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<mods:title id="B943FD75561C0F20253A7F4E7734D862">Review of Brazilian jawfishes of the genus Opistognathus with descriptions of two new species (Teleostei, Opistognathidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="03AF3EC9BBF7A656C71EE3DD747C12B3">Smith-Vaniz, William F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5D54246BC4ED405CFC8F10B3A0CD9ED0">Macieira, Raphael M.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="037A119F4A8FDAF4F82047CEB4B0E570" ID-GBIF-Taxon="149052387" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:037A119F4A8FDAF4F82047CEB4B0E570" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/037A119F4A8FDAF4F82047CEB4B0E570" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
<subSubSection id="4BF25E49727420D4646457EC9D727864" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="EC62855D9D380C13A7FCA00C19236CFE" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
<taxonomicName id="0146FE6C07F2E21BBC79C3C0CA534BC0" ID-CoL="6SQGW" authority="Smith-Vaniz, 1997" authorityName="Smith-Vaniz" authorityYear="1997" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus brasiliensis" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">Opistognathus brasiliensis Smith-Vaniz, 1997</taxonomicName>
Figures 12, 13; Tables 1, 2
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="A00B8733899BDCFA01E4C2CF22EEC264" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="58544D90DA17A9F85ACE27D3DB8DEA0C" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
<taxonomicName id="676537EAD82E16BAAC1EDC75688CD5E8" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus brasiliensis" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">Opistognathus brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
Smith-Vaniz, 1997: 1104, fig. 20 (original description; Alcatraces [misspelled Alcatrazes] Island: holotype MZUSP 13257);
<bibRefCitation id="D45285FFEC3FBCCD66656BBA6C551FBC" author="Carvalho-Filho, A" journalOrPublisher="Melro, Sao Paulo" pageId="27" pageNumber="122" title="Peixes: costa brasileira." year="1999">Carvalho-Filho 1999</bibRefCitation>
: 194 (abbreviated description);
<bibRefCitation id="6DDB71DC4D1593303516067A3397BB46" author="Menezes, NA" journalOrPublisher="Biota Neotropica" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="33 - 46" title="Checklist dos peixes marinhos do Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000500003" volume="11" year="2011">Menezes 2011</bibRefCitation>
: 42 (listed);
<bibRefCitation id="1EC41FBE52179D5E661AF8BD4FD410AD" author="Mincarone, MM" editor="Curbelo-Fernandez, MP" journalOrPublisher="Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" title="Elsevier, Rio de Janeiro" url="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-85-352-7295-6.50008-7" year="2017">Mincarone et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
: 207 (listed);
<bibRefCitation id="BAC6CCC4F55FB1744044805FA69EB0D8" author="Pinheiro, HT" journalOrPublisher="Diversity and Distributions:" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="951 - 965" title="South-western Atlantic reef fishes: Zoogeographical patterns and ecological drivers reveal a secondary biodiversity centre in the Atlantic Ocean." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12729" volume="24" year="2018">Pinheiro et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
, Southwestern Atlantic (SWA) Endemic reef fishes - Annotated Checklist: 28.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F5A306A0C5326E6F6FD8D87C0F06840A" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" type="description">
<paragraph id="1E390338EE37CF4005C22A42789A0FCD" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Abbreviated description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD2757F08E8BE4CDF8EB9FFB21CC4E51" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
A species of
<taxonomicName id="E40065B42EA65BEFD6948F4D5A935C3E" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Opistognathus</taxonomicName>
with the following combination of characters: anterior nostril a short tube with simple cirrus on posterior rim; adults with posterior end of maxilla ending as thin, flexible lamina (slightly elongate in mature females and very elongate in males); supramaxilla present; subopercle without a broad, fan-like flap; most of nape without sensory pores; dorsal-fin spines thin, flexible, usually curved distally, and tips without pale, slightly swollen tabs; dorsal fin XI, 16 with all soft rays weakly branched distally; anal fin II, 15-16; body with 59-75 oblique scale rows in longitudinal series; vertebrae 10+18; supraneurals 2; gill rakers 9
<normalizedToken id="FFE6306898050B6EAFC8ADC2D43FFC31" originalValue="11+2324=33">-11+23-24=33-</normalizedToken>
36; spinous dorsal fin with black spot encircled by a very narrow white ring between spines 4-7 and dorsum with 5 or 6 dusky bands that extend onto base of dorsal fin; pelvic fins uniformly dark; underside of upper jaw and adjacent membranes in adults with two elongate dark stripes (males) or one smaller stripe (females) (
<bibRefCitation id="13F68AAEA9F94D8C8A0491FEA0F25D72" author="Smith-Vaniz, WF" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="1074 - 1128" title="Descriptions of five new species of jawfishes (Opistognathus: Opistognathidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean." volume="60" year="1997">Smith-Vaniz 1997</bibRefCitation>
, Figure 9c).
</paragraph>
<caption id="A21E6F56FF85AE86749BCE7AAEF6312C" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
<paragraph id="84C240E19417ADB66D9F9DB3F9179E0A" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
Figure 12.
<taxonomicName id="50CC20B4334B5D9F858C51D86CC64C4E" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus brasiliensis" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">Opistognathus brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
, CIUFES 3361, 60.6 mm SL, female, Ilhas Escalvada, Guarapari,
<normalizedToken id="D693E8400A916527F16FDCE46FC69C63" originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
Santo, Brazil. Photograph by Raphael M. Macieira.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="C0C45DEE54763AAD0DA3AE33E5C0E4AD" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
<paragraph id="71344BDC99D3B00BC038EFD48265E2AA" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
Figure 13.
<taxonomicName id="71C3F62D22BA26EC6A32A9EF9A546839" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus brasiliensis" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">Opistognathus brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
, ANSP 141861, 122.5 mm SL, male, southeastern Brazil. Drawn by Jack R. Schroeder; after
<bibRefCitation id="F28BB523C067458094107BEC058C56F1" author="Smith-Vaniz, WF" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="1074 - 1128" title="Descriptions of five new species of jawfishes (Opistognathus: Opistognathidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean." volume="60" year="1997">Smith-Vaniz (1997)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7ADAA2DA86041A8FD9048617E11E5555" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="97E51D11AA7AE59204904C746DFC3197" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EC1891173D308CA22150B53A617FCDF2" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
5 specimens (107.5-129 mm SL), including the holotype, cited in
<bibRefCitation id="22FD609E1FCE292BBEB21B31B35C5276" author="Smith-Vaniz, WF" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="1074 - 1128" title="Descriptions of five new species of jawfishes (Opistognathus: Opistognathidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean." volume="60" year="1997">Smith-Vaniz (1997)</bibRefCitation>
plus the following additional material: CIUFES 1459 (1, 64.0), Ilhas das
<normalizedToken id="593BFE0CAA685C06841BBC394ABF1C4E" originalValue="Garças">Garcas</normalizedToken>
, Vila Velha,
<normalizedToken id="0F315DD5EB3EDEAA1B217EEEBE5B42C6" originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
Santo,
<geoCoordinate id="A059546CF451294B1FA88B6DDB0078D5" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-20.6">20°36'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="121C393A486A086A4F6B4806279F3F46" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-40.366665">40°22'W</geoCoordinate>
, 30 March 2000, J.L. Gasparini.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AFFE50AD083CACAE2FDB0848AD9E9CBE" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="4B52071DD0F3D8110AF769F1CB2940E8" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Distribution, habitat, and natural history.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5EEC3ABAE51934C0255956B0452BDB40" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
A Brazilian endemic (Figure 6), known from
<normalizedToken id="0C5FA070A836CE8D4ECFE1A327444625" originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
Santo to
<normalizedToken id="A03DA528B342B87922E626336D5C8798" originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo State, but absent from oceanic islands. A rare
<pageBreakToken id="7FE46B52012610CC20D282B78E8A5FCB" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" start="start">species</pageBreakToken>
only known from the type series collected in
<normalizedToken id="A69A1225BD9177A52C23F1B222BBBA46" originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A3F18C350BD2FFAD4E4776F00A3DD1AD" originalValue="Paulos">Paulo's</normalizedToken>
coastal waters (trawled in 50-69 m) and two specimens from Guarapari Islands,
<normalizedToken id="BE1CEA9079FDE9727418370D1BC2F864" originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
Santo. Occurs in depths of 15-69 meters, associated with gravel and sand or silt and sand bottoms, near coral reefs and rocky areas.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D5DC96A5FD0A2EA99BE749407FFE2414" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="F41A3157CCF2C61008131FA4BE9C83DD" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="682F617B7CE2ADC3D41E4CB523BD5947" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">
In the diagnosis and description of
<taxonomicName id="8B3E4FEB8421D3571783593E23330D72" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus brasiliensis" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">Opistognathus brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation id="FD53ADBB5E8C22C13D34220E5A8ADBBA" author="Smith-Vaniz, WF" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="1074 - 1128" title="Descriptions of five new species of jawfishes (Opistognathus: Opistognathidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean." volume="60" year="1997">Smith-Vaniz (1997)</bibRefCitation>
stated, in part, &quot;buccal pigmentation consisting of a dark area widely surrounding esophageal opening
<normalizedToken id="8EBD1FB1C006F4BE46A8AFEC07C11C03" originalValue="…”">...&quot;</normalizedToken>
versus area around esophageal opening pale in
<taxonomicName id="AECA5DBAEF4EE090E6EA75CEFAD99445" lsidName="O. cuvierii" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rank="species" species="cuvierii">O. cuvierii</taxonomicName>
. This reported distinction is no longer valid because in a recently examined female specimen of
<taxonomicName id="B0D87C6D17838891B830B346CAF99E39" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus brasiliensis" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">Opistognathus brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
(CIUFES 1459) the area around the esophageal opening is pale. Both species have black areas in front of each pharyngeal tooth patch that are separated by a pale median area.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1CA7E3279918F61145A579A55776017E" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="0075B7DA967D9797414085E89FA4CE16" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">Conservation.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1BFB0247ED1DC9D6FF75C7083CB7C6AD" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">
The conservation status of this species has been assessed by the
<normalizedToken id="934D78A757A6D59AC6B6C11F34C4660E" originalValue="Ministério">Ministerio</normalizedToken>
do Meio Ambiente/Instituto Chico Mendes de
<normalizedToken id="30EA6BA04E3091569ECA13B66AD38E07" originalValue="Conservação">Conservacao</normalizedToken>
da Biodiversidade (MMA/ICMBio - Brazil), and it was listed as Data Deficient.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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