treatments-xml/data/AC/21/87/AC218787FFB8FFA1FCC0EE2CFB81FACE.xml

<document id="81568B05E108C9C64DD70D5E12E93DF6" ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2024v46a13" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13789116" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E3876F74-58BA-4BE0-BC7C-5AFAAA8CE2E3" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="jonas" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="jonas" IM.tables_approvedBy="jonas" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="jonas" IM.treatments_approvedBy="jonas" checkinTime="1726735111712" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Merle, Didier, Goldstein, Donald H. &amp; Mckinney, Michael L." docDate="2024" docId="AC218787FFB8FFA1FCC0EE2CFB81FACE" docLanguage="en" docName="geodiversitas.2024.46.13.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 46 (13)" docSource="https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/g2024v46a13.pdf" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.4:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Crassimurex calcitrapa" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="464" masterDocId="5018FFFFFFBCFFA8FFEDE91EFF98FFC3" masterDocTitle="First evidence of cannibalism in Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) (Gastropoda, Muricidae) from the Lutetian of the Paris Basin (France)" masterLastPageNumber="470" masterPageNumber="457" pageNumber="459" updateTime="1727119659572" updateUser="jonas" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:title id="F4ED4B5DEA91337805DB2A23EA272F85">First evidence of cannibalism in Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) (Gastropoda, Muricidae) from the Lutetian of the Paris Basin (France)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F8F909785F3E2AF996164B751602493E">Merle, Didier</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="3BA147DA753DB025B7D200FF9ABF9E06">Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Département Origines et Évolution (CR 2 P – MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, Sorbonne Université), 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05 (France)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8812061B9CD5321A88279E29F364A8C4">Goldstein, Donald H.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="3A1770BBD12E3A6C30310AFF96BE3199">University of Connecticut, Department of Earth Sciences, Beach Hall Room 207, 354 Mansfield Road - Unit 1045 Storrs, CT 06269 (United States)</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="ABF537E50A9E17148CF830A800507C39" type="email">donald.goldstein@uconn.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="EB42E7CB5467B11A5A918E0D065A64BA">Mckinney, Michael L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="8B463132FF2A57C81E439789AE061834">University of Tennessee, Earth and Planetary Sciences, 1621 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37916 (United States)</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB8FFACFC12EE2CFAD3F889" ID-CoL="8YJQM" authority="(Lamarck, 1803)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[1023,1355,1842,1868]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="459" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapa">
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<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB8FFACFC12EE2CFB12F889" box="[1023,1162,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="459">CRASSIMUREX</emphasis>
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(
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. 
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.
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) 
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<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB8FFACFCC0EE4CFC37F8AF" authorityName="Merle" authorityYear="1990" box="[813,943,1874,1900]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="459" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB8FFACFCC0EE4CFC37F8AF" box="[813,943,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="459">Crassimurex</emphasis>
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(
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB8FFACFC53EE4CFC79F8A8" box="[958,993,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="459">s. s.</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB8FFACFC1DEE4FFBCFF8A8" authorityName="du Lutetien" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[1008,1111,1873,1899]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="459" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapa">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB8FFACFC1DEE4FFBCFF8A8" box="[1008,1111,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="459">calcitrapa</emphasis>
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is a euryhaline Lutetian species and clearly prefers intertidal or shallow subtidal brackish facies. In the middle Lutetian of the Paris Basin, it is common in several localities (La Ferme de l’Orme (at Beynes), Grignon, Villiers-Saint-Frédéric, Montchauvet, etc.).
</paragraph>
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. 2. — The section of La Ferme de l’Orme (Beynes, Yvelines, France) from 
<bibRefCitation id="40194B60FFB9FFADFCFCEC9BFC40FA55" author="MERLE D. &amp; COURVILLE P." box="[785,984,1413,1430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" pagination="64 - 75" refId="ref10396" refString="MERLE D. &amp; COURVILLE P. 2008. - Les sites remarquables, in MERLE D. (ed.), Stratotype Lutetien. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris; Biotope, Meze; BRGM, Orleans: 64 - 75 (Patrimoine geologique; 1)." type="journal article" year="2008">Merle &amp; Courville (2008)</bibRefCitation>
. The material of 
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<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFB8AEC9BFB56FA55" box="[1127,1230,1413,1430]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">Crassimurex</emphasis>
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(
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFB34EC9BFB64FA55" box="[1241,1276,1413,1430]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">s. s.</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB9FFADFAEBEC9BFF2AFA6E" authority="(Lamarck, 1803)" authorityName="du Lutetien" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1803" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapa">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFAEBEC9BFACFFA55" box="[1286,1367,1413,1430]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">calcitrapa</emphasis>
(Lamarck, 1803)
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collected for this study comes exclusively from the unit 6.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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At La Ferme de l’Orme (unit 6), the identification work allowed to recognize 46 species of mollusks (31 gastropopods and 15 bivalves) including only one driller, 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB9FFADFDA0EF2DFD54F98E" authorityName="Merle" authorityYear="1990" box="[589,716,1587,1613]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFDA0EF2DFD54F98E" box="[589,716,1587,1613]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">Crassimurex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFD31EF2DFD66F98F" box="[732,766,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">s. s.</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB9FFADFF69EF4CFF73F9AF" authorityName="du Lutetien" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[132,235,1618,1644]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapa">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFF69EF4CFF73F9AF" box="[132,235,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">calcitrapa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It is the sole driller as no naticid and no other muricid is recorded in this paucispecific assemblage. This observation is very important, because in the absence of other predators, we can hypothesize that all the drill holes can only come from 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFE8CEFCCFEE2F92F" box="[353,378,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">C.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFE66EFCDFE36F92F" box="[395,430,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">s. s.</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB9FFADFE51EFCCFDBBF92F" authorityName="du Lutetien" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[444,547,1746,1772]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapa">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFE51EFCCFDBBF92F" box="[444,547,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">calcitrapa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In the same locality, it is associated with other euryhaline species. These include: 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB9FFADFF6EEE0CFDDFF8EF" authority="(Lamarck, 1804)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[131,583,1810,1836]" class="Gastropoda" family="Potamididae" genus="Potamides" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lapidorum">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFF6EEE0CFEE9F8EF" box="[131,369,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">Potamides lapidorum</emphasis>
(Lamarck, 1804)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB9FFADFDB8EE0CFE4EF88F" authority="(Lamarck, 1804)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1804" class="Gastropoda" family="Batillariidae" genus="Vicinocerithium" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapoides">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFDB8EE0CFE8AF888" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">Vicinocerithium calcitrapoides</emphasis>
(Lamarck, 1804)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB9FFADFE0FEE2FFEEFF8AF" authority="(Lamarck, 1804)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1804" class="Gastropoda" family="Potamididae" genus="Serratocerithium" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="denticulatum">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFE0FEE2FFF28F8A8" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">Serratocerithium denticulatum</emphasis>
(Lamarck, 1804)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB9FFADFE58EE4FFF53F848" authority="(Lamarck, 1806)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1806" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Saxolucina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="saxorum">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFE58EE4FFD16F8A8" box="[437,654,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">Saxolucina saxorum</emphasis>
(Lamarck, 1806)
</taxonomicName>
. It is responsible for drill holes on 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB9FFADFDB1EE6CFC91F848" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[604,777,1905,1931]" class="Gastropoda" family="Batillariidae" genus="Vicinocerithium" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapoides">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFDB1EE6CFC91F848" box="[604,777,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">V. calcitrapoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB9FFADFF5FEE8CFEBFF868" box="[178,295,1938,1964]" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Saxolucina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="serratum">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFF5FEE8CFEBFF868" box="[178,295,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">S. serratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="BCB32A14FFB9FFADFEDBEE8FFEEBF868" box="[310,371,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,803,820]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,761]" captionTargetId="figure-461@7.[698,1267,213,762]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 4. — Different paleobiological aspects of C. (s.s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck,1803) at La Ferme de l’Orme (unit 6): A-C, feeding (drill holes) on cerithioids:A, Serratocerithium denticulatum (Lamarck,1804),D. Goldstein coll.; B, Vicinocerithium calcitrapoides (Lamarck,1804), D. Goldstein coll.;C, same species,detailed view of a drill hole, D. Goldstein coll.; D, MNHN.F.A91215 (Goldstein leg), specimen peeled by a crab.Scale bars: A, D, 5 mm; B, 10 mm; C, 1 mm. Credits: D. Goldstein." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13789124" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13789124/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A-C). 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFE5AEE8CFD44F868" box="[439,732,1937,1964]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB9FFADFE5AEE8CFDAFF86F" authorityName="Merle" authorityYear="1990" box="[439,567,1938,1964]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Crassimurex</taxonomicName>
(s. s.) 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB9FFADFD9BEE8FFD44F868" authorityName="du Lutetien" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[630,732,1937,1963]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapa">calcitrapa</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
can be also a prey and traces of peeling by crabs are observed in 
<specimenCount id="328EFD18FFB9FFADFF6EEECCFEAFF828" box="[131,311,2001,2028]" count="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" type="generic">seven specimens</specimenCount>
(
<figureCitation id="BCB32A14FFB9FFADFEA4EECFFE3AF828" box="[329,418,2001,2027]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,803,820]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,761]" captionTargetId="figure-461@7.[698,1267,213,762]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 4. — Different paleobiological aspects of C. (s.s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck,1803) at La Ferme de l’Orme (unit 6): A-C, feeding (drill holes) on cerithioids:A, Serratocerithium denticulatum (Lamarck,1804),D. Goldstein coll.; B, Vicinocerithium calcitrapoides (Lamarck,1804), D. Goldstein coll.;C, same species,detailed view of a drill hole, D. Goldstein coll.; D, MNHN.F.A91215 (Goldstein leg), specimen peeled by a crab.Scale bars: A, D, 5 mm; B, 10 mm; C, 1 mm. Credits: D. Goldstein." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13789124" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13789124/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="24373691FFB9FFADFCC0ECEDFC39F9CE" blockId="5.[813,929,1523,1549]" box="[813,929,1523,1549]" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">RESULTS</paragraph>
<paragraph id="24373691FFB9FFADFCC0EF2CFB20F8EF" blockId="5.[811,1456,1586,1836]" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">
Different aspects of the growth of the shell of 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFAF6EF2DFAADF98E" box="[1307,1333,1587,1613]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">C.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFAA9EF2DFAF1F98F" box="[1348,1385,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">s. s.</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB9FFADFA95EF2CFCFBF9AF" authorityName="du Lutetien" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1803" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapa">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFA95EF2CFCFBF9AF" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">calcitrapa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the characteristics of the drill holes are developed below as follows: 1) growth and appearance of the sculpture is given to evaluate when the sculptural elements can protect the individuals; 2) prey size and predation pressure; 3) relationship of the size of the prey to the size of the predator based on the diameter of drill holes; 4) drill hole site selection; and 5) occurrence of multiple drill holes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6C92651AFFB9FFA0FCC0EE4CFEDCF94F" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="463" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" type="description">
<paragraph id="24373691FFB9FFADFCC0EE4CFABDF8A9" blockId="5.[811,1456,1874,2028]" box="[813,1317,1874,1900]" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">
<smallCapsWord id="22D1A04DFFB9FFADFCC0EE4CFC0BF8A9" baselines="1893,1893" box="[813,915,1874,1900]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Growth" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">GROWTH</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="22D1A04DFFB9FFADFC77EE49FC50F8A9" baselines="1893" box="[922,968,1879,1898]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">AND</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="22D1A04DFFB9FFADFC22EE49FBCAF8A9" baselines="1893" box="[975,1106,1879,1898]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="appearance" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">APPEARANCE</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="22D1A04DFFB9FFADFBB4EE49FBEDF8A9" baselines="1893" box="[1113,1141,1879,1898]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="of" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">OF</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="22D1A04DFFB9FFADFB91EE49FB3FF8A9" baselines="1893" box="[1148,1191,1879,1898]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="the" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">THE</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="22D1A04DFFB9FFADFB43EE49FABDF8A9" baselines="1893" box="[1198,1317,1879,1898]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="sculpture" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">SCULPTURE</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="24373691FFB9FFAFFCC0EE6FFD94F828" blockId="5.[811,1456,1874,2028]" lastBlockId="7.[130,776,1650,2028]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="462" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">
Adults of 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB9FFADFC76EE6CFB81F84F" authorityName="Merle" authorityYear="1990" box="[923,1049,1906,1932]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFC76EE6CFB81F84F" box="[923,1049,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">Crassimurex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFBC4EE6CFBD7F848" box="[1065,1103,1906,1931]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">s. s.</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB9FFADFB8DEE6FFB5CF848" authorityName="du Lutetien" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[1120,1220,1905,1931]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapa">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB9FFADFB8DEE6FFB5CF848" box="[1120,1220,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">calcitrapa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have small armoured shells and sculptural elements (spiral rows of cords, alignments of cord spines, reinforced varices) that can be considered as a deterrence to shell drillers. However, they are missing or thin in juveniles and appear during ontogeny. Therefore, an understanding of shell growth can help explain which areas of the shell were more easily drilled by predators during the life of individuals. We thus note that the ontogeny of these elements. 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFBBFFAFFF02EFECFEF4F8CF" authorityName="Merle" authorityYear="1990" box="[239,364,1778,1804]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBBFFAFFF02EFECFEF4F8CF" box="[239,364,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Crassimurex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBBFFAFFE97EFEDFE05F8CF" box="[378,413,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">s. s.</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFBBFFAFFE47EFECFD96F8CF" authorityName="du Lutetien" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[426,526,1778,1804]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapa">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBBFFAFFE47EFECFD96F8CF" box="[426,526,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">calcitrapa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bears a multispiral protoconch indicating planktotrophic larvae (
<bibRefCitation id="40194B60FFBBFFAFFDA7EE0CFC98F8EF" author="MERLE D. &amp; GARRIGUES B. &amp; POINTIER J. - P." box="[586,768,1810,1836]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" refId="ref10512" refString="MERLE D., GARRIGUES B. &amp; POINTIER J. - P. 2011. - Fossil and Recent Muricidae of the World. Part Muricinae. Conchbooks, Hackenheim, 652 p." type="book" year="2011">
Merle 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBBFFAFFD62EE0CFD5AF8EF" box="[655,706,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
: text-fig. 61F) such that the protoconch is devoid of sculpture. The development of the spiral sculpture on the teleoconch was partly described byMerle &amp; Pacaud (2002) who showed that all primary cords and cord spines on the convex part of the whorl (P1 to P5, see 
<bibRefCitation id="40194B60FFBBFFAFFE68EEAFFD9AF808" author="MERLE D." box="[389,514,1969,1995]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" pagination="69 - 91" refId="ref10299" refString="MERLE D. 2001. - The spiral cords and the internal denticles of the outer lip of the Muricidae: terminology and methodological comments. Novapex 2 (3): 69 - 91. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / partpdf / 93041" type="journal article" year="2001">Merle 2001</bibRefCitation>
for the terminology) are present on the 5th teleoconch whorl.
</paragraph>
<caption id="70F76619FFBAFFAEFF69EAB5FDD8FC11" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13789122" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13789122" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13789122/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="461" startId="6.[132,143,939,956]" targetBox="[340,1247,215,897]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="24373691FFBAFFAEFF69EAB5FDD8FC11" blockId="6.[132,1457,939,978]" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<smallCapsWord id="22D1A04DFFBAFFAEFF69EAB5FF05FC78" baselines="952,952" box="[132,157,939,956]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 3. — View of the unit 6 of La Ferme de l’Orme section (Beynes,Yvelines,France) in which 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFBAFFAEFC93EAB5FC7DFC7F" authorityName="Merle" authorityYear="1990" box="[894,997,939,956]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="461" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBAFFAEFC93EAB5FC7DFC7F" box="[894,997,939,956]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Crassimurex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBAFFAEFC03EAB5FB97FC7F" box="[1006,1039,939,956]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">s. s.</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFBAFFAEFBFAEAB5FB77FC7F" authority="(Lamarck, 1803)" authorityName="du Lutetien" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[1047,1263,939,956]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="461" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapa">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBAFFAEFBFAEAB5FBF0FC7F" box="[1047,1128,939,956]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">calcitrapa</emphasis>
(Lamarck,1803)
</taxonomicName>
was collected.Credits: Isabelle Rouget (MNHN). Lenght of the meter: 20 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="70F76619FFBAFFAEFF69ED0FFA29FBE1" box="[132,1457,1041,1058]" pageId="6" pageNumber="461" startId="6.[132,143,1041,1058]" targetBox="[134,1451,1117,2018]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="24373691FFBAFFAEFF69ED0FFA29FBE1" blockId="6.[132,1457,1041,1058]" box="[132,1457,1041,1058]" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<smallCapsWord id="22D1A04DFFBAFFAEFF69ED0FFF2AFBE1" baselines="1054,1055" box="[132,178,1041,1058]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Table" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">TABLE</smallCapsWord>
1. — Characteristics of the specimens of 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBAFFAEFDE6ED0FFD86FBE1" box="[523,542,1041,1058]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">C.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBAFFAEFDCAED0FFDD0FBE1" box="[551,584,1041,1058]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">s. s.</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFBAFFAEFDBCED0FFCB2FBE1" authority="(Lamarck, 1803)" authorityName="du Lutetien" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[593,810,1041,1058]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="461" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapa">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBAFFAEFDBCED0FFD3AFBE1" box="[593,674,1041,1058]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">calcitrapa</emphasis>
(Lamarck, 1803)
</taxonomicName>
bearing drill holes. The star (
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBAFFAEFBFAED0FFB87FBE1" bold="true" box="[1047,1055,1041,1058]" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">*</emphasis>
) indicates the specimens bearing two drill holes.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="24373691FFBAFFAEFF6BED43FACEF821" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<table id="5688C431FFBA0057FF6BED43FA33F821" box="[134,1451,1117,2018]" gridcols="8" gridrows="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<tr id="9AB834D3FFBA0057FF6BED43FA33FB49" box="[134,1451,1117,1162]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FF6BED43FEB0FB49" box="[134,296,1117,1162]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Specimens number</th>
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FED6ED43FE2FFB49" box="[315,439,1117,1162]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Specimen lenght mm</th>
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FE51ED43FD1EFB49" box="[444,646,1117,1162]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Number of teleoconch whorls</th>
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FD65ED43FC91FB49" box="[648,777,1117,1162]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Drilled whorl</th>
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FCFAED43FC3BFB49" box="[791,931,1117,1162]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Diameter of hole (in mm)</th>
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FC4AED43FB92FB49" box="[935,1034,1117,1162]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Complete or not</th>
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FBFCED43FB36FB49" box="[1041,1198,1117,1162]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Location of the hole</th>
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FB52ED43FA33FB49" box="[1215,1451,1117,1162]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Comment on the location of the holes</th>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB834D3FFBA0057FF6BED84FA33FB04" box="[134,1451,1178,1223]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FF6BED84FEB0FB04" box="[134,296,1178,1223]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">MNHN.F.A91214</th>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FED6ED84FE2FFB04" box="[315,439,1178,1223]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">19.38</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FE51ED84FD1EFB04" box="[444,646,1178,1223]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">5 incomplete</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FD65ED84FC91FB04" box="[648,777,1178,1223]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Fifth</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FCFAED84FC3BFB04" box="[791,931,1178,1223]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">1.20</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FC4AED84FB92FB04" box="[935,1034,1178,1223]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">No</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FBFCED84FB36FB04" box="[1041,1198,1178,1223]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Abapertural side</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FB52ED84FA33FB04" box="[1215,1451,1178,1223]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">On the shoulder, near the suture</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB834D3FFBA0057FF6BEDD5FA33FB1C" box="[134,1451,1227,1247]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FF6BEDD5FEB0FB1C" box="[134,296,1227,1247]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">MNHN.F.A91213</th>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FED6EDD5FE2FFB1C" box="[315,439,1227,1247]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">18.47</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FE51EDD5FD1EFB1C" box="[444,646,1227,1247]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">5 incomplete</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FD65EDD5FC91FB1C" box="[648,777,1227,1247]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Fifth</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FCFAEDD5FC3BFB1C" box="[791,931,1227,1247]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">1.05</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FC4AEDD5FB92FB1C" box="[935,1034,1227,1247]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">No</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FBFCEDD5FB36FB1C" box="[1041,1198,1227,1247]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Apertural side</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FB52EDD5FA33FB1C" box="[1215,1451,1227,1247]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">On the varix</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB834D3FFBA0057FF6BEDFAFA33FB3B" box="[134,1451,1252,1272]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FF6BEDFAFEB0FB3B" box="[134,296,1252,1272]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">MNHN.F.A91212</th>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FED6EDFAFE2FFB3B" box="[315,439,1252,1272]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">12.87*</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FE51EDFAFD1EFB3B" box="[444,646,1252,1272]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">4 incomplete</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FD65EDFAFC91FB3B" box="[648,777,1252,1272]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Third</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FCFAEDFAFC3BFB3B" box="[791,931,1252,1272]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">0.8</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FC4AEDFAFB92FB3B" box="[935,1034,1252,1272]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Yes</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FBFCEDFAFB36FB3B" box="[1041,1198,1252,1272]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Abapertural side</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FB52EDFAFA33FB3B" box="[1215,1451,1252,1272]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">In an intervarice</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB834D3FFBA0057FF6BEDE2FA33FAEA" box="[134,1451,1276,1321]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FF6BEDE2FEB0FAEA" box="[134,296,1276,1321]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">MNHN.F.A91212</th>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FED6EDE2FE2FFAEA" box="[315,439,1276,1321]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">12.87*</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FE51EDE2FD1EFAEA" box="[444,646,1276,1321]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">4 incomplete</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FD65EDE2FC91FAEA" box="[648,777,1276,1321]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Fourth</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FCFAEDE2FC3BFAEA" box="[791,931,1276,1321]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">0.6</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FC4AEDE2FB92FAEA" box="[935,1034,1276,1321]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">No</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FBFCEDE2FB36FAEA" box="[1041,1198,1276,1321]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Abapertural side</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FB52EDE2FA33FAEA" box="[1215,1451,1276,1321]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">On the shoulder, in an intervarice</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB834D3FFBA0057FF6BEC33FA33FA98" box="[134,1451,1325,1371]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FF6BEC33FEB0FA98" box="[134,296,1325,1371]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">MNHN.F.A91211</th>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FED6EC33FE2FFA98" box="[315,439,1325,1371]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">10.69*</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FE51EC33FD1EFA98" box="[444,646,1325,1371]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">4 incomplete</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FD65EC33FC91FA98" box="[648,777,1325,1371]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Fourth</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FCFAEC33FC3BFA98" box="[791,931,1325,1371]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">0.95</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FC4AEC33FB92FA98" box="[935,1034,1325,1371]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Yes</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FBFCEC33FB36FA98" box="[1041,1198,1325,1371]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Abapertural side</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FB52EC33FA33FA98" box="[1215,1451,1325,1371]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">On the shoulder, in an intervarice</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB834D3FFBA0057FF6BEC41FA33FA4E" box="[134,1451,1375,1421]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FF6BEC41FEB0FA4E" box="[134,296,1375,1421]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">MNHN.F.A91211</th>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FED6EC41FE2FFA4E" box="[315,439,1375,1421]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">10.69*</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FE51EC41FD1EFA4E" box="[444,646,1375,1421]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">4 incomplete</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FD65EC41FC91FA4E" box="[648,777,1375,1421]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Third</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FCFAEC41FC3BFA4E" box="[791,931,1375,1421]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">1.00</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FC4AEC41FB92FA4E" box="[935,1034,1375,1421]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">No</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FBFCEC41FB36FA4E" box="[1041,1198,1375,1421]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Adapertural side</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FB52EC41FA33FA4E" box="[1215,1451,1375,1421]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">On the top of the whorl, in an intervarice</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB834D3FFBA0057FF6BEC8FFA33FA1B" box="[134,1451,1425,1496]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FF6BEC8FFEB0FA1B" box="[134,296,1425,1496]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">MNHN.F.A91210</th>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FED6EC8FFE2FFA1B" box="[315,439,1425,1496]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">7.06</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FE51EC8FFD1EFA1B" box="[444,646,1425,1496]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">3 incomplete</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FD65EC8FFC91FA1B" box="[648,777,1425,1496]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">1-2th (suture)</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FCFAEC8FFC3BFA1B" box="[791,931,1425,1496]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">1.20</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FC4AEC8FFB92FA1B" box="[935,1034,1425,1496]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Yes</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FBFCEC8FFB36FA1B" box="[1041,1198,1425,1496]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Adapertural side</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FB52EC8FFA33FA1B" box="[1215,1451,1425,1496]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">On the suture, in an intervarice, single hole with two opening</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB834D3FFBA0057FF6BECC2FA33F9C9" box="[134,1451,1500,1546]" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FF6BECC2FEB0F9C9" box="[134,296,1500,1546]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">MNHN.F.A91209</th>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FED6ECC2FE2FF9C9" box="[315,439,1500,1546]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">4.45*</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FE51ECC2FD1EF9C9" box="[444,646,1500,1546]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">5</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FD65ECC2FC91F9C9" box="[648,777,1500,1546]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Fourth</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FCFAECC2FC3BF9C9" box="[791,931,1500,1546]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">0.4</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FC4AECC2FB92F9C9" box="[935,1034,1500,1546]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Yes</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FBFCECC2FB36F9C9" box="[1041,1198,1500,1546]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Abapertural side</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FB52ECC2FA33F9C9" box="[1215,1451,1500,1546]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">On the top of the whorl, in an intervarice</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB834D3FFBA0057FF6BEF10FA33F9F8" box="[134,1451,1550,1595]" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FF6BEF10FEB0F9F8" box="[134,296,1550,1595]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">MNHN.F.A91209</th>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FED6EF10FE2FF9F8" box="[315,439,1550,1595]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">4.45*</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FE51EF10FD1EF9F8" box="[444,646,1550,1595]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">5</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FD65EF10FC91F9F8" box="[648,777,1550,1595]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Third</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FCFAEF10FC3BF9F8" box="[791,931,1550,1595]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">0.25</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FC4AEF10FB92F9F8" box="[935,1034,1550,1595]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Yes</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FBFCEF10FB36F9F8" box="[1041,1198,1550,1595]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Abapertural side</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FB52EF10FA33F9F8" box="[1215,1451,1550,1595]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">On the suture, in an intervarice</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB834D3FFBA0057FF6BEF21FA33F9AE" box="[134,1451,1599,1645]" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FF6BEF21FEB0F9AE" box="[134,296,1599,1645]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">MNHN.F.A91208</th>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FED6EF21FE2FF9AE" box="[315,439,1599,1645]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">4.37</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FE51EF21FD1EF9AE" box="[444,646,1599,1645]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">3.5</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FD65EF21FC91F9AE" box="[648,777,1599,1645]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">1.5th</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FCFAEF21FC3BF9AE" box="[791,931,1599,1645]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">0.10</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FC4AEF21FB92F9AE" box="[935,1034,1599,1645]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Yes</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FBFCEF21FB36F9AE" box="[1041,1198,1599,1645]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Abapertural side</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FB52EF21FA33F9AE" box="[1215,1451,1599,1645]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">On the shoulder, in an intervarice</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB834D3FFBA0057FF6BEF6FFA33F95C" box="[134,1451,1649,1695]" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FF6BEF6FFEB0F95C" box="[134,296,1649,1695]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">MNHN.F.A91207</th>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FED6EF6FFE2FF95C" box="[315,439,1649,1695]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">3.15</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FE51EF6FFD1EF95C" box="[444,646,1649,1695]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">3.5</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FD65EF6FFC91F95C" box="[648,777,1649,1695]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Third</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FCFAEF6FFC3BF95C" box="[791,931,1649,1695]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">0.35</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FC4AEF6FFB92F95C" box="[935,1034,1649,1695]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Yes</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FBFCEF6FFB36F95C" box="[1041,1198,1649,1695]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Abapertural side</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FB52EF6FFA33F95C" box="[1215,1451,1649,1695]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">On the top of the whorl, in an intervarice</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB834D3FFBA0057FF6BEFBDFA33F929" box="[134,1451,1699,1770]" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FF6BEFBDFEB0F929" box="[134,296,1699,1770]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">MNHN.F.A91206</th>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FED6EFBDFE2FF929" box="[315,439,1699,1770]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">3.43</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FE51EFBDFD1EF929" box="[444,646,1699,1770]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">3</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FD65EFBDFC91F929" box="[648,777,1699,1770]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">2-3th (suture)</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FCFAEFBDFC3BF929" box="[791,931,1699,1770]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">0.10</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FC4AEFBDFB92F929" box="[935,1034,1699,1770]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Yes</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FBFCEFBDFB36F929" box="[1041,1198,1699,1770]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Abapertural side</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FB52EFBDFA33F929" box="[1215,1451,1699,1770]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Near the shoulder, in an intervarice, single hole with two openings</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB834D3FFBA0057FF6BEFF0FA33F8DF" box="[134,1451,1774,1820]" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FF6BEFF0FEB0F8DF" box="[134,296,1774,1820]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">MNHN.F.A91205</th>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FED6EFF0FE2FF8DF" box="[315,439,1774,1820]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">3.30</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FE51EFF0FD1EF8DF" box="[444,646,1774,1820]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">3.25</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FD65EFF0FC91F8DF" box="[648,777,1774,1820]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Third</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FCFAEFF0FC3BF8DF" box="[791,931,1774,1820]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">0.50</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FC4AEFF0FB92F8DF" box="[935,1034,1774,1820]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Yes</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FBFCEFF0FB36F8DF" box="[1041,1198,1774,1820]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Abapertural side</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FB52EFF0FA33F8DF" box="[1215,1451,1774,1820]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">On the centre of the whorl, in an intervarice</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB834D3FFBA0057FF6BEE3EFA33F8A4" box="[134,1451,1824,1895]" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FF6BEE3EFEB0F8A4" box="[134,296,1824,1895]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">MNHN.F.A91204</th>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FED6EE3EFE2FF8A4" box="[315,439,1824,1895]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">3.95</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FE51EE3EFD1EF8A4" box="[444,646,1824,1895]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">1.5</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FD65EE3EFC91F8A4" box="[648,777,1824,1895]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Second</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FCFAEE3EFC3BF8A4" box="[791,931,1824,1895]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">0.85</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FC4AEE3EFB92F8A4" box="[935,1034,1824,1895]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Yes</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FBFCEE3EFB36F8A4" box="[1041,1198,1824,1895]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Abapertural side</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FB52EE3EFA33F8A4" box="[1215,1451,1824,1895]" gridcol="7" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">On the top of the whorl, in an intervarice, large hole</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB834D3FFBA0057FF6BEE75FA33F85A" box="[134,1451,1899,1945]" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FF6BEE75FEB0F85A" box="[134,296,1899,1945]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">MNHN.F.A91203</th>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FED6EE75FE2FF85A" box="[315,439,1899,1945]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">3.25</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FE51EE75FD1EF85A" box="[444,646,1899,1945]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">2.5</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FD65EE75FC91F85A" box="[648,777,1899,1945]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Beginning of the first</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FCFAEE75FC3BF85A" box="[791,931,1899,1945]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">0.60</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FC4AEE75FB92F85A" box="[935,1034,1899,1945]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Yes</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FBFCEE75FB36F85A" box="[1041,1198,1899,1945]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Adapertural side</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FB52EE75FA33F85A" box="[1215,1451,1899,1945]" gridcol="7" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">On the centre of the whorl, in an intervarice</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB834D3FFBA0057FF6BEE83FA33F809" box="[134,1451,1949,1994]" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FF6BEE83FEB0F809" box="[134,296,1949,1994]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">MNHN.F.A91202</th>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FED6EE83FE2FF809" box="[315,439,1949,1994]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">3.10</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FE51EE83FD1EF809" box="[444,646,1949,1994]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">2.5</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FD65EE83FC91F809" box="[648,777,1949,1994]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Protoconch/ first (suture)</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FCFAEE83FC3BF809" box="[791,931,1949,1994]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">0.70</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FC4AEE83FB92F809" box="[935,1034,1949,1994]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Yes</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FBFCEE83FB36F809" box="[1041,1198,1949,1994]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Abapertural side</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FB52EE83FA33F809" box="[1215,1451,1949,1994]" gridcol="7" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">In an intervarice, single hole with two openings</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB834D3FFBA0057FF6BEED0FA33F821" box="[134,1451,1998,2018]" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
<th id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FF6BEED0FEB0F821" box="[134,296,1998,2018]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">MNHN.F.A91201</th>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FED6EED0FE2FF821" box="[315,439,1998,2018]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">2.50</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FE51EED0FD1EF821" box="[444,646,1998,2018]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">1.5</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FD65EED0FC91F821" box="[648,777,1998,2018]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">First</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FCFAEED0FC3BF821" box="[791,931,1998,2018]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">0.40</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FC4AEED0FB92F821" box="[935,1034,1998,2018]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Yes</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FBFCEED0FB36F821" box="[1041,1198,1998,2018]" gridcol="6" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Apertural side</td>
<td id="D9695DAFFFBA0057FB52EED0FA33F821" box="[1215,1451,1998,2018]" gridcol="7" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">In an intervarice</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="70F76619FFBBFFAFFF69EA3DFA29FCA1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13789124" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13789124" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13789124/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" startId="7.[132,143,803,820]" targetBox="[132,1455,215,761]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="24373691FFBBFFAFFF69EA3DFA29FCA1" blockId="7.[132,1457,803,866]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">
<smallCapsWord id="22D1A04DFFBBFFAFFF69EA3DFF05FCF7" baselines="816,817" box="[132,157,803,820]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 4. — Different paleobiological aspects of 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBBFFAFFE15EA3DFDA1FCF7" box="[504,569,803,820]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">C. (s.s.)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFBBFFAFFDD0EA3DFC8EFCF7" authority="(Lamarck, 1803)" authorityName="du Lutetien" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[573,790,803,820]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapa">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBBFFAFFDD0EA3DFD16FCF7" box="[573,654,803,820]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">calcitrapa</emphasis>
(Lamarck,1803)
</taxonomicName>
at La Ferme de l’Orme (unit 6): 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBBFFAFFBF9EA3DFBAEFCF7" bold="true" box="[1044,1078,803,820]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">A -C</emphasis>
, feeding (drill holes) on cerithioids: 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBBFFAFFAB8EA3DFAFAFCF7" bold="true" box="[1365,1378,803,820]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">A</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFBBFFAFFA86EA3DFE54FC88" authority="(Lamarck, 1804)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1804" class="Gastropoda" family="Potamididae" genus="Serratocerithium" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="denticulatum">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBBFFAFFA86EA3DFED9FC88" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Serratocerithium denticulatum</emphasis>
(Lamarck,1804)
</taxonomicName>
,D. Goldstein coll.; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBBFFAFFD8AEA24FDECFC88" bold="true" box="[615,628,826,843]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">B</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFBBFFAFFD90EA24FB9AFC88" authority="(Lamarck, 1804)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[637,1026,826,843]" class="Gastropoda" family="Batillariidae" genus="Vicinocerithium" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapoides">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBBFFAFFD90EA24FCEDFC88" box="[637,885,826,843]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Vicinocerithium calcitrapoides</emphasis>
(Lamarck,1804)
</taxonomicName>
, D. Goldstein coll.; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBBFFAFFB73EA24FB34FC88" bold="true" box="[1182,1196,826,843]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">C</emphasis>
, same species,detailed view of a drill hole, D. Goldstein coll.; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBBFFAFFE97EA4FFE10FCA1" bold="true" box="[378,392,849,866]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">D</emphasis>
, MNHN.F.A91215 (Goldstein leg), specimen peeled by a crab.Scale bars: A, D, 5 mm; B, 10 mm; C, 1 mm. Credits: D. Goldstein.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="70F76619FFBBFFAFFF68ECC0FBFBF9F0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13789126" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13789126" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13789126/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" startId="7.[133,143,1502,1519]" targetBox="[132,1455,908,1460]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="24373691FFBBFFAFFF68ECC0FBFBF9F0" blockId="7.[132,1457,1502,1587]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">
<smallCapsWord id="22D1A04DFFBBFFAFFF68ECC0FF05FA2D" baselines="1515,1515" box="[133,157,1502,1519]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 5. — Growth of the sculpture of 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFBBFFAFFE50ECC0FDBCFA2C" authorityName="Merle" authorityYear="1990" box="[445,548,1502,1519]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBBFFAFFE50ECC0FDBCFA2C" box="[445,548,1502,1519]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Crassimurex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBBFFAFFDC2ECC0FDCBFA2C" box="[559,595,1502,1519]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">s. s.</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFBBFFAFFDB0ECC0FCA3FA2C" authority="(Lamarck, 1803)" authorityName="du Lutetien" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[605,827,1502,1519]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapa">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBBFFAFFDB0ECC0FD36FA2C" box="[605,686,1502,1519]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">calcitrapa</emphasis>
(Lamarck, 1803)
</taxonomicName>
with the appearance of spiral cords and cord spines: 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBBFFAFFAE4ECC0FA8EFA2C" bold="true" box="[1289,1302,1502,1519]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">A</emphasis>
, MNHN.F.A91206 (Goldstein leg), spm of three teleoconch whorls; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBBFFAFFDFBECEAFDBBF9C6" bold="true" box="[534,547,1524,1541]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">B</emphasis>
, MNHN.F.A91209 (Goldstein leg), spm of four teleoconch whorls; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBBFFAFFBA4ECEAFBCFF9C6" bold="true" box="[1097,1111,1524,1541]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">C</emphasis>
, MNHN.F.A91216 (Goldstein leg), spm of five teleoconch whorls; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFBBFFAFFEA7EF15FEC0F9DF" bold="true" box="[330,344,1547,1564]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">D</emphasis>
, MNHN.F.A31217 (Goldstein leg), spm of?seven teleoconch whorls with spm A of the same relative size for comparison. Scale bars: 1 mm. Credits: L. Cazes. The identification of the spiral cords adopts the terminology suggested by 
<bibRefCitation id="40194B60FFBBFFAFFC2EEF3CFBBEF9F0" author="MERLE D." box="[963,1062,1570,1587]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" pagination="69 - 91" refId="ref10299" refString="MERLE D. 2001. - The spiral cords and the internal denticles of the outer lip of the Muricidae: terminology and methodological comments. Novapex 2 (3): 69 - 91. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / partpdf / 93041" type="journal article" year="2001">Merle (2001</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="40194B60FFBBFFAFFBDDEF3CFBC2F9F0" author="MERLE D." box="[1072,1114,1570,1587]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" pagination="367 - 379" refId="ref10347" refString="MERLE D. 2005. - The spiral cords of the Muricidae (Gastropoda, Neogastropoda): importance of ontogenetic and topological correspondences for delineating structural homologies. Lethaia 38 (4): 367 - 379. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00241160500355129" type="journal article" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="24373691FFBBFFA0FCAEEF6CFEDCF94F" blockId="7.[812,1457,1650,2028]" lastBlockId="8.[131,777,1523,1676]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="463" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">
Observations of younger specimens demonstrate that P1 to P3 are already present on the third teleoconch whorl (
<figureCitation id="BCB32A14FFBBFFAFFCDBEFACFC12F90F" box="[822,906,1714,1741]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[133,143,1502,1519]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,908,1460]" captionTargetId="figure-488@7.[699,983,1184,1460]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 5. — Growth of the sculpture of Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) with the appearance of spiral cords and cord spines: A, MNHN.F.A91206 (Goldstein leg), spm of three teleoconch whorls; B, MNHN.F.A91209 (Goldstein leg), spm of four teleoconch whorls; C, MNHN.F.A91216 (Goldstein leg), spm of five teleoconch whorls; D, MNHN.F.A31217 (Goldstein leg), spm of?seven teleoconch whorls with spm A of the same relative size for comparison. Scale bars: 1 mm. Credits: L. Cazes. The identification of the spiral cords adopts the terminology suggested by Merle (2001, 2005)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13789126" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13789126/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
). More abapical cords on the siphonal canal (ADP, MP and ABP) appear during the fifth teleoconch whorl (
<figureCitation id="BCB32A14FFBBFFAFFCDBEFECFC10F8CF" box="[822,904,1778,1805]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[133,143,1502,1519]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,908,1460]" captionTargetId="figure-488@7.[699,983,1184,1460]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 5. — Growth of the sculpture of Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) with the appearance of spiral cords and cord spines: A, MNHN.F.A91206 (Goldstein leg), spm of three teleoconch whorls; B, MNHN.F.A91209 (Goldstein leg), spm of four teleoconch whorls; C, MNHN.F.A91216 (Goldstein leg), spm of five teleoconch whorls; D, MNHN.F.A31217 (Goldstein leg), spm of?seven teleoconch whorls with spm A of the same relative size for comparison. Scale bars: 1 mm. Credits: L. Cazes. The identification of the spiral cords adopts the terminology suggested by Merle (2001, 2005)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13789126" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13789126/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
) and secondary cords appear later (
<figureCitation id="BCB32A14FFBBFFAFFAE6EFECFAFAF8CF" box="[1291,1378,1778,1805]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[133,143,1502,1519]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,908,1460]" captionTargetId="figure-488@7.[699,983,1184,1460]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 5. — Growth of the sculpture of Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) with the appearance of spiral cords and cord spines: A, MNHN.F.A91206 (Goldstein leg), spm of three teleoconch whorls; B, MNHN.F.A91209 (Goldstein leg), spm of four teleoconch whorls; C, MNHN.F.A91216 (Goldstein leg), spm of five teleoconch whorls; D, MNHN.F.A31217 (Goldstein leg), spm of?seven teleoconch whorls with spm A of the same relative size for comparison. Scale bars: 1 mm. Credits: L. Cazes. The identification of the spiral cords adopts the terminology suggested by Merle (2001, 2005)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13789126" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13789126/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
). Cord spines are present in the typical morphotype of the species present at La Ferme de l’Orme (unit 6). The ontogeny of the sculpture demonstrates a progressive appearance of its elements (spiral rows of cords and axial alignments of cord spines) and suggests that individuals become less vulnerable to predation as they grow, particularly when they reach the 5th whorl (see 
<figureCitation id="BCB32A14FFBBFFAFFC23EECFFBBBF828" box="[974,1059,2001,2028]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[133,143,1502,1519]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,908,1460]" captionTargetId="figure-488@7.[699,983,1184,1460]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 5. — Growth of the sculpture of Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) with the appearance of spiral cords and cord spines: A, MNHN.F.A91206 (Goldstein leg), spm of three teleoconch whorls; B, MNHN.F.A91209 (Goldstein leg), spm of four teleoconch whorls; C, MNHN.F.A91216 (Goldstein leg), spm of five teleoconch whorls; D, MNHN.F.A31217 (Goldstein leg), spm of?seven teleoconch whorls with spm A of the same relative size for comparison. Scale bars: 1 mm. Credits: L. Cazes. The identification of the spiral cords adopts the terminology suggested by Merle (2001, 2005)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13789126" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13789126/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
). Also, the appearance of sculptural elements occurs with the thickening of the shell, which reinforces its resistance to drilling. In addition, cord spines and particularly P1 spine, which is more developed than the other cord spines, constitute an important mean of defense against predators.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="70F76619FFB4FFA0FF69EC71FA05FA07" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13789128" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13789128" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13789128/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="463" startId="8.[132,143,1391,1408]" targetBox="[132,1455,215,1349]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="24373691FFB4FFA0FF69EC71FA05FA07" blockId="8.[132,1456,1391,1476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">
<smallCapsWord id="22D1A04DFFB4FFA0FF69EC71FF05FA43" baselines="1404,1405" box="[132,157,1391,1408]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 6. — Specimens of 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FEAEEC71FECEFA43" box="[323,342,1391,1408]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">C.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FEB3EC71FEE6FA43" box="[350,382,1391,1408]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">s.s.</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB4FFA0FE68EC71FDCFFA43" authority="(Lamarck, 1803)" authorityName="du Lutetien" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[389,599,1391,1408]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="463" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapa">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FE68EC71FE4CFA43" box="[389,468,1391,1408]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">calcitrapa</emphasis>
(Lamarck,1803)
</taxonomicName>
from La Ferme de l’Orme (Beynes,Yvelines) bearing muricid drill holes: 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FB7EEC71FB38FA43" bold="true" box="[1171,1184,1391,1408]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">A</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FB44EC71FB2FFA43" bold="true" box="[1193,1207,1391,1408]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">C</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FB52EC71FB55FA43" bold="true" box="[1215,1229,1391,1408]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">D</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FB38EC71FB79FA43" bold="true" box="[1237,1249,1391,1408]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">E</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FB07EC71FB60FA43" bold="true" box="[1258,1272,1391,1408]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">H</emphasis>
, complete single holes with one opening: 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FEF4EC98FEBEFA54" bold="true" box="[281,294,1414,1431]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">A</emphasis>
, MNHN.F.A91201; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FE28EC98FE4BFA54" bold="true" box="[453,467,1414,1431]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">C</emphasis>
, MNHN.F.A91203; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FD9FEC98FD18FA54" bold="true" box="[626,640,1414,1431]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">D</emphasis>
, MNHN.F.A91204; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FCF2EC98FCB3FA54" bold="true" box="[799,811,1414,1431]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">E</emphasis>
, MNHN.F.A91205; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FC27EC98FC40FA54" bold="true" box="[970,984,1414,1431]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">G</emphasis>
, MNHN.F.A91207; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FB9AEC98FB1DFA54" bold="true" box="[1143,1157,1414,1431]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">H</emphasis>
, MNHN.F.A91208; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FAC9EC98FAA9FA54" bold="true" box="[1316,1329,1414,1431]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">B</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FAD7EC98FADDFA54" bold="true" box="[1338,1349,1414,1431]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">F</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FAA3EC98FAC0FA54" bold="true" box="[1358,1368,1414,1431]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">J</emphasis>
, complete single holes with two openings: 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FE64EC83FE0EFA6D" bold="true" box="[393,406,1437,1454]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">B</emphasis>
, MNHN.F.A91202; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FDDBEC83FDD9FA6D" bold="true" box="[566,577,1437,1454]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">F</emphasis>
, MNHN.A91206; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FD3CEC83FD43FA6D" bold="true" box="[721,731,1437,1454]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">J</emphasis>
, MNHN.F.A91210; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FC91EC83FC1AFA6D" bold="true" box="[892,898,1437,1454]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">I</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FC66EC83FC00FA6D" bold="true" box="[907,920,1437,1454]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">K</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FC4CEC83FC34FA6D" bold="true" box="[929,940,1437,1454]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">L</emphasis>
, two complete holes: 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FB8DEC83FBFEFA6D" bold="true" box="[1120,1126,1437,1454]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">I</emphasis>
, MNHN.F.A91209; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FAEBEC83FA8BFA6D" bold="true" box="[1286,1299,1437,1454]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">K</emphasis>
, MNHN.F.A91211; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FF69ECADFF17FA07" bold="true" box="[132,143,1459,1476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">L</emphasis>
, MNHN.F.A91212; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FEDCECADFEDAFA07" bold="true" box="[305,322,1459,1476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">M</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FEA1ECADFEC2FA07" bold="true" box="[332,346,1459,1476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">N</emphasis>
, incomplete holes: 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FE11ECADFD95FA07" bold="true" box="[508,525,1459,1476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">M</emphasis>
, MNHN.F.A91213; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FD42ECADFD25FA07" bold="true" box="[687,701,1459,1476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">N</emphasis>
, MNHN.F.A91214. Scale bars: A-J, 1 mm; K-N, 5 mm. Credits: L. Cazes (MNHN/CNRS).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="6C92651AFFB4FFA1FF69EFADFB81FACE" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="464" pageId="8" pageNumber="463" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="24373691FFB4FFA0FF69EFADFD92F908" blockId="8.[130,776,1715,2028]" box="[132,522,1715,1741]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">
<smallCapsWord id="22D1A04DFFB4FFA0FF69EFADFF22F908" baselines="1734,1734" box="[132,186,1715,1741]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Prey" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">PREY</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="22D1A04DFFB4FFA0FF2CEFA6FF74F908" baselines="1734" box="[193,236,1720,1739]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="size" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">SIZE</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="22D1A04DFFB4FFA0FF1EEFA6FEB9F908" baselines="1734" box="[243,289,1720,1739]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">AND</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="22D1A04DFFB4FFA0FEC5EFA6FE39F908" baselines="1734" box="[296,417,1720,1739]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="predation" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">PREDATION</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="22D1A04DFFB4FFA0FE4AEFA6FD92F908" baselines="1734" box="[423,522,1720,1739]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="pressure" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">PRESSURE</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="24373691FFB4FFA0FF69EFCCFB2CF828" blockId="8.[130,776,1715,2028]" lastBlockId="8.[811,1457,1523,2027]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">
Sieving of samples from the unit 6 allowed us to collect 
<specimenCount id="328EFD18FFB4FFA0FF6BEFECFEBCF8CF" box="[134,292,1778,1804]" count="132" pageId="8" pageNumber="463" type="generic">132 specimens</specimenCount>
of 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FEAAEFECFEF9F8CF" box="[327,353,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">C.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FE9CEFEDFE0DF8CF" box="[369,405,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">s. s.</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB4FFA0FE48EFECFD91F8CF" authorityName="du Lutetien" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[421,521,1778,1804]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="463" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapa">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB4FFA0FE48EFECFD91F8CF" box="[421,521,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">calcitrapa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of which 
<specimenCount id="328EFD18FFB4FFA0FD9BEFECFC9FF8CF" box="[630,775,1778,1804]" count="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="463" type="generic">14 specimens</specimenCount>
(
<figureCitation id="BCB32A14FFB4FFA0FF60EE0CFF50F8EF" box="[141,200,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1391,1408]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1349]" captionTargetId="figure-494@8.[698,1267,781,1350]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 6. — Specimens of C.(s.s.) calcitrapa(Lamarck,1803) from La Ferme de l’Orme (Beynes,Yvelines) bearing muricid drill holes:A, C, D, E, H, complete single holes with one opening:A, MNHN.F.A91201; C, MNHN.F.A91203; D, MNHN.F.A91204; E, MNHN.F.A91205; G, MNHN.F.A91207; H, MNHN.F.A91208; B, F, J, complete single holes with two openings:B, MNHN.F.A91202; F, MNHN.A91206; J, MNHN.F.A91210; I, K, L, two complete holes:I, MNHN.F.A91209; K, MNHN.F.A91211; L, MNHN.F.A91212; M, N, incomplete holes: M, MNHN.F.A91213; N, MNHN.F.A91214. Scale bars: A-J, 1 mm; K-N, 5 mm. Credits: L. Cazes (MNHN/CNRS)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13789128" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13789128/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="690A032AFFB4FFA0FF3EEE0CFEB8F8EF" box="[211,288,1810,1836]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1041,1058]" captionTargetBox="[134,1451,1117,2018]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 1. — Characteristics of the specimens of C. (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) bearing drill holes. The star (*) indicates the specimens bearing two drill holes." pageId="8" pageNumber="463">Table 1</tableCitation>
) display drill holes representing 10.61% of the total. The smallest specimen with signs of attack is 
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in length. The largest drilled specimen, an adult of 
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in height, has an incomplete hole, indicating an interrupted drilling process under unknown circumstances (e.g., another predator or perhaps abandonment from lack of success). Thus, 10.61% of all specimens are drilled during various ontogenetic phases ranging from very young specimens to young adults not exceeding 
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in height. 
<figureCitation id="BCB32A14FFB4FFA0FB0BEF0CFAD9F9EE" box="[1254,1345,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[133,143,921,938]" captionTargetBox="[272,1316,215,879]" captionTargetId="graphics-646@9.[272,1316,215,879]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 7. — Drilled versus non-drilled Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) shells in three size classes. Size classes (shell lenght): I, 0-9 mm; II, 10-19 mm; III, 19-32 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13789130" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13789130/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">Figure 7</figureCitation>
illustrates the proportion of specimens not drilled versus drilled. These are divided into three size class intervals, one ranging from 
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in height (class I) and corresponding to juveniles very exposed to drilling, another ranging from 
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(class II) in which the drill holes are scarcer, and a class above 
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to 
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(class III) in which the specimens no longer have drill holes. The class I records 71% of the drill holes and clearly demonstrates that it is the most vulnerable class to this 
<typeStatus id="FB338833FFB4FFA0FCC6EE2CFCC1F88F" box="[811,857,1842,1868]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">type</typeStatus>
of predation. In the class II, only 
<specimenCount id="328EFD18FFB4FFA0FB54EE2FFAC4F888" box="[1209,1372,1841,1867]" count="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="463" type="generic">four specimens</specimenCount>
, having a size varying from 
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, bear drill holes. This result is in accordance with observations demonstrating that the sculptural elements (cords and cord spines) appear in young adults and contribute to drill resistance via reinforcement of the shells by increasing its thickness.
</paragraph>
<caption id="70F76619FFB5FFA1FF68EA87FF64FC03" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13789130" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13789130" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13789130/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" startId="9.[133,143,921,938]" targetBox="[272,1316,215,879]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
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. 7. — Drilled 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB5FFA1FEE3EA87FEDCFC69" box="[270,324,921,938]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">versus</emphasis>
non-drilled 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB5FFA1FE4BEA87FD95FC69" authorityName="Merle" authorityYear="1990" box="[422,525,921,938]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB5FFA1FE4BEA87FD95FC69" box="[422,525,921,938]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">Crassimurex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB5FFA1FDFAEA87FDA1FC69" box="[535,569,921,938]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">s. s.</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB5FFA1FDAFEA87FC85FC69" authority="(Lamarck, 1803)" authorityName="du Lutetien" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[578,797,921,938]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapa">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB5FFA1FDAFEA87FD0BFC69" box="[578,659,921,938]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">calcitrapa</emphasis>
(Lamarck, 1803)
</taxonomicName>
shells in three size classes. Size classes (shell lenght): 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB5FFA1FB08EA87FB73FC69" bold="true" box="[1253,1259,921,938]" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">I</emphasis>
, 0-9 mm; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB5FFA1FAD2EA87FAD2FC69" bold="true" box="[1343,1354,921,938]" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">II</emphasis>
, 10-19 mm; 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB5FFA1FF69EAB1FF0DFC03" bold="true" box="[132,149,943,960]" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">III</emphasis>
, 19-32 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<smallCapsWord id="22D1A04DFFB5FFA1FE96EAE4FE3EFBCE" baselines="1032" box="[379,422,1018,1037]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="size" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">SIZE</smallCapsWord>
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TO THE SIZE OF THE PREDATOR
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="24373691FFB5FFA1FF69ED2AFD65F98F" blockId="9.[130,776,1013,1613]" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">
Based on the drill hole diameters, which can be correlated to the size of the attacker (
<bibRefCitation id="40194B60FFB5FFA1FE6FED4AFDD9FBAD" author="KOWALEWSKI M." box="[386,577,1108,1134]" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" pagination="359 - 3703" refId="ref10137" refString="KOWALEWSKI M. 2004. - Drill holes produced by the predatory gastropod Nucella lapillus (Muricidae): palaeobiological and ecological implications. Journal of Molluscan Studies 70 (4): 359 - 3703. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / mollus / 70.4.359" type="journal article" year="2004">Kowalewski 2004</bibRefCitation>
), individuals of all sizes drill conspecifics. On the bivariate plot 
<figureCitation id="BCB32A14FFB5FFA1FDB4ED6AFD29FB4D" box="[601,689,1140,1166]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[190,201,1000,1017]" captionTargetBox="[324,1266,217,956]" captionTargetId="graphics-384@10.[398,1259,220,906]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 8. — Bivariate plot of specimen length against drill hole diameter in Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck,1803).Red circles, unsuccessful drills." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13789132" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13789132/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">Figure 8</figureCitation>
, we can observe that the class 
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displays the widest range of size hole ranging from 
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(for a specimen of 
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) to 
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(for a specimen of 
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). The hole of 
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is the smallest that we found and it was made likely by a very young individual.Conversely, 
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corresponds to the largest hole encountered. Therefore, we can deduce that juveniles as well as adults were potential predators of juvenile and sub-adult individuals. In the class 
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, the size range of the holes is narrower, ranging from 
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to 
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, and seems to be the result of the action of larger individuals. This observation indicates that only adults only attack other adults. Furthermore, the two larger specimens of this class (H: 
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and 
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) bear unsuccessful attacks with unfinished holes, suggesting greater predation difficulty on larger individuals.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="24373691FFB5FFA1FF69EF8CFE49F828" blockId="9.[131,777,1651,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">
All of the drilling attacks are based on an operating principle which consists of attacks systematically located between two varices (in the intervarices) and avoiding P1 spines that represent reinforcement of the shell. The only attack that does not follow this principle was made on the varix of an individual of 
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and ended in failure. On the spire of young specimens, the holes can be at different places (top of the whorl near the adapical suture, centre of the whorl or base of whorl, near the abapical suture). On the last whorl, holes are more commonly located on the centre of the whorl in the thinner part of the shell.
</paragraph>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="24373691FFB5FFA1FCC0ED0AFB81FACE" blockId="9.[811,1457,1013,1293]" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">
<specimenCount id="328EFD18FFB5FFA1FCC0ED0AFC6AFBED" box="[813,1010,1044,1070]" count="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" type="generic">Three specimens</specimenCount>
have two drill holes. One is a small specimen of 
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in height and two, larger, are of 
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and 
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height. We have also observed on 
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB5FFA1FCBDED6AFCF2FB4D" box="[848,874,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">C.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB5FFA1FC97ED6BFC07FB4D" box="[890,927,1141,1166]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">s. s.</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="E3884D12FFB5FFA1FC42ED6AFB80FB4D" authorityName="du Lutetien" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[943,1048,1140,1166]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapa">
<emphasis id="16FCEA83FFB5FFA1FC42ED6AFB80FB4D" box="[943,1048,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">calcitrapa</emphasis>
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prey species that multiple drill holes are a frequent occurrence (21.43% of the total) and that most swarming attacks involve predators of different sizes, determined by their drilling diameter; typically, 
<specimenCount id="328EFD18FFB5FFA1FAA8EDCAFA35FB2D" box="[1349,1453,1236,1262]" count="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" type="adult">one adult</specimenCount>
and several juveniles.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>