421 lines
38 KiB
XML
421 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.327.5427" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a67a04a8-5c8d-487d-a986-5185ab6d19cd" ID-PMC="PMC3807744" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-327-1" ID-PubMed="24167419" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-327-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 327" ModsDocTitle="Two new species and a new subgenus of toothed Brachyhypopomus electric knifefishes (Gymnotiformes, Hypopomidae) from the central Amazon and considerations pertaining to the evolution of a monophasic electric organ discharge" checkinTime="1451246997901" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sullivan, John P., Zuanon, Jansen & Cox Fernandes, Cristina" docDate="2013" docId="EAE598559E011AC2205273C6EBF12526" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 327: 1-34" docOrigin="ZooKeys 327" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.327.5427" docTitle="Brachyhypopomus (Odontohypopomus) walteri Sullivan, Zuanon & Fernandes, 2013, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="1F1AC312FF83C56EBC37FFACC540FF95" masterDocTitle="Two new species and a new subgenus of toothed Brachyhypopomus electric knifefishes (Gymnotiformes, Hypopomidae) from the central Amazon and considerations pertaining to the evolution of a monophasic electric organ discharge" masterLastPageNumber="34" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1668156363843" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Two new species and a new subgenus of toothed Brachyhypopomus electric knifefishes (Gymnotiformes, Hypopomidae) from the central Amazon and considerations pertaining to the evolution of a monophasic electric organ discharge</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sullivan, John P.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zuanon, Jansen</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cox Fernandes, Cristina</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>327</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>34</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.327.5427</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.327.5427</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-327-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152047383" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:81560B78-B663-4446-B0E8-C03CE4FE1279" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EAE598559E011AC2205273C6EBF12526" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/81560B78-B663-4446-B0E8-C03CE4FE1279" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus (Odontohypopomus) walteri" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walteri" subGenus="Odontohypopomus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">Brachyhypopomus</pageBreakToken>
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(Odontohypopomus) walteri
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="4" pageNumber="5">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 3, 4, Appendix I;Tables 1,3
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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INPA 8941, tag no. 93-219, 163 mm TL, 126 mm LEA, sex undetermined, Amazonas, Brazil: floating meadow alongside of lake in the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
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do
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Paracuúba">Paracuuba</normalizedToken>
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, near mouth of Rio Negro and entrance to Lago Janauari, approx. 15 km due south of Manaus,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="-3.21">03°12.6'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="-59.99">059°59.4'W</geoCoordinate>
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, J.P. Sullivan and J. Zuanon. 23 April 1993.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="paratypes">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paratypes</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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(20). Brazil: Amazonas: INPA 8926 (3 cs, tag nos. 93-58, 93-140, 93-156), collection data same as for holotype, 24
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<normalizedToken originalValue="March–">March-</normalizedToken>
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18 April 1993; INPA 8896 (4 alc, tag nos. 93-18, 93-19, 93-22, 93-23, 102-122 mm LEA), Ilha da Marchantaria, Rio
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Solimões">Solimoes</normalizedToken>
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, emergent grasses on shore of island, approx. 15 km upstream from confluence with Rio Negro, near Manaus, approx.
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.2333333">03°14'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-59.983334">059°59'W</geoCoordinate>
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, J.P. Sullivan and J. Zuanon, 9 March 1993; INPA 8880 (3alc, tag nos. 93-55, 93-56, 93-57, 108-116 mm LEA), locality same as for holotype, 24 March 1993; INPA 8939 (1 alc, specimen number 93-114, 125 mm LEA), locality same as for holotype, 10 April 1993; ANSP 194031 (1 alc, tag no. JPS11-1-93/13, 84 mm LEA), channel between Rio
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Solimões">Solimoes</normalizedToken>
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and Lago
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Tefé">Tefe</normalizedToken>
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, approx.
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.35">03°21'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-64.666664">064°40'W</geoCoordinate>
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, J.P. Sullivan et al., 1 November 1993; ANSP 194032 (1 alc, 110 mm LEA, tag no. JPS11-20-93/1), Rio
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Içá">Ica</normalizedToken>
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in roots of water hyacinth along margin of inlet,15 km upstream of the mouth of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Içá">Ica</normalizedToken>
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, approx.
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.1">03°06'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-68.083336">068°05'W</geoCoordinate>
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, J.P. Sullivan et al., 20 November 1993; ANSP 194033 (1 alc, tag no. CALH-11-20-93/2, 97 mm LEA), near Santo Antonio do
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Içá">Ica</normalizedToken>
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and mouth of Rio
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Içá">Ica</normalizedToken>
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in floating vegetation, approx.
