and blotches, those anterior finely edged with Pale Pinkish Buff (121D); Jet Black irregular diffuse reticulation on top of head and suborbital and cheek markings; dark cheek marking covering almost all sixth supralabial and continuing through lower edge of temporal and posttemporal towards black collar; eye surrounded by dark pigment; 22 primary bands on body (crossing midline or not), about 1.5–2 scales wide; five small middorsal blotches anteriorly and small diffuse and scattered blotches posteriorly; three dorsal bands on tail; scales on second dorsolateral row with dark centers; tip of tail light colored; no spots on ventral scales; venter of body to anal plate and first row of dorsal scales on tail Gem Ruby (110) red; underside of tail True Blue (168A), except for last two subcaudals which are Gem Ruby and Pearl Gray (81); 19 subcaudals blotched with Jet Black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F51FF87B19CFDD2FE5C0DBB" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F51FF87B19CFDD2FEFC0D6B" box="[198,307,552,578]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in preservative: Drab Gray dorsally and ventrally; head markings Warm Sepia (221A) to Sepia (119); nuchal band and dorsal body and tail bands and blotches Sepia; faint middorsal stripe Warm Sepia; dark subcaudals Jet Black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F51FF87B19CFD5AFECF0C1B" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Male
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F51FF87B050FD5AFEA00D93" box="[266,367,672,698]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
in preservative similar to
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F51FF87B3FCFD5AFCDF0D93" box="[678,784,672,698]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, differs in having 13 body dorsal bands, two tail dorsal bands, a Light Drab (119C) overall coloration, Dark Drab (119B) chin, Sepia (219) bands and blotches, 12 subcaudals with dark lateral coloration (tail ventrally almost immaculate), and only faint suborbital and cheek blotches.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F51FF87B19CFCBAFB120CAB" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Female
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F51FF87B072FCBAFE420C73" box="[296,397,832,858]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
in preservative more similar in color and pattern to preserved
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F51FF87B5C8FCBAFB360C73" box="[1170,1273,832,858]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
than to male
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F51FF87B1CDFC92FECF0CAB" box="[151,256,872,898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
; differs from
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F51FF87B0C5FC92FDCA0CAB" box="[415,517,872,898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in possessing 17 body dorsal bands and two tail dorsal bands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3A66280F51FF87B1CDF87CFD9708DC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183341/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" targetBox="[151,1434,945,1904]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F51FF87B1CDF87CFD9708DC" blockId="7.[151,1436,1926,2037]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F51FF87B1CDF87CFED308B7" bold="true" box="[151,284,1926,1950]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F51FF87B08BF87CFD1208B4" box="[465,733,1926,1949]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haematoetron">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F51FF87B08BF87CFD1208B4" box="[465,733,1926,1949]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Calliophis haematoetron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(circles) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F51FF87B223F87CFB1308B4" box="[889,1244,1926,1949]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="melanurus" subSpecies="sinhaleyus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F51FF87B223F87CFB1308B4" box="[889,1244,1926,1949]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Calliophis melanurus sinhaleyus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(triangles) in Sri Lanka. Type localities in white symbols. Localities for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F51FF87B3B8F85EFCBD0892" box="[738,882,1956,1979]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F51FF87B3B8F85EFD3B0892" box="[738,756,1956,1979]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F51FF87B258F85EFCBD0892" box="[770,882,1956,1979]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">melanurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are those of material examined, unpublished localities kindly provided by Mr. L. J. Mendis Wickramasinghe, and those given by Wall (1921), Smith (1943), Deraniyagala (1951, 1955), and Das & De Silva (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F5EFF88B19CFF6DFB980D93" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,698]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F5EFF88B19CFF6DFC820F98" bold="true" box="[198,845,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Habitat, distribution and natural history (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A250F5EFF88B389FF6DFC8A0F98" box="[723,837,151,177]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStart-3="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="7.[151,255,1926,1950]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,255,1720,1744]" captionStartId-2="9.[151,255,1045,1069]" captionStartId-3="9.[151,255,1951,1975]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1434,945,1904]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1434,837,1692]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1434,410,1018]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1434,1175,1926]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[151,1436,945,1906]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[151,1436,837,1693]" captionTargetId-2="figure@9.[151,1436,179,1019]" captionTargetId-3="figure@9.[151,1436,1174,1928]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionTargetPageId-3="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Distribution of Calliophis haematoetron (circles) and Calliophis melanurus sinhaleyus (triangles) in Sri Lanka. Type localities in white symbols. Localities for C. melanurus are those of material examined, unpublished localities kindly provided by Mr. L. J. Mendis Wickramasinghe, and those given by Wall (1921), Smith (1943), Deraniyagala (1951, 1955), and Das & De Silva (2005)." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Type locality of Calliophis haematoetron, Wasgomuwa National Park, Central Province, Sri Lanka, ca. 90 m showing leaf litter being searched by scientists of WHT, the activity that led to the collection of the new species by Mohomed M. Bahir and Sampath Nanayakkara on 7 June 1997. Photo courtesy of WHT (UTA Image- 1929)." captionText-2="FIGURE 6. Locality in Rattota, Matale, Central Province, Sri Lanka, near locality of Calliophis haematoetron paratype showing recent vegetation in the area, hills and rock cliffs. Photo by R. Somaweera." captionText-3="FIGURE 7. Tea plantation and current levels of deforestation at Rattota, Matale, Central Province, Sri Lanka, near locality of Calliophis haematoetron paratype. Photo by R. Somaweera." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/183341/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/183342/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/183343/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/183344/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Figs. 4–7</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F5EFF88B217FF62FCA80F98" box="[845,871,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">—</emphasis>
|
||
The two known localities for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F5EFF88B598FF62FF240FF0" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haematoetron">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F5EFF88B598FF62FF240FF0" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Calliophis haematoetron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lie in two different
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F5EFF88B08CFF3AFDDB0FF3" box="[470,532,192,218]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of forest. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F5EFF88B399FF3AFCE50FF3" box="[707,810,192,218]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was collected at Wasgomuwa National Park, a tropical dry (mixed) evergreen forest, whereas the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F5EFF88B3BDFF12FC980E2B" box="[743,855,232,258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
from Clodagh Estate, Rattota, come from an originally tropical moist semi-evergreen forest locality. Nowadays, however, no significant forest remnants of the latter formation remain (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B510F5EFF88B0B8FEC2FCA60E7B" author="Gunatilleke" box="[482,873,312,338]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" refString="Gunatilleke, I. A. U. N. & Gunatilleke, C. V. S. (1990) Distribution of floristic richness and its conservation in Sri Lanka. Conservation Biology, 4 (1), 21 - 31." type="journal article" year="1990">Gunatilleke & Gunatilleke, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The recorded altitudinal range of the new species is ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F5EFF88B054FE9AFE480E53" box="[270,391,352,378]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" metricValueMax="5.7" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="330.0" valueMax="570.0" valueMin="90.0">
|
||
90–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D43FD290F5EFF88B060FE9AFE480E53" box="[314,391,352,378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" type="generic">570 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
. The moment of capture and associated defensive behavior of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F5EFF88B5D0FE9AFB3F0E53" box="[1162,1264,352,378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B510F5EFF88B1E7FE72FE960E8B" author="Bahir" box="[189,345,392,418]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" refString="Bahir, M. M. (1999) Scaring the enemy-The slender coral snake. Sri Lanka Nature, September, 22 - 24." type="book chapter" year="1999">Bahir (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: “Running my hand under the thick layer of brown leaves on the forest floor, I uncovered a long, brown snake, almost
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F5EFF88B0BBFE4AFDE10EE3" box="[481,558,432,458]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" unit="cm" value="40.0">40 cm</quantity>
|
||
(rather more than a foot) long. Immediately I disturbed it, it turned the underside of its tail up displaying a stunningly spectacular blue which instinctively had me letting go. As I tried to grasp it in my hand again, it turned its belly up at me all the while keeping its head concealed and the right way up, displaying a bright red underside.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B510F5EFF88B388FDD2FCA80D6B" author="Bahir" box="[722,871,552,578]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" refString="Bahir, M. M. (1999) Scaring the enemy-The slender coral snake. Sri Lanka Nature, September, 22 - 24." type="book chapter" year="1999">Bahir (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also stated that “it moves with incredible stealth and speed through leaf litter.” The female
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F5EFF88B3FDFDAAFCC00D43" box="[679,783,592,618]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
, collected
|
||
<date id="FFFB10600F5EFF88B2C9FDAAFC110D43" box="[915,990,592,618]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">2 July</date>
|
||
, has yolked oviductal eggs with soft shells, two anteriorly in the left oviduct (anterior
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F5EFF88B38FFD82FCE60DBB" box="[725,809,632,658]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="22.0">22 mm</quantity>
|
||
, posterior
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F5EFF88B2FEFD82FC350DBB" box="[932,1018,632,658]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="27.0">27 mm</quantity>
|
||
), and one posterior, in the right oviduct (
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B450F5EFF88B183FD5AFEFD0D93" box="[217,306,672,698]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Egg deposition presumably happens later during the month of July.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3A66280F5EFF88B1CDF942FAEE083D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183342/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" targetBox="[151,1434,837,1692]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F5EFF88B1CDF942FAEE083D" blockId="8.[151,1435,1720,1812]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F5EFF88B1CDF942FED409F9" bold="true" box="[151,283,1720,1744]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Type locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F5EFF88B08EF942FCBA09E6" authority="Wasgomuwa" authorityName="Wasgomuwa" box="[468,885,1720,1743]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haematoetron">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F5EFF88B08EF942FD2A09E6" box="[468,741,1720,1743]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Calliophis haematoetron,</emphasis>
|
||
Wasgomuwa
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
National Park, Central Province, Sri Lanka, ca. 90 m showing leaf litter being searched by scientists of WHT, the activity that led to the collection of the new species by Mohomed M. Bahir and Sampath Nanayakkara on 7 June 1997. Photo courtesy of WHT (UTA Image-1929).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF3A66280F5FFF89B1CDFBEFFBD90B66" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183343/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" targetBox="[151,1434,410,1018]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F5FFF89B1CDFBEFFBD90B66" blockId="9.[151,1436,1045,1103]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F5FFF89B1CDFBEFFED50B04" bold="true" box="[151,282,1045,1069]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Locality in Rattota, Matale, Central Province, Sri Lanka, near locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F5FFF89B56AFBECFAF60B04" box="[1072,1337,1046,1069]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haematoetron">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F5FFF89B56AFBECFAF60B04" box="[1072,1337,1046,1069]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">Calliophis haematoetron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
paratype showing recent vegetation in the area, hills and rock cliffs. Photo by R. Somaweera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF3A66280F5FFF89B1CDF865FC9708F3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183344/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" targetBox="[151,1434,1175,1926]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F5FFF89B1CDF865FC9708F3" blockId="9.[151,1436,1951,2010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F5FFF89B1CDF865FED7089E" bold="true" box="[151,280,1951,1975]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Tea plantation and current levels of deforestation at Rattota, Matale, Central Province, Sri Lanka, near locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F5FFF89B18CF839FE1008F3" box="[214,479,1987,2010]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haematoetron">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F5FFF89B18CF839FE1008F3" box="[214,479,1987,2010]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">Calliophis haematoetron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
paratype. Photo by R. Somaweera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F5CFF8AB19CFF6DFF160EDB" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,698]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F5CFF8AB19CFF6DFE1E0F98" bold="true" box="[198,465,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Endoparasite (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A250F5CFF8AB024FF6DFE080F98" box="[382,455,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1951,1975]" captionTargetBox="[154,1431,197,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[154,1433,197,1925]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larval nematode (Spiruridae) found encysted in abdominal cavity of female paratype Calliophis haematoetron. A. Anterior end and buccal area. B. Terminal spine. C. Body." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183345/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F5CFF8AB08BFF62FE240F98" box="[465,491,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">—</emphasis>
|
||
The adult female
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE88020F5CFF8AB3E1FF62FCEF0F9B" box="[699,800,152,178]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
contained a single encysted nematode in the abdominal cavity; this larval individual endoparasite appears to belong to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F5CFF8AB51DFF3AFB0B0FF3" box="[1095,1220,192,218]" class="Secernentea" family="Spiruridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Nematoda" rank="family">Spiruridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a member of the superfamily Dracunculoidea
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35276300F5CFF8AB0B7FF12FD930E2B" box="[493,604,232,258]" name="Cameroon" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Cameron</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 1934. It possesses a long and relatively thin body, a rounded cephalic end with a cuticular shield and cephalic papillae, a reduced buccal capsule, an esophagus consisting of short muscular and long glandular parts, and an intestine that is straight and tubular (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B510F5CFF8AB50CFEC2FAC40E7B" author="Skryabin" box="[1110,1291,312,338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" refString="Skryabin, K. I. (1984). Key to Parasitic Nematodes. Vol. 4. Camallanata, Rhabdiata, Tylenchata, Trichocephalata, Dioctophymata, and distribution of parasitic nematodes in different hosts. United States Department of Agriculture and National Science Foundation, Washington, D. C. by Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 1097 p." type="book" year="1984">Skryabin 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Numerous species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F5CFF8AB048FE9AFE430E53" box="[274,396,352,378]" class="Secernentea" family="Spiruridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Nematoda" rank="family">Spiruridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
infect the mesentery, coelomic cavity, and blood vessels of snakes. This nematode could not be assigned to a lower taxonomic rank because it is in a larval stage and diagnostic features have not yet developed. The specific identity of this
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F5CFF8AB32AFE4AFD250EE3" box="[624,746,432,458]" class="Secernentea" family="Spiruridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Nematoda" rank="family">Spiruridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F5CFF8AB23AFE4AFB4A0EE0" box="[864,1157,432,457]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haematoetron">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F5CFF8AB23AFE4AFB4A0EE0" box="[864,1157,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Calliophis haematoetron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains to be corroborated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36A00F5CFF8AB19CFE05FD430D93" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,698]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F5CFF8AB19CFE05FEA00D30" bold="true" box="[198,367,511,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Relationships</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F5CFF8AB035FDFAFD610D30" box="[367,686,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F5CFF8AB0D4FDFAFD610D30" box="[398,686,512,537]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haematoetron">Calliophis haematoetron</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is probably closely related to the lowland
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F5CFF8AB5F0FDFAFAEB0D30" box="[1194,1316,512,537]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F5CFF8AB5F0FDFAFAEB0D30" box="[1194,1316,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Calliophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with blue tail venters namely,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F5CFF8AB0DBFDD2FDD00D68" box="[385,543,552,577]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F5CFF8AB0DBFDD2FDD00D68" box="[385,543,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">C. melanurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35276300F5CFF8AB33FFDD2FD6E0D6B" box="[613,673,552,578]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35276300F5CFF8AB380FDD2FC830D6B" box="[730,844,552,578]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D230F5CFF8AB2DFFDD2FBE40D68" box="[901,1067,552,577]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAB20F5CFF8AB2DFFDD2FBE40D68" box="[901,1067,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">C. maculiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35276300F5CFF8AB587FDD2FA9E0D6B" box="[1245,1361,552,578]" name="Myanmar" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35276300F5CFF8AB407FDD2FF030D43" name="Thailand" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35276300F5CFF8AB182FDAAFE9B0D43" box="[216,340,592,618]" name="Cambodia" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and northern peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35276300F5CFF8AB325FDAAFD210D43" box="[639,750,592,618]" name="Malaysia" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. These species share melanized musculature and tissues at the base of the tail, blotching in some of the subcaudals, tail bands (usually two), and a body venter with red or orange, particularly towards the anal plate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |