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<document id="0A7CE4FCA5753925DED9E2FE3E50E828" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4093.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="93e50923-ac4f-4bc5-93cc-4b1e825a8c1d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="267667" ID-ZooBank="ECC66298-6885-47B3-B797-8D30AA05927F" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1458633050499" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Turon, Xavier, Cañete, Juan I., Sellanes, Javier, Rocha, Rosana M. &amp; López-Legentil, Susanna" docDate="2016" docId="03C88E54FF92FFBEFF77B152FBE837E2" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4093.2.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4093 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Ciona robusta Hoshino &amp; Tokioka 1967" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="164" masterDocId="FFF1F62CFF99FFB3FFE0B677FFED3076" masterDocTitle="Ascidian fauna (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) of subantarctic and temperate regions of Chile" masterLastPageNumber="180" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="162" updateTime="1698185791852" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="F74DAF080EA21AF2296A101A586038B0">Ascidian fauna (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) of subantarctic and temperate regions of Chile</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8F3456212E612631A9F7307AC2A621B6">Turon, Xavier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C98E8C03142B38099611D58805215578">Cañete, Juan I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DA267DCE9FA3E39C19FC0B6522F7A5B3">Sellanes, Javier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="43ED3E951EA03EED0569DD25D26780FC">Rocha, Rosana M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5F52D7B8EC11C8831D6DD841E0515080">López-Legentil, Susanna</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="159EEA34CBEDC60BF37A310D20C5DECC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="FF7EECEF2ECA2F29D193E0A88C3D8208">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="514F60F1841B9BF8C15E08266C874786">4093</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03C88E54FF92FFBEFF77B152FBE837E2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5630321" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119208934" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5630321" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C88E54FF92FFBEFF77B152FBE837E2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C88E54FF92FFBEFF77B152FBE837E2" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<subSubSection id="C37B6CC9FF92FFB8FF77B152FF013716" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDE3F42FF92FFB8FF77B152FD653749" blockId="11.[151,648,1829,1888]" box="[151,648,1829,1855]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<heading id="D096882EFF92FFB8FF77B152FD653749" bold="true" box="[151,648,1829,1855]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C6144C1FF92FFB8FF77B152FD653749" authority="Hoshino &amp; Tokioka, 1967" authorityName="Hoshino &amp; Tokioka" authorityYear="1967" box="[151,648,1829,1855]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Cionidae" genus="Ciona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B915E350FF92FFB8FF77B152FD653749" bold="true" box="[151,648,1829,1855]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="B915E350FF92FFB8FF77B152FEAF3749" bold="true" box="[151,322,1829,1855]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Ciona robusta</emphasis>
Hoshino &amp; Tokioka, 1967
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE3F42FF92FFB8FF77B130FF013716" blockId="11.[151,648,1829,1888]" box="[151,236,1863,1888]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<figureCitation id="135A23C7FF92FFB8FF77B130FF013716" box="[151,236,1863,1888]" captionStart="FIGURE 7. A" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1464,1486]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1426]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1442]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. A, Ciona robusta on a buoy, note also some Asterocarpa humilis (orange-coloured). Corella eumyota. B, whole individual; C, dissected individual; D, right side of the mantle, branchial sac eliminated. Inset shows magnification of the zone of the genital openings. The specimen in C and D has been stained. Scale bars: A, 10 cm, B, 2 mm, C, D, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267674/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37B6CC9FF92FFBEFF77B1E7FE733626" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BDE3F42FF92FFB8FF77B1E7FDF437B2" blockId="11.[151,1436,1936,1989]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
References and synonymy:
<taxonomicName id="4C6144C1FF92FFB8FE53B1E6FC8C37D0" authority="Hoshino &amp; Tokioka (1967)" authorityName="Hoshino &amp; Tokioka" authorityYear="1967" box="[435,865,1936,1958]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Cionidae" genus="Ciona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B915E350FF92FFB8FE53B1E6FDA837D0" box="[435,581,1936,1958]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Ciona robusta</emphasis>
Hoshino &amp; Tokioka (1967)
</taxonomicName>
p. 276; Brunetti
<emphasis id="B915E350FF92FFB8FBF2B1E6FBAA37D0" box="[1042,1095,1936,1958]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">et al.</emphasis>
(2015) p. 186;
<taxonomicName id="4C6144C1FF92FFB8FB07B1E6FA7137D0" box="[1255,1436,1936,1958]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Cionidae" genus="Ciona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intestinalis">
<emphasis id="B915E350FF92FFB8FB07B1E6FA7137D0" box="[1255,1436,1936,1958]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Ciona intestinalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="54DA81E0FF92FFB8FF27B1D8FF1E37B2" box="[199,243,1967,1988]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">type</typeStatus>
A (Sato
<emphasis id="B915E350FF92FFB8FEADB1C7FE6D37B2" box="[333,384,1966,1989]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">et al.</emphasis>
2012) p. 1611.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1E6FCAFF95FFBFFF77B1DBFD713796" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267673/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" targetBox="[151,1412,193,1930]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BDE3F42FF95FFBFFF77B1DBFD713796" blockId="12.[151,1435,1964,2016]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
<emphasis id="B915E350FF95FFBFFF77B1DBFEF937B7" bold="true" box="[151,276,1964,1986]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6144C1FF95FFBFFEFBB1DBFE1337B4" box="[283,510,1964,1986]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Synoicum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="georgianum">
<emphasis id="B915E350FF95FFBFFEFBB1DBFE1337B4" box="[283,510,1964,1986]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Synoicum georgianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A, colony; B, zooid; C, abdomen (stained material); D. transverse section at the stomach level. Scale bars: A, 1 cm, B, 1 mm, C, D, 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF1E6FCAFF94FFBEFF77B3CFFAEA367D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267674/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1426]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BDE3F42FF94FFBEFF77B3CFFAEA367D" blockId="13.[151,1436,1464,1547]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<emphasis id="B915E350FF94FFBEFF77B3CFFEF935BB" bold="true" box="[151,276,1464,1486]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
A,
<taxonomicName id="4C6144C1FF94FFBEFEDCB3CEFE2335B8" box="[316,462,1464,1486]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Cionidae" genus="Ciona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B915E350FF94FFBEFEDCB3CEFE2335B8" box="[316,462,1464,1486]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Ciona robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on a buoy, note also some
<taxonomicName id="4C6144C1FF94FFBEFD0BB3CEFC5735B8" box="[747,954,1464,1486]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Asterocarpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humilis">
<emphasis id="B915E350FF94FFBEFD0BB3CEFC5735B8" box="[747,954,1464,1486]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Asterocarpa humilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(orange-coloured).
<taxonomicName id="4C6144C1FF94FFBEFB67B3CFFADC35B8" box="[1159,1329,1464,1486]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Corellidae" genus="Corella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eumyota">
<emphasis id="B915E350FF94FFBEFB67B3CFFADC35B8" box="[1159,1329,1464,1486]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Corella eumyota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. B, whole individual; C, dissected individual; D, right side of the mantle, branchial sac eliminated. Inset shows magnification of the zone of the genital openings. The specimen in C and D has been stained. Scale bars: A, 10 cm, B, 2 mm, C, D, 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDE3F42FF94FFBEFF77B040FE733626" blockId="13.[151,1436,1591,1941]" box="[151,414,1591,1616]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
Localities: 2N, 3N,
<specimenCount id="9D67F4CBFF94FFBEFE95B040FE733626" box="[373,414,1591,1616]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" type="generic">6N.</specimenCount>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37B6CC9FF94FFBEFF27B02BFBE837E2" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDE3F42FF94FFBEFF27B02BFBE837E2" blockId="13.[151,1436,1591,1941]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<emphasis id="B915E350FF94FFBEFF27B02BFED63603" bold="true" box="[199,315,1628,1653]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Remarks.</emphasis>
the cosmopolitan taxon
<taxonomicName id="4C6144C1FF94FFBEFDAFB02BFCFB3602" box="[591,790,1628,1652]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Cionidae" genus="Ciona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intestinalis">
<emphasis id="B915E350FF94FFBEFDAFB02BFCFB3602" box="[591,790,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Ciona intestinalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been recently shown to lump together several cryptic species, of which the most widespread is the so-called
<taxonomicName id="4C6144C1FF94FFBEFCEEB0F7FC3A36EE" box="[782,983,1664,1688]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Cionidae" genus="Ciona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intestinalis">
<emphasis id="B915E350FF94FFBEFCEEB0F7FC3A36EE" box="[782,983,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Ciona intestinalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="54DA81E0FF94FFBEFC00B0F7FBFD36EE" box="[992,1040,1664,1688]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">type</typeStatus>
A (Caputi
<emphasis id="B915E350FF94FFBEFB74B0F6FB2336EE" box="[1172,1230,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
2007, Zahn
<emphasis id="B915E350FF94FFBEFA82B0F6FA7136EE" box="[1378,1436,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
2010). Recent work (Brunetti
<emphasis id="B915E350FF94FFBEFE0DB0D2FDCA36CA" box="[493,551,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
2015, Pennati
<emphasis id="B915E350FF94FFBEFD33B0D2FCE136CA" box="[723,780,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
2015) has partially clarified the taxonomy of this species complex and has shown that
<taxonomicName id="4C6144C1FF94FFBEFE05B0BFFD433696" box="[485,686,1736,1760]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Cionidae" genus="Ciona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intestinalis">
<emphasis id="B915E350FF94FFBEFE05B0BFFD433696" box="[485,686,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Ciona intestinalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="54DA81E0FF94FFBEFD57B0BFFD0A3696" box="[695,743,1736,1760]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">type</typeStatus>
A is in fact
<taxonomicName id="4C6144C1FF94FFBEFC9BB0BFFC1F3696" box="[891,1010,1736,1760]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Cionidae" genus="Ciona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B915E350FF94FFBEFC9BB0BFFC1F3696" box="[891,1010,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a species described by Hoshino and Tokioka (1967) in
<collectingCountry id="F3767FD2FF94FFBEFE8BB09AFE463772" box="[363,427,1773,1796]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Japan</collectingCountry>
and later synonymized under
<taxonomicName id="4C6144C1FF94FFBEFCE4B09BFC4D3772" box="[772,928,1772,1796]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Cionidae" genus="Ciona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intestinalis">
<emphasis id="B915E350FF94FFBEFCE4B09BFC4D3772" box="[772,928,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. intestinalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The specimens observed had the diagnostic features of
<taxonomicName id="4C6144C1FF94FFBEFEF7B167FE60375E" box="[279,397,1808,1832]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Cionidae" genus="Ciona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B915E350FF94FFBEFEF7B167FE60375E" box="[279,397,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Sato
<emphasis id="B915E350FF94FFBEFE38B166FDFC375E" box="[472,529,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
2012, Brunetti
<emphasis id="B915E350FF94FFBEFD24B166FD10375E" box="[708,765,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
2015), such as protuberances in the tunic near the siphons, and red pigment in the papillae at the distal end of the spermduct. The mitochondrial sequences obtained also confirm the identity of the Chilean specimens.
<taxonomicName id="4C6144C1FF94FFBEFD50B12FFCBC3706" box="[688,849,1880,1904]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Cionidae" genus="Ciona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B915E350FF94FFBEFD50B12FFCBC3706" box="[688,849,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Ciona robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an invasive species now established in northerncentral
<collectingCountry id="F3767FD2FF94FFBEFF0AB10BFECA37E3" box="[234,295,1916,1941]" name="Chile" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Chile</collectingCountry>
and is expanding its distributional range (Madariaga
<emphasis id="B915E350FF94FFBEFC9DB10AFC5B37E2" box="[893,950,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
2014).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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