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.1166666">03°07'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-67.95">067°57'W</geoCoordinate>
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, J.P. Sullivan et al., 20 November 1993; CUMV 97641 (1 alc, damaged, 80 mm TL, tag no. JPF-93-187/1), Rio Negro above Manaus,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-3.0896666">03°05.38'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-60.450333">060°27.02'W</geoCoordinate>
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, J.P. Sullivan and J.P. Friel, 14 December 1993; CUMV 97642 (5 alc, 2 damaged: tag nos. JPF-93-188/3, 188/4, 104, 100 mm LEA, 3 intact: tag nos. JPF-93-188/2, 188/5, 188/6, 95-102 mm LEA), Rio Negro above Manaus,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-3.0931666">03°05.59'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-60.447166">60°26.83'W</geoCoordinate>
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, J.P. Sullivan and J.P. Friel, 14 December 1993.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="non-types">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Non-types.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Brazil: Amazonas: Rio
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Solimões">Solimoes</normalizedToken>
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drainage: INHS 70542 (4 of 10, alc, 71-162 mm LEA), Ilha da Marchantaria, approx.
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.2333333">03°14'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-59.983334">059°59'W</geoCoordinate>
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, P. Bayley, 14 March 1978; MZUSP 30061 (1 alc, 70 mm LEA), Rio
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Tefé">Tefe</normalizedToken>
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, Lago Mucura, M. Goulding, 5 August 1979; USNM 306874 (2 alc, 91 & 100 mm LEA),
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
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da Ilha da Marchantaria, approx.
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.2333333">03°14'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-59.983334">059°59'W</geoCoordinate>
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, depth 0-1.3 meters P. Bayley, 25 April 1978; USNM 306919 (1 alc, 75 mm LEA), Lago
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Camaleão">Camaleao</normalizedToken>
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, Ilha da Marchantaria, approx.
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.2333333">03°14'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-59.983334">059°59' W</geoCoordinate>
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, P. Bayley, 29 March 1977; INPA 33268 (3 alc), Coari,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-3.8528333">03°51.17'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-63.468666">063°28.12'W</geoCoordinate>
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, L. Rapp Py-Daniel et al., 13 September 2013; INPA 33253 (3 alc), Manacapuru, Canaboca III,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-3.5925">03°35.55'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-60.835835">060°50.15'W</geoCoordinate>
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, L. Rapp Py-Daniel et al., 17 September 2003; INPA 30241 (8 alc, 63.65-113.62 mm LEA),
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Paulo de
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Olivença">Olivenca</normalizedToken>
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, Rio
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Camatiã">Camatia</normalizedToken>
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, comunidade Monte Sinai, approx.
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-3.4595">03°27.57'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-68.933334">068°56.00'W</geoCoordinate>
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, L. Rapp Py-Daniel et al., 4 April 2008; ANSP 194025 (5 alc, 59.9-126.2 mm LEA, 1 cs, 117.4 mm), same data previous. Rio
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Uatumã">Uatuma</normalizedToken>
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: INPA 39074 (1 alc),
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Sebastião">Sebastiao</normalizedToken>
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do
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Uatumã">Uatuma</normalizedToken>
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, right bank in front of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="José">Jose</normalizedToken>
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do Jabote,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-1.9366667">01°56.20'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-58.296333">058°17.78'W</geoCoordinate>
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, L.
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">Rapp</pageBreakToken>
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Py-Daniel et al., 1 October 2011. Rio
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Japurá">Japura</normalizedToken>
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: INPA 9945 (30 alc), Lago Caetano (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="várzea">varzea</normalizedToken>
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lake) 1 km N of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Jarauá">Jaraua</normalizedToken>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-2.8495">02°50.97'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-64.92834">064°55.70'W</geoCoordinate>
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, W.G.R. Crampton, 8 January 1995. Rio Purus: INPA 17112 (20 alc),
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
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do Seixo, Lago Jari,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-4.9111667">04°54.67'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-62.357">062°21.42'W</geoCoordinate>
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, L. Rapp Py-Daniel et al., 8 June 2001; INPA 29259 (12 alc), Beruri, Lago
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ayapuá">Ayapua</normalizedToken>
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,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Igarapé">Igarape</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ajará">Ajara</normalizedToken>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-4.418667">04°25.12'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-62.26">062°15.60'W</geoCoordinate>
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, L. Rapp Py-Daniel et al., 15 November 2007; INPA 17192 (27 alc),
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Igarapé">Igarape</normalizedToken>
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das duas bocas,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
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do Jari,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-4.885333">04°53.12'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-62.336334">062°20.18'W</geoCoordinate>
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, L. Rapp Py-Daniel et al., 7 June 2001.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pará">Para</normalizedToken>
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: Rio
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Tapajós">Tapajos</normalizedToken>
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drainage: INPA 32703 (1 alc) Rio Crepori, Jacareacanga,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Igarapé">Igarape</normalizedToken>
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do Cocho,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-6.7483335">06°44.90'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-56.912">056°54.72'W</geoCoordinate>
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, W.S. Pedroza, 31 July 2008. Rio Amazonas drainage: INPA 33192 (1 alc), Almeirim, Paranaguara,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-1.7413332">01°44.48'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-53.170834">053°10.25'W</geoCoordinate>
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, J. Zuanon et al., 5 October 2003.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Rondônia">Rondonia</normalizedToken>
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: Rio
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Guaporé-Madeira">Guapore-Madeira</normalizedToken>
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drainage: INPA 9721 (19 alc), 15 km above
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Guajará-Mirim">Guajara-Mirim</normalizedToken>
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on Rio
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pacaás">Pacaas</normalizedToken>
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Novos, approx.
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="-10.946667">10°56.8'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="-65.238335">065°14.3'W</geoCoordinate>
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, G.M. dos Santos, 26 November 1983; INPA 9727 (78 alc), mouth of Rio
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pacaás">Pacaas</normalizedToken>
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Novos into Rio
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Guaporé">Guapore</normalizedToken>
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, G.M. dos Santos, 26 November 1983. Roraima: Rio Branco drainage: INPA 30748 (11 alc), near Boa Vista,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="2.7918334">02°47.51'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-60.669167">060°40.15'W</geoCoordinate>
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, L.N. Carvalho, 29 September 2006; INPA 30749 (8 alc), near Boa Vista,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="2.7918334">02°47.51'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-60.669167">060°40.15'W</geoCoordinate>
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, L.N. Carvalho, 29 September 2006. Ecuador:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
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Napo drainage: FMNH 102276 (8 alc, 69-107 mm LEA),
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
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Napo, along edge of Lago Anangucocha, approx.
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-1.4746666">01°28.48'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-77.562164">077°33.73'W</geoCoordinate>
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, D. Stewart et al., 13 October 1981.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">Diagnosis</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus (Odontohypopomus) walteri" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walteri" subGenus="Odontohypopomus">Brachyhypopomus (Odontohypopomus) walteri</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is diagnosed by the following three character states in combination with the character states listed above for
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Odontohypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontohypopomus" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Odontohypopomus</taxonomicName>
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: (1) patch of brown pigment below skin at base of orbit distinct; (2) body yellow and semi-translucent in living specimens; (3) caudal filament long and fine, greater than 20% of LEA in intact specimens; (4) EOD pulse duration very long (between 3.5 and 4 milliseconds at 25° C) with head-positive first phase of longer duration than second head-negative phase in both sexes (Fig. 2A, B).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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In all other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Brachyhypopomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
with biphasic EODs, the second, head-negative phase of the EOD is nearly equal in amplitude or of greater duration than the head-positive first phase.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Microsternarchus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microsternarchus bilineatus" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilineatus">Microsternarchus bilineatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an EOD waveform of similar duration, but the second phase is roughly equal or longer than the first (and the repetition rate is far faster). No other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Brachyhypopomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is as distinctly yellow in color, particularly in life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
This species can be distinguished from the similar
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus bennetti" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bennetti">Brachyhypopomus bennetti</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. by a shorter body (depth quickly tapers posteriorly: depth of body at 40th post-abdominal vertebra 36-41% of depth at first abdominal vertebra vs. 46-57% in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus bennetti" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bennetti">Brachyhypopomus bennetti</taxonomicName>
|
||
), fewer anal fin rays (198-216 rays vs. 227-255 rays in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus bennetti" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bennetti">Brachyhypopomus bennetti</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a shallower electric organ, and a long, fine caudal filament (length 20-32% of LEA vs. 10-19% of LEA in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus bennetti" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bennetti">Brachyhypopomus bennetti</taxonomicName>
|
||
) with three or four bilateral columns of electrocytes at base of caudal filament (vs. six columns in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus bennetti" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bennetti">Brachyhypopomus bennetti</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.). Subcutaneous pigment below eye is absent in other hypopomids and usually less conspicuous in the sister species
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus bennetti" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bennetti">Brachyhypopomus bennetti</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. The EOD waveform of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus walteri" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walteri">Brachyhypopomus walteri</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. is biphasic in contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus bennetti" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bennetti">Brachyhypopomus bennetti</taxonomicName>
|
||
's monophasic EOD waveform.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus bennetti" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bennetti">Brachyhypopomus bennetti</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. tends to be more darkly pigmented and less yellow and translucent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Morphometric and meristic data are presented in Tables 1, 3 and 4. A
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">Brachyhypopomus</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of moderate to small adult size for a hypopomid; largest specimen examined measures 175 mm TL, 125 mm LEA. Body very compressed, depth at posterior end of abdominal cavity 2.7-3.1 times body width. Body more compressed posteriorly, sides of body with only slight curvature posterior to abdominal cavity. Dorsal profile gently convex. Depth quickly tapers posteriorly: depth of body at 40th post-abdominal vertebra 36-41% depth at first abdominal vertebra. Head short in comparison to body length, deep and wide: HL 11.2-12.6% LEA, head depth at occiput 72-81% HL, head width at opercle 54-63% HL. Head triangular in lateral view, dorsal profile of head straight from occiput to point of downturn of snout, ventral profile of head straight from lower jaw to opercular area with little if any concavity between opercular area and tip of lower jaw. Eye moderate in size, 12.4-14.5% HL. Mouth small, terminal, jaws equal, gape 20-23% HL. Closed lips meet ventral to a horizontal through ventral margin of eye. One to five small
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="needle–like">needle-like</normalizedToken>
|
||
conical teeth present on each premaxilla (Fig. 1), lower jaw edentate. Maxilla moderate in length, thin, with slight curvature. Snout moderate in length, 26-29% HL, edge of upper lip close to farthest anterior extent of snout. Posterior naris close to eye, posterior
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="naris–eye">naris-eye</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.8-3.7% HL. Lateral ethmoid present. Round ossification present in anterior portion of palatine cartilage (Fig. 1). Infraorbital portion of cephalic lateralis system incomplete, lacking recurrent anterodorsal segment and associated pores beneath and anterior to the posterior nares that are present in most other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Brachyhypopomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see fig. 53 in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sullivan, JP" journalOrPublisher="Duke University, Durham, North Carolina" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" title="A phylogenetic study of the Neotropical hypopomid electric fishes (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyoidea)." url="http://bit.ly/Z3Lt76" year="1997">Sullivan 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); fourth supraorbital pore lying near vertical through posterior nostril, pores inconspicuous. Preopercular lateral-line canal embedded in preopercle, canals radiating out to pores. Pores of lateral-line canal immediately behind head without downward pointing tubes. Discernible lateral scales terminate along caudal filament. Five branchiostegal rays, medialmost two thin with blades oriented nearly vertically compared to outer three (see diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Odontohypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontohypopomus" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Odontohypopomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Gill rakers robust for genus, some with weakly ossified cores, on anterior faces of first four gill arches. Rakers subtended on ceratohyals one to four by small trough-shaped ossicles. Approximately 40 gill filaments on arch one. Three pectoral radials, all partially fused together at proximal end. Mesocoracoid bridge absent. Pectoral fin broad, 12-15 branched plus unbranched rays, length 5.3-7.0% LEA. 198-216 anal fin rays, longest rays 4.0-4.9% LEA. Precaudal vertebrae 13-16, up to 75 caudal vertebrae in advance of regenerated portion of caudal filament. Body excluding head and fins covered with thin cycloid scales, small dorsally, larger posterolaterally, partially obscured by skin. Twelve scale rows above, 13 scale rows below lateral line at farthest extent of pectoral fin. Anal-fin origin slightly posterior to vertical at midpoint of extended pectoral fin. Caudal filaments long and fine in intact mature specimens, 20-32% of TL. Sexual dimorphism of caudal filaments not observed. Three or four bilateral columns of electrocytes along caudal filament, number often alternating along length of caudal filament; 38-63 rows of electrocytes. Electrocytes do not extend farther anteriorly than base of urogenital pore. No accessory electric organs on head or humeral region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Figure 3. Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus walteri" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walteri">Brachyhypopomus walteri</taxonomicName>
|
||
, INPA 8941 (TL 163 mm, LEA 126 mm), sex undetermined,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
|
||
do
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paracuúba">Paracuuba</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Amazonas, Brazil. Preserved whole specimen shown above close-up view of specimen immediately post-mortem. Scale bars equal 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Figure 4. Paratypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus walteri" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walteri">Brachyhypopomus walteri</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A Paratype tag no. 93-55 from INPA 8880 (TL 164 mm, LEA 118 mm), sex undetermined, Ilha da Marchantaria, Rio
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Solimões">Solimoes</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Amazonas, Brazil B Paratype tag no. 93-114 from INPA 8939 (TL 155 mm, LEA 125 mm), female, collected with holotype. Preserved whole specimens shown above close-up views of specimens immediately post-mortem. Scale bars equal 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Table 1. Summary of morphometric measurements for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus walteri" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walteri">Brachyhypopomus walteri</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. (included are holotype and ten paratypes identified from radiographs as undamaged at anal-fin terminus).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<table pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Measurement</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">holotype</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">range</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">mean</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">S.D.</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">N</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Proportion of LEA (%)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Proportion of HL (%)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="electric organ discharge">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Electric organ discharge.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">TheEOD is biphasic and 3.2-4.5 milliseconds in total duration at 25°C; the first head-positive phase is 1.7-1.9 times duration of second head-negative phase (Fig. 2). Resting EOD repetition rate is slow (3.1-16.3 Hz, mean 9.4 Hz, median 9.8, at 21-25°C, n=23). See Appendix II.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="coloration">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Coloration.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Background color yellow in life, yellowish-tan in preservation. In life, body semi-translucent, with gill filaments appearing cherry red through opercle, gut dark, and swim bladder whitish through abdominal wall. Pigmentation variable: poorly to moderately developed irregular bands along sides, darker and wide above lateral line, often with a spot of darker intensity on lateral line itself. Bands either restricted to anterior portion of body above lateral line or connected to fainter bands below. Some bands connect to eight to 12 irregular saddles across dorsum. Saddles more regular in smaller individuals. Dorsal rami of the anterior lateral line nerve visible when viewed from above as two thin, dark parallel lines running along upper back beginning a short distance behind head and continuing to mid-point of the back. Cheeks, underside of head and sides of body below lateral line peppered with prominent dark brown stellate chromatophores that greatly contrast with background color of skin and that do not form part of a larger pattern. Diffuse pigment below eye resembling a teardrop is more prominent in live specimens as overlying tissue becomes opaque upon preservation. Pectoral and anal fin with irregular brown pigment along rays; interradial membranes hyaline.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distribution and ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
See distribution map (Fig. 5).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus walteri" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walteri">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">Brachyhypopomus</pageBreakToken>
|
||
walteri
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. is known only from the Amazon basin where it appears to be common in floating meadow habitats, (mostly composed of the grass
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Paspalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Paspalum repens" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="repens">Paspalum repens</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Poaceae" lsidName="Poaceae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="genus">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), on the margins of the Amazonas/
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Solimões">Solimoes</normalizedToken>
|
||
and its tributaries. It has been collected predominantly in white water, but also in areas near the confluence of black water rivers with the Amazonas/
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Solimões">Solimoes</normalizedToken>
|
||
ranging from low to medium conductivity. Apart from one collection very near Manaus and the white water Rio Branco, it is absent from collections in the Rio Negro system. It is frequently taken with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus bennetti" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bennetti">Brachyhypopomus bennetti</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. and sometimes with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus brevirostris" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirostris">Brachyhypopomus brevirostris</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Eigenmannia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eigenmannia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Eigenmannia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnotus" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gymnotus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the apteronotid
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Parapteronotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapteronotus hasemani" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hasemani">Parapteronotus hasemani</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the electric eel,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Electrophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Electrophorus electricus" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="electricus">Electrophorus electricus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, frequently co-occur in the floating meadow habitats preferred by this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Figure 5. Distribution of examined specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus walteri" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walteri">Brachyhypopomus walteri</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. (blue circles) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyhypopomus bennetti" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bennetti">Brachyhypopomus bennetti</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. (red diamonds). Common holotype locality for both species indicated by yellow star.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
This species is named for Walter Heiligenberg (1938-1994) in honor of his discoveries in electric fish neurophysiology and behavior made at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography. These notably include the "jamming avoidance response" in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Eigenmannia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eigenmannia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Eigenmannia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, often described as the best-understood vertebrate behavior.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |