285 lines
30 KiB
XML
285 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="1752E5C467DA866403A125C963BB049A" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3741.4.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5f249637-c52d-422f-a05c-343b2f1e674c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="221604" ID-ZooBank="ADDD0FAB-506E-4380-8307-17BC5E8E3CBF" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460704140600" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Catanach, Therese A., Dietrich, Chris H. & Woolley, James B." docDate="2013" docId="039487FE4377FFFBC8DAF9EA1FF9BD83" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03741p510.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3741 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Xyphon reticulatum Signoret 1854" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="503" masterDocId="FFADFF86437CFFF6C84DFFC61C65BC2E" masterDocTitle="A revision of the New World sharpshooter genus Xyphon Hamilton (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae)" masterLastPageNumber="510" masterPageNumber="490" pageNumber="501" updateTime="1698356759030" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="C7A01AE1E90757E965A4C04683B9AF89" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="6513C3C35E706D910AF7D92C69E32F44">
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<mods:title id="0712524F11A28128F0FF737056AD25E1">A revision of the New World sharpshooter genus Xyphon Hamilton (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="09DCA9C1DA66F72A8F4079A5D787FEAE">Catanach, Therese A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A12698D44009989078585C51C55A3CF2">Dietrich, Chris H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F0E0AE37769D66C2AF98477A271476DB">Woolley, James B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="0E0144AE7BEC621FAEB129B9FB795EAB">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9C826008AA2CB6F6E3275501FADD9189">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A08916844B0377BEED54CCD1DB4C8A98">3741</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="510DD2509687DDB4977CB653753C3F93" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3741.4.3</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039487FE4377FFFBC8DAF9EA1FF9BD83" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5686209" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119583714" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5686209" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039487FE4377FFFBC8DAF9EA1FF9BD83" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487FE4377FFFBC8DAF9EA1FF9BD83" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="503" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">
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<subSubSection id="C32765634377FFFDC8DAF9EA1D9CBA82" pageId="11" pageNumber="501" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8236E84377FFFDC8DAF9EA1E2BBA68" blockId="11.[151,590,1580,1639]" box="[151,590,1580,1606]" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">
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<heading id="D0CA81844377FFFDC8DAF9EA1E2BBA68" bold="true" box="[151,590,1580,1606]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="501" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4377FFFDC8DAF9EA1E2BBA68" ID-CoL="8JHMY" authority="Signoret 1854" authorityName="Signoret" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,590,1580,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Xyphon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatum">
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<emphasis id="B949EAFA4377FFFDC8DAF9EA1E2BBA68" bold="true" box="[151,590,1580,1606]" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">
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<emphasis id="B949EAFA4377FFFDC8DAF9EA1DECBA68" bold="true" box="[151,393,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">Xyphon reticulatum</emphasis>
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(Signoret 1854)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8236E84377FFFDC8DAF9881D3DBA49" blockId="11.[151,590,1580,1639]" box="[151,344,1614,1639]" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13062A6D4377FFFDC8D2F9881C81BA49" box="[159,228,1614,1639]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1478,1500]" captionTargetBox="[152,1430,344,1447]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,337,1457]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Xyphon species, lateral views. A, X. flaviceps; B, X. fulgidum; C, X. gillettei; D, X. nudum; E, X. reticulatum; F, X. triguttatum; G, X. spadice sp. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221607/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">Figs 3</figureCitation>
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E, 4E, 4F)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8236E84377FFFDC8DAF95E1D9CBA82" blockId="11.[151,875,1686,2015]" box="[151,505,1686,1709]" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4377FFFDC8DAF95E1D9CBA82" authority="Signoret 1854" authorityName="Signoret" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,505,1686,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Tettigonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulata">
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<emphasis id="B949EAFA4377FFFDC8DAF95E1D00BA82" box="[151,357,1686,1709]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">Tettigonia reticulata</emphasis>
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Signoret 1854
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32765634377FFFAC8DAF9701EE7BCE2" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="502" pageId="11" pageNumber="501" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8236E84377FFFDC8DAF9701EFCBB68" blockId="11.[151,875,1686,2015]" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4377FFFDC8DAF9701EEABAE5" authority="Uhler 1895" authorityName="Uhler" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,655,1717,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Tettigonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sagittifera" subGenus="Diedrocephala">
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<emphasis id="B949EAFA4377FFFDC8DAF9701E7CBAE5" box="[151,537,1717,1739]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">Tettigonia (Diedrocephala) sagittifera</emphasis>
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Uhler 1895
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</taxonomicName>
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—NEW SYNONYM
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4377FFFDC8DAF9131DB3BAC4" authority="Fowler 1900" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,470,1748,1770]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Tettigonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diducta">
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<emphasis id="B949EAFA4377FFFDC8DAF9131D2ABAC4" box="[151,335,1748,1770]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">Tettigonia diducta</emphasis>
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Fowler 1900
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</taxonomicName>
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- NEW SYNONYM
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4377FFFDC8DAF9341E3DBB26" authority="Signoret 1854" authorityName="Signoret" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,600,1778,1800]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Draeculacephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulata">
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<emphasis id="B949EAFA4377FFFDC8DAF9341DCABB26" box="[151,431,1778,1800]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">Draeculacephala reticulata</emphasis>
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(Signoret 1854)
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</taxonomicName>
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: Ball 1901
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4377FFFDC8DAF8D71E26BB09" authority="Uhler 1895" authorityName="Uhler" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,579,1809,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Draeculacephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sagittifera">
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<emphasis id="B949EAFA4377FFFDC8DAF8D71DD0BB09" box="[151,437,1809,1831]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">Draeculacephala sagittifera</emphasis>
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(Uhler 1895)
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</taxonomicName>
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: Olsen 1918
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4377FFFDC8DAF8F71DD8BB68" authority="Gibson 1919" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1919" box="[151,445,1840,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Tettigonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dyeri">
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<emphasis id="B949EAFA4377FFFDC8DAF8F71D52BB68" box="[151,311,1840,1862]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">Tettigonia dyeri</emphasis>
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Gibson 1919
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</taxonomicName>
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—NEW SYNONYM
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8236E84377FFFDC8DAF8881E11BBEE" blockId="11.[151,875,1686,2015]" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4377FFFDC8DAF8881E4ABB4A" authority="Uhler 1895" authorityName="Uhler" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,559,1870,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Carneocephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sagittifera">
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<emphasis id="B949EAFA4377FFFDC8DAF8881DC4BB4A" box="[151,417,1870,1892]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">Carneocephala sagittifera</emphasis>
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(Uhler 1895)
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</taxonomicName>
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: Ball 1927
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4377FFFDC8DAF8AB1E6FBBAD" authority="Gibson 1919" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1919" box="[151,522,1901,1923]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Carneocephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dyeri">
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<emphasis id="B949EAFA4377FFFDC8DAF8AB1D08BBAD" box="[151,365,1901,1923]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">Carneocephala dyeri</emphasis>
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(Gibson 1919)
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</taxonomicName>
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: Nottingham 1932
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4377FFFDC8DAF84A1E44BB8C" authority="Fowler 1900" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,545,1932,1954]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Carneocephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diducta">
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<emphasis id="B949EAFA4377FFFDC8DAF84A1DE0BB8C" box="[151,389,1932,1954]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">Carneocephala diducta</emphasis>
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(Fowler 1900)
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</taxonomicName>
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: Young 1977
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4377FFFDC8DAF86C1DB7BBEE" authority="Fowler 1900" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,466,1962,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Xyphon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diducta">
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<emphasis id="B949EAFA4377FFFDC8DAF86C1D52BBEE" box="[151,311,1962,1984]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">Xyphon diducta</emphasis>
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(Fowler 1900)
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</taxonomicName>
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: Hamilton 1985
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8236E84377FFFDC8DAF80F1E3BBBF1" blockId="11.[151,875,1686,2015]" box="[151,606,1993,2015]" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4377FFFDC8DAF80F1DD9BBF1" authority="Gibson 1919" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1919" box="[151,444,1993,2015]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Xyphon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dyeri">
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<emphasis id="B949EAFA4377FFFDC8DAF80F1D7ABBF1" box="[151,287,1993,2015]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="501">Xyphon dyeri</emphasis>
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(Gibson 1919)
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</taxonomicName>
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: Hamilton 1985
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8236E84370FFFAC8DAFF5E1EE7BCE2" blockId="12.[151,664,152,204]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4370FFFAC8DAFF5E1D93BC80" authority="Signoret 1854" authorityName="Signoret" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,502,152,174]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Xyphon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulata">
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<emphasis id="B949EAFA4370FFFAC8DAFF5E1D29BC80" box="[151,332,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Xyphon reticulata</emphasis>
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(Signoret 1854)
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</taxonomicName>
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: Hamilton 1985
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4370FFFAC8DAFF701D85BCE2" authority="Uhler 1895" authorityName="Uhler" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,480,182,204]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Xyphon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sagittifera">
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<emphasis id="B949EAFA4370FFFAC8DAFF701D36BCE2" box="[151,339,182,204]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Xyphon sagittifera</emphasis>
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(Uhler 1895)
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</taxonomicName>
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: Hamilton 1985
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32765634370FFFAC8DAFF3F193EB90B" pageId="12" pageNumber="502" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B8236E84370FFFAC8DAFF3F1954BD74" blockId="12.[151,1437,249,2038]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis id="B949EAFA4370FFFAC8DAFF3F1D74BD3C" bold="true" box="[151,273,249,274]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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This species has a highly variable coloration with wings ranging from green to almost black. It is similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4370FFFAC944FED81DC2BD1B" box="[265,423,286,309]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Xyphon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triguttatum">
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<emphasis id="B949EAFA4370FFFAC944FED81D7FBD1B" box="[265,282,286,309]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">X</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B949EAFA4370FFFAC964FED81DC2BD1B" box="[297,423,286,309]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">triguttatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but with variable markings on the crown and pronotum. The head and crown can be solid colored (often tan, but never orange like
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4370FFFACA2DFE841EAEBD74" box="[608,715,321,346]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Xyphon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nudum">
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<emphasis id="B949EAFA4370FFFACA2DFE841E14BD77" box="[608,625,322,345]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">X</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B949EAFA4370FFFACA32FE871EAEBD74" box="[639,715,321,346]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">nudum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) or marked with dark brown on a creamy background.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8236E84370FFFAC88AFEA31F02BF24" blockId="12.[151,1437,249,2038]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Head. Clypellus-frontoclypeus junction in lateral view distinctly angular; color pattern of frontoclypeus mottled yellow and tan (16%) or mottled dark brown and yellow (84%). Crown, anterior margin, angular (97%) or rounded (3%); with white band along edge of face complete (49%), present but broken by face color (46%), or absent (5%); median spot well defined (51%), poorly defined (24%), or absent (24%); medioapical macula, absent or poorly delimited (35%), entirely yellow (possibly with brown spot) (5%), tan with darker markings (or uniformly tan) (5%) or dark brown (54%); medial spot, completely surrounded by cream pigment (53%), lacking medial spot (26%), or not surrounded by cream pigment (21%); dark markings (other than median spot) absent (68%) or present (32%); dark lines, mostly brown with light patches (43%), absent (24%), irregular brown spots (22%), medioapical macula only (8%), or light brown lines (concentrated in middle of the crown) (3%), orange pigment absent (95%) or present (5%). Postocellar maculae, absent or weak (59%) or part of a broader pattern (41%); in lateral view crown convex. Distance from ocelli to lateral edge of head no more than 2 times ocelli width and distance between ocelli no more than 7.5 times ocelli width.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8236E84370FFFAC88AFCD318D4BFCC" blockId="12.[151,1437,249,2038]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Thorax. Pronotum with dark green to brown circular marking present (78%) or absent (22%) circular indentations absent (95%) or present (5%); midline white (92%) or concolorous with lateral areas of pronotum (7%). Mesonotum green with submedial spots and anterolateral triangles (53%), very lightly marked (42%), unmarked (3%), or with pair of submedial spots (3%). Transpleural macula often incomplete and poorly delimited (84%) but in some specimens absent (16%). Proepistermum, posterior edge not irregular (89%) or irregular (11%). Thoracic sterna of male yellow (80%) or meosternum with brown longitudinal macula (20%).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8236E84370FFFAC88AFC2B18A6B804" blockId="12.[151,1437,249,2038]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Forewings. Green pigment absent (89%) or present (11%). Wing overall color black/brown (47%), gray (39%), green (11%), or straw (5%). Anal veins green (92%), or white (8%). Apex with few crossveins.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8236E84370FFFAC88AFBF01D81B85C" blockId="12.[151,1437,249,2038]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">
|
||
Legs.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A76784370FFFAC942FBF31D22B860" box="[271,327,1077,1102]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
femur, macrosetal formula, 2+1. Plantar surface of hind tarsomere, paleate setae, typically 4–5 (97%) but rarely absent (3%).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8236E84370FFFAC88AFBBB1F76B8B8" blockId="12.[151,1437,249,2038]" box="[199,787,1149,1174]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Abdomen. Abdominal sterna of male mostly yellow.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8236E84370FFFAC88AFB67193EB90B" blockId="12.[151,1437,249,2038]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Male Genitalia. Pygofer, erect basolateal setae scattered (97%) or absent (3%). Subgenital plate, macrosetae scattered (91%) or in a distinct band (9%). Aedeagal shaft in lateral view dorsal process acute, compressed (taller than wide) (96%) or wider than tall (4%). Shaft in ventral view arrow-shaped; dorsal view not compressed. Paraphyses in dorsal view, form oval (61%), “U” (26%), or circle (13%). Style with 1 (97%) or 2 (3%) setae.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32765634370FFFAC88AFAF71FE4B9BC" pageId="12" pageNumber="502" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8236E84370FFFAC88AFAF71D76B940" blockId="12.[151,1437,249,2038]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">
|
||
<emphasis id="B949EAFA4370FFFAC88AFAF71DD0B964" bold="true" box="[199,437,1329,1354]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
We coded
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3BFD614370FFFACA72FAF71ECDB964" box="[575,680,1329,1354]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502" type="male">36 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3BFD614370FFFACAA5FAF71F38B964" box="[744,861,1329,1354]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502" type="female">6 females</specimenCount>
|
||
. Additionally, we examined approximately 5,000 specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8236E84370FFFAC88AFABF1FE4B9BC" blockId="12.[151,1437,249,2038]" box="[199,897,1401,1426]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">
|
||
<emphasis id="B949EAFA4370FFFAC88AFABF1D27B9BC" bold="true" box="[199,322,1401,1426]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Host data.</emphasis>
|
||
Collected from bermudagrass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4370FFFACAE9FABF1F15B9BC" box="[676,880,1401,1426]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Cynodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dactylon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B949EAFA4370FFFACAE9FABF1F15B9BC" box="[676,880,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Cynodon dactylon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32765634370FFFBC88AFA5B1FF9BD83" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="503" pageId="12" pageNumber="502" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8236E84370FFFAC88AFA5B1940B9D0" blockId="12.[151,1437,249,2038]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">
|
||
<emphasis id="B949EAFA4370FFFAC88AFA5B1D05B998" bold="true" box="[199,352,1437,1462]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is widespread ranging from the southern tier of states in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A76784370FFFACC82FA581896B998" box="[1231,1267,1438,1462]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
south through Central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A76784370FFFAC8BEFA071D36B9F4" box="[243,339,1473,1498]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A76784370FFFAC931FA071DA1B9F4" box="[380,452,1473,1498]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It also is found in the Caribbean. This species has been accidentally introduced in a number of countries including the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A76784370FFFACA54FA201EC5B9D0" box="[537,672,1510,1534]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A76784370FFFACAE6FA231E92B9D0" box="[683,759,1509,1534]" name="Ghana" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A76784370FFFACB4FFA201F2CB9D0" box="[770,841,1510,1534]" name="Guam" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Guam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A76784370FFFACB30FA231F9BB9D0" box="[893,1022,1509,1534]" name="Philippines" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and other Pacific Islands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8236E84370FFFAC88AF9CF1F7ABA68" blockId="12.[151,1437,249,2038]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">
|
||
<emphasis id="B949EAFA4370FFFAC88AF9CF1D17BA0C" bold="true" box="[199,370,1545,1570]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">
|
||
Primary
|
||
<typeStatus id="5486884A4370FFFAC975F9CF1D08BA0C" box="[312,365,1545,1570]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">type</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A
|
||
<typeStatus id="5486884A4370FFFAC9D3F9CF1E65BA0C" box="[414,512,1545,1570]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(which was not available for this revision) is located at the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A76784370FFFAC907F9EB1DC5BA68" box="[330,416,1581,1606]" name="Austria" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Austria</collectingCountry>
|
||
) according to Nottingham (1927).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8236E84370FFFAC88AF9941E0DBA9C" blockId="12.[151,1437,249,2038]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">
|
||
Cotypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4370FFFAC900F9941E9BBA44" box="[333,766,1617,1642]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Tettigonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sagittifera" subGenus="Diedrocephala">
|
||
<emphasis id="B949EAFA4370FFFAC900F9941E9BBA44" box="[333,766,1617,1642]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Tettigonia (Diedrocephala) sagittifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at the USNM. Verbatim locality label:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A76784370FFFACC84F9941922BA44" box="[1225,1351,1617,1642]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">St. Vincent</collectingCountry>
|
||
/ W.I / H.H. Smith / 17 // Co-Type/ No. 10212/
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A76784370FFFACA2EF9B01EF7BAA0" box="[611,658,1654,1678]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
N.M. To fix the identity of the taxon, we are here designating one of these specimens, a male, as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="5486884A4370FFFAC9B4F95F1E06BA9C" box="[505,611,1689,1714]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8236E84370FFFAC88AF9781E77BAD7" blockId="12.[151,1437,249,2038]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">
|
||
<typeStatus id="5486884A4370FFFAC88AF9781D52BAF8" box="[199,311,1726,1750]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4370FFFAC911F9781E4DBAF8" box="[348,552,1725,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Tettigonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diducta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B949EAFA4370FFFAC911F9781E4DBAF8" box="[348,552,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Tettigonia diducta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at the BMNH. Verbatim locality label: Amula / Guerreio
|
||
<quantity id="4CC59B0D4370FFFACCFFF97B1967BAF8" box="[1202,1282,1725,1750]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8288" pageId="12" pageNumber="502" unit="ft" value="6000.0">6000 ft</quantity>
|
||
/ Aug. H. H. Smith //
|
||
<emphasis id="B949EAFA4370FFFAC8BAF9271E69BAD7" box="[247,524,1761,1786]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Biol. Centr. Am., Homop</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8236E84370FFFAC88AF8C31F42BB6C" blockId="12.[151,1437,249,2038]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">
|
||
<typeStatus id="5486884A4370FFFAC88AF8C31D4ABB30" box="[199,303,1797,1822]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4370FFFAC91BF8C01E6DBB30" box="[342,520,1797,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Tettigonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dyeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B949EAFA4370FFFAC91BF8C01E6DBB30" box="[342,520,1797,1822]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Tettigonia dyeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
deposited in USNM verbatim locality label:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A76784370FFFACC4AF8C31811BB30" box="[1031,1140,1797,1822]" name="Honduras" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
/ Tegucigulpa //
|
||
<date id="FF8310284370FFFACD78F8C01CD6BB6C" pageId="12" pageNumber="502" value="1978-06-29">June / 29 78</date>
|
||
// FJDyer / Coll // 71612 / 42620 //
|
||
<typeStatus id="5486884A4370FFFACA72F8EC1E13BB6C" box="[575,630,1834,1858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
number: 22114
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8236E84370FFFBC88AF88B1D8ABCFB" blockId="12.[151,1437,249,2038]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1436,151,429]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="503" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">
|
||
<emphasis id="B949EAFA4370FFFAC88AF88B1DBBBB48" bold="true" box="[199,478,1869,1894]" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">Reasons for synonymy.</emphasis>
|
||
Study of large numbers of specimens identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4370FFFACC60F88818ABBB48" box="[1069,1230,1869,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Xyphon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B949EAFA4370FFFACC60F88818ABBB48" box="[1069,1230,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">X. reticulatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the taxa here treated as synonyms revealed a morphocline in which individuals collected farther from the equator tend to be lighter in color. Tropical specimens often have black wings, dark heads, and large dark markings on the mesonotum. Specimens collected from the southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A76784370FFFACB6CF87F1FDCBBFC" box="[801,953,1977,2002]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="502">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
have green wings and have much lighter markings on the head and mesonotum. It is conceivable that a desert dwelling population equivalent to the concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4371FFFBC8F4FF5F1D4DBC9E" box="[185,296,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Xyphon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nudum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B949EAFA4371FFFBC8F4FF5F1D4DBC9E" box="[185,296,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="503">X. nudum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be completely lacking dark markings on the head or mesonotum, but the latter species is retained pending further study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8236E84371FFFBC88AFF191FF9BD83" blockId="13.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="13" pageNumber="503">
|
||
Examination of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D6B4371FFFBC9CEFF191DBDBCD6" box="[387,472,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Xyphon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B949EAFA4371FFFBC9CEFF191DBDBCD6" box="[387,472,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="503">Xyphon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens representing populations established in areas outside their native range provided further evidence in support of the proposed synonymies. Color variation among specimens from West Africa and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A76784371FFFBC951FEEE1D06BD6E" box="[284,355,296,320]" name="Guam" pageId="13" pageNumber="503">Guam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, representing adventive populations, was similar to the variation observed among specimens identified as the 4 species here treated as synonyms. The proposed synonymy was also supported by molecular data, with parsimony and Bayesian Analysis grouping specimens representing 3 of the 4 color forms into a single clade, and individual color forms did not segregate as distinct clades.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |